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Adult Mouse Brain (adult + mouse_brain)
Selected AbstractsDescription of distributed features of the nestin-containing cells in brains of adult mice: A potential source of neural precursor cellsJOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH, Issue 5 2010Renshi Xu Abstract The distribution of neural precursor cells (NPCs) in adult mice brain has so far not been described. Therefore, we investigated the distribution of NPCs by analyzing the nestin-containing cells (NCCs) in distinct brain regions of adult nestin second-intron enhancer-controlled LacZ reporter transgenic mice through LacZ staining. Results showed that NCCs existed in various regions of adult mouse brain. In cerebellum, the greatest number of NCCs existed in cortex of the simple lobule, followed by cortex of the cerebellar lobule. In olfactory bulb, NCCs were most numerous in the granular cell layer, followed by the mitral cell layer and the internal plexiform, glomerular, and external plexiform layers. In brain nuclei (nu), NCCs were most numerous in the marginal nu, followed by the brainstem and diencephalon nu. NCCs in sensory nu of brainstem were more numerous than in motor nu, and NCCs in the dorsal of sensory nu were more numerous than in the ventral part. In brain ventricle systems, NCCs were largely distributed in the center of and external to the lateral ventricle, the inferior part of the third ventricle, the dorsal and inferior parts of the fourth ventricle, and the gray matter around the cerebral aqueduct. NCCs in the left vs. right brain were not significantly different. These data collectively indicate that NCCs were extensively distributed in the cerebellum and olfactory bulb, the partial nu of the marginal system, the partial brain nu adjacent to brain ventricle systems, the subependymal zone, and the cerebral cortex around the marginal lobe and were a potential source of NPCs. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Multiple sites of L-histidine decarboxylase expression in mouse suggest novel developmental functions for histamineDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 1 2001Kaj Karlstedt Abstract Histamine mediates many types of physiologic signals in multicellular organisms. To clarify the developmental role of histamine, we have examined the developmental expression of L-histidine decarboxylase (HDC) mRNA and the production of histamine during mouse development. The predominant expression of HDC in mouse development was seen in mast cells. The HDC expression was evident from embryonal day 13 (Ed13) until birth, and the mast cells were seen in most peripheral tissues. Several novel sites with a prominent HDC mRNA expression were revealed. In the brain, the choroid plexus showed HDC expression at Ed14 and the raphe neurons at Ed15. Close to the parturition, at Ed19, the neurons in the tuberomammillary (TM) area and the ventricular neuroepithelia also displayed a clear HDC mRNA expression and histamine immunoreactivity (HA-ir). From Ed14 until birth, the olfactory and nasopharyngeal epithelia showed an intense HDC mRNA expression and HA-ir. In the olfactory epithelia, the olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) were shown to have very prominent histamine immunoreactivity. The bipolar nerve cells in the epithelium extended both to the epithelial surface and into the subepithelial layers to be collected into thick nerve bundles extending caudally toward the olfactory bulbs. Also, in the nasopharynx, an extensive subepithelial network of histamine-immunoreactive nerve fibers were seen. Furthermore, in the peripheral tissues, the degenerating mesonephros (Ed14) and the convoluted tubules in the developing kidneys (Ed15) showed HDC expression, as did the prostate gland (Ed15). In adult mouse brain, the HDC expression resembled the neuronal pattern observed in rat brain. The expression was restricted to the TM area in the ventral hypothalamus, with the main expression in the five TM subgroups called E1,E5. A distinct mouse HDC mRNA expression was also seen in the ependymal wall of the third ventricle, which has not been reported in the rat. The tissue- and cell-specific expression patterns of HDC and histamine presented in this work indicate that histamine could have cell guidance or regulatory roles in development. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Identification of a Chr 11 quantitative trait locus that modulates proliferation in the rostral migratory stream of the adult mouse brainEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 4 2010Anna Poon Abstract Neuron production takes place continuously in the rostral migratory stream (RMS) of the adult mammalian brain. The molecular mechanisms that regulate progenitor cell division and differentiation in the RMS remain largely unknown. Here, we surveyed the mouse genome in an unbiased manner to identify candidate gene loci that regulate proliferation in the adult RMS. We quantified neurogenesis in adult C57BL/6J and A/J mice, and 27 recombinant inbred lines derived from those parental strains. We showed that the A/J RMS had greater numbers of bromodeoxyuridine-labeled cells than that of C57BL/6J mice with similar cell cycle parameters, indicating that the differences in the number of bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells reflected the number of proliferating cells between the strains. AXB and BXA recombinant inbred strains demonstrated even greater variation in the numbers of proliferating cells. Genome-wide mapping of this trait revealed that chromosome 11 harbors a significant quantitative trait locus at 116.75 ± 0.75 Mb that affects cell proliferation in the adult RMS. The genomic regions that influence RMS proliferation did not overlap with genomic regions regulating proliferation in the adult subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. On the contrary, a different, suggestive locus that modulates cell proliferation in the subgranular zone was mapped to chromosome 3 at 102 ± 7 Mb. A subset of genes in the chromosome 11 quantitative trait locus region is associated with neurogenesis and cell proliferation. Our findings provide new insights into the genetic control of neural proliferation and an excellent starting point to identify genes critical to this process. [source] Calpain cleavage of collapsin response mediator proteins in ischemic mouse brainEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 4 2007Susan X. Jiang Abstract Collapsin response mediator proteins (CRMPs) are important brain-specific proteins with distinct functions in modulating growth cone collapse and axonal guidance during brain development. Our previous studies have shown that calpain cleaves CRMP3 in the adult mouse brain during cerebral ischemia [S.T. Hou et al. (2006) J. Neurosci., 26, 2241,2249]. Here, the expression of all CRMP family members (1,5) was examined in mouse brains that were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion. Among the five CRMPs, the expressions of CRMP1, CRMP3 and CRMP5 were the most abundant in the cerebral cortex and all CRMPs were targeted for cleavage by ischemia-activated calpain. Sub-cellular fractionation analysis showed that cleavage of CRMPs by calpain occurred not only in the cytoplasm but also in the synaptosomes isolated from ischemic brains. Moreover, synaptosomal CRMPs appeared to be at least one-fold more sensitive to cleavage compared with those isolated from the cytosolic fraction in an in-vitro experiment, suggesting that synaptosomal CRMPs are critical targets during cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal injury. Finally, the expression of all CRMPs was colocalized with TUNEL-positive neurons in the ischemic mouse brain, which further supports the notion that CRMPs may play an important role in neuronal death following cerebral ischemia. Collectively, these studies demonstrated that CRMPs are targets of calpains during cerebral ischemia and they also highlighted an important potential role that CRMPs may play in modulating ischemic neuronal death. [source] Identification of brain neurons expressing the dopamine D4 receptor gene using BAC transgenic miceEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 9 2006Daniela Noaín Abstract The dopamine D4 receptor (D4R) has received considerable interest because of its higher affinity for atypical antipsychotics, the extremely polymorphic nature of the human gene and the genetic association with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Several efforts have been undertaken to determine the D4R expression pattern in the brain using immunohistochemistry, binding autoradiography and in situ hybridization, but the overall published results present large discrepancies. Here, we have explored an alternative genetic approach by studying bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic mice that express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the transcriptional control of the mouse dopamine D4 receptor gene (Drd4). Immunohistochemical analysis performed in brain sections of Drd4 -EGFP transgenic mice using an anti-EGFP polyclonal antibody showed that transgenic expression was predominant in deep layer neurons of the prefrontal cortex, particularly in the orbital, prelimbic, cingulate and rostral agranular portions. In addition, discrete groups of Drd4 -EGFP labelled neurons were observed in the anterior olfactory nucleus, ventral pallidum, and lateral parabrachial nucleus. EGFP was not detected in the striatum, hippocampus or midbrain as described using other techniques. Given the fine specificity of EGFP expression in BAC transgenic mice and the high sensitivity of the EGFP antibody used in this study, our results indicate that Drd4 expression in the adult mouse brain is limited to a more restricted number of areas than previously reported. Its leading expression in the prefrontal cortex supports the importance of the D4R in complex behaviours depending on cortical dopamine (DA) transmission and its possible role in the etiopathophysiology of ADHD. [source] Distinct spatio-temporal expression of ABCA and ABCG transporters in the developing and adult mouse brainJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 1 2005Masanori Tachikawa Abstract Using in situ hybridization for the mouse brain, we analyzed developmental changes in gene expression for the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter subfamilies ABCA1,4 and 7, and ABCG1, 2, 4, 5 and 8. In the embryonic brains, ABCA1 and A7 were highly expressed in the ventricular (or germinal) zone, whereas ABCA2, A3 and G4 were enriched in the mantle (or differentiating) zone. At the postnatal stages, ABCA1 was detected in both the gray and white matter and in the choroid plexus. On the other hand, ABCA2, A3 and A7 were distributed in the gray matter. In addition, marked up-regulation of ABCA2 occurred in the white matter at 14 days-of-age when various myelin protein genes are known to be up-regulated. In marked contrast, ABCA4 was selective to the choroid plexus throughout development. ABCG1 was expressed in both the gray and white matters, whereas ABCG4 was confined to the gray matter. ABCG2 was diffusely and weakly detected throughout the brain at all stages examined. Immunohistochemistry of ABCG2 showed its preferential expression on the luminal membrane of brain capillaries. Expression signals for ABCG5 and G8 were barely detected at any stages. The distinct spatio-temporal expressions of individual ABCA and G transporters may reflect their distinct cellular expressions in the developing and adult brains, presumably, to regulate and maintain lipid homeostasis in the brain. [source] Description of distributed features of the nestin-containing cells in brains of adult mice: A potential source of neural precursor cellsJOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH, Issue 5 2010Renshi Xu Abstract The distribution of neural precursor cells (NPCs) in adult mice brain has so far not been described. Therefore, we investigated the distribution of NPCs by analyzing the nestin-containing cells (NCCs) in distinct brain regions of adult nestin second-intron enhancer-controlled LacZ reporter transgenic mice through LacZ staining. Results showed that NCCs existed in various regions of adult mouse brain. In cerebellum, the greatest number of NCCs existed in cortex of the simple lobule, followed by cortex of the cerebellar lobule. In olfactory bulb, NCCs were most numerous in the granular cell layer, followed by the mitral cell layer and the internal plexiform, glomerular, and external plexiform layers. In brain nuclei (nu), NCCs were most numerous in the marginal nu, followed by the brainstem and diencephalon nu. NCCs in sensory nu of brainstem were more numerous than in motor nu, and NCCs in the dorsal of sensory nu were more numerous than in the ventral part. In brain ventricle systems, NCCs were largely distributed in the center of and external to the lateral ventricle, the inferior part of the third ventricle, the dorsal and inferior parts of the fourth ventricle, and the gray matter around the cerebral aqueduct. NCCs in the left vs. right brain were not significantly different. These data collectively indicate that NCCs were extensively distributed in the cerebellum and olfactory bulb, the partial nu of the marginal system, the partial brain nu adjacent to brain ventricle systems, the subependymal zone, and the cerebral cortex around the marginal lobe and were a potential source of NPCs. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Flow cytometric analysis of neural stem cells in the developing and adult mouse brainJOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH, Issue 6 2002Ayako Murayama Abstract Despite recent progress in the neural stem cell biology, their cellular characteristics have not been described well. We investigated various characteristics of neural stem cells (NSCs) in vivo during CNS development, using FACS to identify the NSCs. We first examined stage-dependent changes in the physical parameters, using forward scatter (FSC) and side scatter (SSC) profiles, of NSCs from the developing striatum, where they appear to be active throughout the life of mammals. NSCs were divided into several fractions according to their FSC/SSC profile. With development, their number decreased in the FSChigh fractions but increased in the FSClow/SSChigh fraction, whereas NSCs were significantly concentrated in the fraction containing the largest cells (about 20 ,m in diameter) at any stage, which were mostly the cells with the highest nestin -enhancer activity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that, at all stages examined, the "side population" (SP), defined as the Hoechst 33342 low/negative fraction, which is known to be a stem cell-enriched population in bone marrow, was also enriched for Notch1-positive immature neural cells (about 60%) from the developing striatum. However, these immature SP cells were not detected in the large-cell fraction, however, but were concentrated instead in the FSClow/mid fractions. FACS analysis showed that SP cells from adults were included to some extent in the CD24low/PNAlow fraction, where NSCs were greatly concentrated. Collectively, the characteristics of NSCs were not uniform and changed developmentally. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Differential distribution of tight junction proteins suggests a role for tanycytes in blood-hypothalamus barrier regulation in the adult mouse brainTHE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, Issue 7 2010Amandine Mullier The median eminence is one of the seven so-called circumventricular organs. It is located in the basal hypothalamus, ventral to the third ventricle and adjacent to the arcuate nucleus. This structure characteristically contains a rich capillary plexus and features a fenestrated endothelium, making it a direct target of blood-borne molecules. The median eminence also contains highly specialized ependymal cells called tanycytes, which line the floor of the third ventricle. It has been hypothesized that one of the functions of these cells is to create a barrier that prevents substances in the portal capillary spaces from entering the brain. In this paper, we report on our use of immunohistochemistry to study the expression of tight junction proteins in the cells that compose the median eminence in adult mice. Our results indicate that tanycytes of the median eminence express occludin, ZO-1, and claudin 1 and 5, but not claudin 3. Remarkably, these molecules are organized as a continuous belt around the cell bodies of the tanycytes that line the ventral part of the third ventricle. In contrast, the tanycytes at the periphery of the arcuate nucleus do not express claudin 1 and instead exhibit a disorganized expression pattern of occludin, ZO-1, and claudin 5. Consistent with these observations, permeability studies using peripheral or central injections of Evans blue dye show that only the tanycytes of the median eminence are joined at their apices by functional tight junctions, whereas tanycytes located at the level of the arcuate nucleus form a permeable layer. In conclusion, this study reveals a unique expression pattern of tight junction proteins in hypothalamic tanycytes, which yields new insights into their barrier properties. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:943,962, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Differential distribution of tight junction proteins suggests a role for tanycytes in blood-hypothalamus barrier regulation in the adult mouse brainTHE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, Issue 7 2010Amandine Mullier Abstract The median eminence is one of the seven so-called circumventricular organs. It is located in the basal hypothalamus, ventral to the third ventricle and adjacent to the arcuate nucleus. This structure characteristically contains a rich capillary plexus and features a fenestrated endothelium, making it a direct target of blood-borne molecules. The median eminence also contains highly specialized ependymal cells called tanycytes, which line the floor of the third ventricle. It has been hypothesized that one of the functions of these cells is to create a barrier that prevents substances in the portal capillary spaces from entering the brain. In this paper, we utilize immunohistochemistry to study the expression of tight junction proteins in the cells that compose the median eminence in adult mice. Our results indicate that tanycytes of the median eminence express occludin, ZO-1, and claudin 1 and 5, but not claudin 3. Remarkably, these molecules are organized as a continuous belt around the cell bodies of the tanycytes that line the ventral part of the third ventricle. In contrast, the tanycytes at the periphery of the arcuate nucleus do not express claudin 1 and instead exhibit a disorganized expression pattern of occludin, ZO-1, and claudin 5. Consistent with these observations, permeability studies using peripheral or central injections of Evans blue dye show that only the tanycytes of the median eminence are joined at their apices by functional tight junctions, whereas tanycytes located at the level of the arcuate nucleus form a permeable layer. In conclusion, this study reveals a unique expression pattern of tight junction proteins in hypothalamic tanycytes, which yields new insights into their barrier properties. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:943,962, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Expression of synapsin III in nerve terminals and neurogenic regions of the adult brainTHE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, Issue 2 2002Vincent A. Pieribone Abstract We have examined the distribution of synapsin III in the adult mouse brain. Expression of synapsin III was observed in puncta throughout the brain, but demonstrated greater regional variation than that of synapsins I or II. This punctate staining is typical for synaptic vesicle proteins located at nerve terminals. These findings are also consistent with the well-established role for synapsins in regulating neurotransmitter release. However, unexpectedly, synapsin III was also highly expressed in the cell body and processes of immature neurons in neurogenic regions of the adult brain, such as the hippocampal dentate gyrus, rostral migratory stream, and olfactory bulb. Many synapsin III-positive neurons also reacted with an antibody directed toward polysialylated-neuronal cell adhesion molecule, a marker of immature, migrating neurons. These results suggest that synapsin III may also play a role in adult neurogenesis. J. Comp. Neurol. 454:105,114, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Developmental control of inositol phosphate biosynthesis is altered in the brain of both curly and phenotypically normal straight tail mutant mice,BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH, Issue 10 2009Hana Dawood Ali Alebous Abstract BACKGROUND: Altered levels of inositol phosphate in the central nervous system (CNS) are hypothesized to produce distorted brain signaling and lead to numerous neurologic maladies. Little is known of mechanisms controlling the complex metabolic flux of inositol phosphate. Less is known of controls that regulate inositol-phosphate biosynthesis in the mammalian brain. The expression of 1L-myo-inositol,1 phosphate synthase (MIP), the only enzyme known to synthesize inositol phosphate, was studied in the brain of normal (CBA) and curly tail (CT) mutant mice. The CT strain exhibits a neural tube defect, spina bifida, responsive to inositol supplementation, but not to folic acid treatment. METHODS: Utilizing enzyme assays to determine the specific activity of MIP, Western blotting to detect expression, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to measure inositol concentration, and statistical analyses to evaluate quantitative data, MIP expression was analyzed in newborn, young, and adult brains of CBA and CT (curly tail [ct-CT] and straight tail [st-CT]) mutant mice. RESULTS: Data analyses suggest there is a significant difference in MIP activity in the brain of CBA mice as compared to that of CT mutant mice and that temporal and spatial control of MIP expression and inositol concentrations are altered in the brain of both the ct-CT and phenotypically normal st-CT mutant. Moreover, two differentially expressed forms of MIP were identified in the adult mouse brain. CONCLUSIONS: These findings implicate a role for MIP in the maturation of the CNS and evoke a hypothesis regarding the regulation of inositol phosphate biosynthesis in brain development. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | ||||||||||