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Cross-border Trade (cross-border + trade)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Humanities and Social Sciences	27%
Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting	27%

Selected Abstracts

How much alcohol do you buy?

ADDICTION, Issue 4 2010
A comparison of self-reported alcohol purchases with actual sales
ABSTRACT Background Unrecorded alcohol has increased in the Nordic countries during recent years, above all in terms of cross-border trade. This implies that trends and levels of per capita consumption would look different without estimates of this source of alcohol, estimates that in Sweden and other countries are made through surveys. Aim The overall aim is to analyse the validity of Swedish survey estimates of alcohol bought in the cross-border trade and possibly to develop weights that can be applied to such estimates. Data and method The analysis consists of comparing self-reported purchases of spirits, wine, cider/alcopops and beer at retail monopoly (Systembolaget) during 2008 (n = 18 000) with actual sales during the same period overall and monthly. Findings Of the recorded amount of purchases at Systembolaget, 87% was reported in the survey, compared with the 40,60% usually found for self-reported consumption. Significant differences across beverages were revealed, showing a lower coverage rate for beer and spirits and a higher coverage rate for wine and cider. Changes in purchases of all beverages were captured fairly well, at least changes taking place from one month to another. Conclusions Self-reported alcohol purchases achieve a higher coverage rate than found typically in studies based on self-reported use of alcohol. If adjustments are to be made to correct for underreporting in self-reported data on alcohol purchases, different weights should be applied to different beverages. Furthermore, at least major changes in how much alcohol is purchased in the population can be monitored using well-designed population surveys. [source]

Algorithmic challenges and current problems in market coupling regimes

EUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL POWER, Issue 4 2009
Bernd Tersteegen
Abstract Increasing cross-border trade at European borders has lead to the necessity of an efficient allocation of scarce cross-border capacities. Explicit auctions used to be the commonly applied auction method in the past at most borders, but due to the separation of the trade of electrical energy and the allocation of cross-border capacity, market inefficiencies arise. As a consequence, a trend toward a market coupling, which combines the trade of electrical energy with the allocation of cross-border capacity, can be observed across Europe. The most convincing approach to solve the complex optimization task associated with market couplings solves the problem by a maximization of the system-wide welfare based on a closed-form optimization. Practical experience shows that problems remain with such an approach. This paper thoroughly analyzes problems that may occur in market coupling regimes with a closed-form optimization. In this paper an extension of formerly presented formulations of the optimization problem is presented, which avoids the described problems. The extended formulation still assures practically feasible calculation times of far less than 10 minutes even for systems with up to 12 market areas. Further, a fair and transparent approach to determine feasible market clearing prices not neglecting the time and market coupling relationship between prices is shown in this paper and it is demonstrated that this approach does not lead to practically infeasible calculation times. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

A new transmission pricing approach for the electricity cross-border trade in the ASEAN Power Grid

EUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL POWER, Issue 2 2007
C. Adsoongnoen
Abstract The electricity cross-border trade is presently introduced among the member countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). The ASEAN Power Grid (APG) is a plan to interconnect transmission networks among the ASEAN countries to optimize the use of energy resources; to operate the power network in an efficient, economical, and reliable manner; and to provide a close relation among the member countries by electric power interconnection. Transmission pricing is one of the controversial tasks to achieve the APG objectives. In this paper, a transmission pricing method for the electricity cross-border trade based on a combination of postage stamp method and sensitivity indices is proposed. The postage stamp pricing is a uniform tariff expected to recover the project investments, and the operation and maintenance costs. With the combination of the postage stamp method and sensitivity indices, the proposed pricing method sends proper incentive signals to power traders, which are based on system usage and congestion management. To demonstrate its effectiveness, the proposed method is applied to a 12-bus test system. The nodal tariffs at the particular injecting points, payments of the users, and revenues of transmission owners are computed. The simulation results indicate that the proposed method ensures a recovery of the investment costs and the concurrent costs of operation and maintenance in an efficient, fair, and simple manner. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Explaining Non-Compliance with European Union Procurement Directives: A Multidisciplinary Perspective

JCMS: JOURNAL OF COMMON MARKET STUDIES, Issue 2 2010
KEES GELDERMAN
Since their adoption in the 1970s, compliance with European Union (EU) procurement directives has been problematic. Many studies have reported on the effectiveness of the directives, mostly in terms of the impact on the openness of public procurement and the impact on cross-border trade. However, research on the explanation (or the lack) of compliance with EU directives is limited. This article identifies the directives which are most sensitive to non-compliance. A multidisciplinary model for explaining compliance is presented, drawing from criminal theory, economics, social psychology and public purchasing. The impact on compliance is quantified, using survey data from purchasing professionals of the Dutch Ministry of Defence. The results indicate that both the expected gains of compliance and the organizational pressure have a positive impact on compliance. In contrast, no support is found for the effect of certainty and severity of sanctions and the perceived resistance of suppliers in case of non-compliance. [source]

Bilateral Import Protection, Free Trade Agreements, and Other Factors Influencing Trade Flows in Agriculture and Clothing

JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2009
Thomas L. Vollrath
F1; F13; F14 Abstract Many factors shape the global network of bilateral trade including fundamental forces of supply and demand factors and government policies. This study uses the generalised gravity framework to distinguish among the different drivers that either deter or aid partner trade in land-intensive agriculture and labour-intensive clothing. The dataset used in the analysis includes bilateral trade among 70 countries in 1995, 2000 and 2005. Collectively, the 70 countries account for 85% of the world's trade in agriculture and 96% of its GDP. Empirical results lend support to the Heckscher,Ohlin explanation of trade, namely that relative factor endowments motivate cross-border trade. Results also show that tariffs are not always binding and bilateral free-trade agreements more often divert rather than create trade. [source]

External Liberalization and Foreign Presence: Cross-Industry Evidence From Poland and Hungary

JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS & MANAGEMENT STRATEGY, Issue 3 2000
Robert E. Kennedy
External liberalization,the relaxation of restrictions on cross-border trade and inbound direct investment,has played an important role in the programs of economic transition in central Europe. While liberalization is widely heralded, there has been little empirical analysis of the links between liberalization and industry structure. This analysis examines changes in foreign presence following external liberalization in Poland and Hungary. I show that the presence of proprietary and intangible assets explains much of the cross-industry variation in patterns of foreign presence and, for a given level of foreign presence, whether this will occur via trade or inbound direct investment. [source]

External Liberalization and Foreign Presence: Cross-Industry Evidence from Poland and Hungary

JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS & MANAGEMENT STRATEGY, Issue 2 2000
Robert E. Kennedy
External liberalization,the relaxation of restrictions on cross-border trade and inbound direct investment,has played an important role in the programs of economic transition in central Europe. While liberalization is widely heralded, there has been little empirical analysis of the links between liberalization and industry structure. This analysis examines changes in foreign presence following external liberalization in Poland and Hungary. I show that the presence of proprietary and intangible assets explains much of the cross-industry variation in patterns of foreign presence and, for a given level of foreign presence, whether this will occur via trade or inbound direct investment. [source]

Tanzania's coffee sector: constraints and challenges

JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, Issue 1 2005
John Baffes
During the early 1990s, Tanzania embarked in a major reform programme at both macro and sectoral levels. Reforms in agriculture figured prominently, especially in the export crop sectors which during the 1990s accounted for almost two thirds of total merchandize exports. This paper surveys the policy reforms and their impact on the coffee sector, Tanzania's largest export crop. By most accounts, the outcome of reforms has been mixed. While producers' share of export prices increased, official statistics show no supply response. Coffee processing capacity, marketing efficiency, and investment in new plantings increased. Despite the reforms, several issues must are still outstanding. Taxes should be consolidated, lowered, and rationalized. Licensing procedures need to be re-examined. The coffee auction should be voluntary so the costs of vertically integrated exporters will be reduced and cross-border trade will be enhanced. The power of the board and the relevant ministries ought to be substantially reduced and their respective roles clearly defined. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Harvest, trade and conservation of the Asian arowana Scleropages formosus in Cambodia

AQUATIC CONSERVATION: MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS, Issue 7 2008
Jodi J. L. Rowley
Abstract 1.The worldwide trade in aquarium fish is a multi-billion dollar industry. One of the most popular and expensive species traded is the Asian arowana Scleropages formosus. As a result of over-harvesting for the aquarium fish trade, S. formosus is now endangered and commercial international trade in the species is prohibited under CITES. Despite this, very little is known about S. formosus in the wild. 2.Interviews were conducted with 62 local villagers at four sites in Koh Kong province, south-west Cambodia, to obtain information on the reproduction, historical and current harvest and trade, and population trends of S. formosus. 3.The spawning season of S. formosus in Cambodia begins towards the end of the dry season (March,April) and is approximately 3 months in duration. Each male mouth-broods an average of 30 juveniles. Harvesters target S. formosus fry and juveniles, and typically kill or frighten brooding males into releasing their offspring in order to harvest them. 4.The prices obtained by harvesters for S. formosus has been increasing since collection began, and currently averages $US11,13 per juvenile. After collection, fish are transported through a series of larger towns, most ultimately bound for Thailand. The current number of S. formosus harvested from the wild in Cambodia is almost certainly highly unsustainable, with all respondents indicating that local S. formosus population abundance had declined dramatically in recent years. It is also likely that a number of populations have already become locally extinct. 5.Strengthening legislation to protect the species within Cambodia, increasing enforcement of cross-border trade, and an investigation into alternative low-impact income generation opportunities for local communities is vital. There is also an urgent need to gather detailed information on the distribution, population abundance and threats facing S. formosus in Cambodia, and in other countries throughout its range. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

ARTICLES: REPRODUCTIVE TOURISM AND THE QUEST FOR GLOBAL GENDER JUSTICE

BIOETHICS, Issue 7 2010
ANNE DONCHIN
ABSTRACT Reproductive tourism is a manifestation of a larger, more inclusive trend toward globalization of capitalist cultural and material economies. This paper discusses the development of cross-border assisted reproduction within the globalized economy, transnational and local structural processes that influence the trade, social relations intersecting it, and implications for the healthcare systems affected. I focus on prevailing gender structures embedded in the cross-border trade and their intersection with other social and economic structures that reflect and impact globalization. I apply a social connection model of responsibility for unjust outcomes and consider strategies to counter structural injustices embedded in this industry. The concluding section discusses policy reforms and proposals for collaborative action to preclude further injustices and extend full human rights to all. [source]