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Crucian Carp (crucian + carp)
Selected AbstractsStatus of the crucian carp, Carassius carassius (L.), in the UKFISHERIES MANAGEMENT & ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2000A. Wheeler Summary The crucian carp, Carassius carassius (L.), is a small fish of restricted distribution in the UK, which is probably only native to central and eastern England. The crucian carp is endemic to northern Europe. It has been widely confused with the introduced and congeneric goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.), and forms hybrids with that species and the introduced Cyprinus carpio L. The status of this fish has become confused with the presence of the congener and its hybrids, and it is now thought to be less frequent in occurrence than formerly. [source] A molecular approach to detect hybridisation between crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and non-indigenous carp species (Carassius spp. and Cyprinus carpio)FRESHWATER BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2005B. HÄNFLING Summary 1. Releases of non-native fish into the wild is an increasing problem posing considerable ecological and genetic threats through direct competition and hybridisation. 2. We employed six microsatellite markers to identify first generation hybrids and backcrosses between native crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and introduced goldfish (C. auratus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the U.K. We also investigated the genetic characteristics of the taxonomically controversial gibel carp (Carassius spp.) from sites across Europe. 3. Natural hybridisation between goldfish and crucian carp occurs frequently, although hybrids between all other species pairs were observed. Only 62% of British crucian carp populations (n = 21) consisted exclusively of pure crucian carp. In some populations hybrids were so frequent, that no pure crucian carp were caught, indicating a high competitive ability of hybrids. 4. Most hybrids belonged to the F1 generation but backcrossing was evident at a low frequency in goldfish × crucian carp hybrids and goldfish × common carp hybrids. Furthermore, some local populations had high frequencies of backcrosses, raising the opportunity for introgression. 5. Gibel carp from Germany and Italy belonged to two triploid clonal lineages that were genetically closely related to goldfish, whereas all individuals identified from British populations proved to be crucian carp × goldfish hybrids. 6. Our study suggests that the release of closely related exotic cyprinids not only poses a threat to the genetic integrity and associated local adaptations of native species, but may also contribute to shifts in community structure through competitive interactions. [source] Scared fish get lazy, and lazy fish get fatJOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Frank Johansson Summary 1Many biological textbooks present predator-induced morphological changes in prey species as an example of an adaptive response, because the morphological change is associated with lower predation risk. Here we show that the adaptive morphological response observed in many systems may actually be an indirect effect of decreased activity , which reduces the predation risk , rather than a direct adaptive response. 2One of the classical examples comes from crucian carp, where the presence of pike leads to a deeper body. We manipulated pike cues (presence and absence) and water current (standing and running water) and found that both standing water and pike cues similarly and independently induced a deeper body. 3Since the presence of pike cues as well as standing water might be associated with low swimming activity, we suggest that the presence of pike causes a reduction in activity (antipredator behaviour). Reduced activity subsequently induces a deeper body, possibly because the energy saved is allocated to a higher growth rate. 4Our result suggests that even if morphological change is adaptive, it might be induced indirectly via activity. This important conceptual difference may be similar in many other systems. [source] Molecular cloning and characterization of alpha-class glutathione S -transferase gene from the liver of silver carp, bighead carp, and other major chinese freshwater fishesJOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY, Issue 3 2006Wan-Qin Liao Abstract Two full-length cDNAs encoding glutathione S -transferase (GST) were cloned and sequenced from the hepatopancreas of planktivorous silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis). The silver carp and bighead carp GST cDNA were 920 and 978 bp in length, respectively, and both contained an open reading frame that encoding 223 amino acids. Partial GST cDNA sequences were also obtained from the liver of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), crucian carp (Carassius auratu), mud carp (Cirrhinus molitorella), and tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica). All these GSTs could be classified as alpha-class GSTs on the basis of their amino acid sequence identity with other species. The three-dimensional structure of the silver carp GST was predicted using a computer program, and was found to fit the classical two-domain GST structure. Using the genome walker method, a 875-bp 5,-flanking region of the silver carp GST gene was obtained, and several lipopolysaccharide (LPS) response elements were identified in the promoter region of the phytoplanktivorous fish GST gene, indicating that the GST gene expression of this fish might be regulated by LPS, released from the toxic blue-green algae producing microcystins. To compare the constitutive expression level of the liver GST gene among the six freshwater fishes with completely different tolerance to microcystins, beta-actin was used as control and the ratio GST/beta-actin mRNA (%) was determined as 130.7 ± 6.6 (grass carp), 103.1 ± 8.9 (bighead carp), 92.6 ± 15.0 (crucian carp), 72.3 ± 7.8 (mud carp), 58.8 ± 11.5 (silver carp), and 33.6 ± 13.7 (tilapia). The constitutive expression level of the liver GST gene clearly shows that all the six freshwater fishes had a negative relationship with their tolerance to microcystins: high-resistant fishes (phytoplanktivorous silver carp and tilapia) had the lowest tolerance to microcystins and the high-sensitive fish (herbivorous grass carp) had the highest tolerance to microcystins. Taken together with the reciprocal relationship of constitutive and inducible liver GST expression level in some of the tested fish species to microcystin exposure, a molecular mechanism for different microcystin detoxification abilities of the warm freshwater fishes was discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 20:114,126, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20125 [source] Genetic analysis of offspring from intra- and interspecific crosses of Carassius auratus gibelio by chromosome and RAPD analysisJOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2005B. Tóth The ploidy of silver crucian carp Carassius auratus gibelio individuals, originating from nine natural habitats of Hungary, was estimated by erythrocyte nucleus area analysis. On the basis of DNA polymorphism, the genetic homogeneity or heterogeneity and the chromosome number of different offspring derived from the crossing of triploid and diploid populations and of two types of silver crucian carp females with other cyprinid males (Cyprinus carpio, Carassius carassius, Carassius auratus and Barbus conchonius) were determined. The results of chromosome and RAPD analysis demonstrated that diploid females could reproduce sexually with silver crucian carp and other cyprinid males and that the offspring of intra- and interspecific crosses contained the paternal DNA. Triploid females usually reproduced by gynogenesis and their offspring were clones, however, in very rare cases paternal genes were actually transmitted (i.e. paternal leakage) to the offspring and the progeny were triploid interspecific hybrids. RAPD analysis showed that while the paternal DNA appeared in the offspring, the maternal phenotype was strongly expressed. [source] Pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of marbofloxacin in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) after oral administrationAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 6 2009Yanlei Zhu Abstract Pharmacokinetics and residue elimination of marbofloxacin (MBF) were studied in crucian carp (Carassius auratus, 250±30 g) kept at two water temperatures of 15 and 25 °C. Marbofloxacin concentrations in plasma and tissues were analysed by means of high-performance liquid chromatography using an ultraviolet detector. The limits of detection were 0.02 ,g mL,1, 0.02 ,g g,1, 0.025 ,g g,1, 0.02 ,g g,1 and 0.025 ,g g,1 in plasma and muscle, skin, liver and kidney respectively. Fish were administered orally at a single dosage of 10 mg kg,1 body weight in the PK group. The data were fitted to two-compartment open models at both temperatures. At 15 °C, the absorption half-life () and distribution half-life (t1/2,) of the drug were 0.36 and 4.48 h respectively. The corresponding values at 25 °C were 0.23 and 0.87 h respectively. The elimination half-life (t1/2,) was 50.75 h at 15 °C and 25.05 h at 25 °C. The maximum MBF concentration (Cmax) differed little between 15 (6.43 ,g mL,1) and 25 °C (8.36 ,g mL,1). The time to peak concentration was 1.74 h at 15 °C and 0.78 h at 25 °C. The apparent volume of distribution (Vd/F) of MBF was estimated to be 1.36 and 0.87 L kg,1 at 15 and 25 °C respectively. The area under the concentration,time curve (AUC) was 301.80 ,g mL,1 h at 15 °C and 182.80 ,g mL,1 h at 25 °C. The total clearance of MBF was computed as 0.03 and 0.05 L h,1 kg,1 at 15 and 25 °C respectively. After repeated oral administration at a dosage of 10 mg kg,1 body weight per day for 3 days, the results showed that the elimination half-lives () of MBF from all tissues at 15 °C were longer than that at 25 °C. Therefore, water temperature is an important factor to be considered when deciding a reasonable withdrawal time. [source] Growth and reproduction of threatened native crucian carp Carassius carassius in small ponds of Epping Forest, south-east EnglandAQUATIC CONSERVATION: MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS, Issue 7 2009Ali Serhan Tarkan Abstract 1.The crucian carp Carassius carassius is a species of cyprinid fish native to south-east England, but few studies exist on its growth and reproduction in England, and the species is threatened by introductions of its Asiatic congener, goldfish Carassius auratus. To increase knowledge of the crucian carp as a means of aiding its conservation, the present study assesses the growth (back-calculated length at age, body condition) and reproduction (fecundity, egg size, length and age at maturity) of crucian carp in small ponds of Epping Forest (north-east London, England). 2.Evaluation of growth and reproduction data with published data for populations from northern Europe (i.e. latitude ,50°) suggest that growth is very variable, even within the same area, and that data on reproductive indices, in particular length and age at maturity, are scarce. In England, the length at age trajectory of crucian carp living in sympatry with feral goldfish Carassius auratus did not differ significantly from allopatric crucian carp populations, but crucian carp body condition and relative fecundity (eggs per body weight) were highest, and mean age and standard length at maturity were lowest in sympatry with goldfish. 3.These data suggest that somatic growth and reproductive output may be maximized in crucian carp when confronted by coexistence with feral goldfish. However, the potential impact of goldfish introductions on crucian carp growth and reproduction requires further study, involving a much larger number of crucian carp populations, both in allopatry and sympatry with feral goldfish populations. © Crown copyright 2009. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||