			Home About us Contact

Adult Data (adult + data)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	60%

Selected Abstracts

Facial Soft Tissue Depths in Craniofacial Identification (Part I): An Analytical Review of the Published Adult Data,

JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, Issue 6 2008
Carl N. Stephan Ph.D.
Abstract:, With the ever increasing production of average soft tissue depth studies, data are becoming increasingly complex, less standardized, and more unwieldy. So far, no overarching review has been attempted to determine: the validity of continued data collection; the usefulness of the existing data subcategorizations; or if a synthesis is possible to produce a manageable soft tissue depth library. While a principal components analysis would provide the best foundation for such an assessment, this type of investigation is not currently possible because of a lack of easily accessible raw data (first, many studies are narrow; second, raw data are infrequently published and/or stored and are not always shared by some authors). This paper provides an alternate means of investigation using an hierarchical approach to review and compare the effects of single variables on published mean values for adults whilst acknowledging measurement errors and within-group variation. The results revealed: (i) no clear secular trends at frequently investigated landmarks; (ii) wide variation in soft tissue depth measures between different measurement techniques irrespective of whether living persons or cadavers were considered; (iii) no clear clustering of non-Caucasoid data far from the Caucasoid means; and (iv) minor differences between males and females. Consequently, the data were pooled across studies using weighted means and standard deviations to cancel out random and opposing study-specific errors, and to produce a single soft tissue depth table with increased sample sizes (e.g., 6786 individuals at pogonion). [source]

Safety of nevirapine in pregnancy

HIV MEDICINE, Issue 1 2007
U Natarajan
Background Nevirapine has been widely used in pregnancy for its efficacy, low pill burden, bioavailability and rapid transplacental transfer. Concern about nevirapine toxicity during pregnancy has emerged over recent years. Objectives The aims of the study were to document the frequency of cutaneous and hepatic toxicity secondary to nevirapine use during pregnancy and to compare rates in women starting nevirapine during the current pregnancy with those in women who had commenced nevirapine prior to the current pregnancy. Design This was a retrospective, comparative, five-centre study carried out in London, UK, in 1997,2003. Methods All HIV-1-infected women who received nevirapine as part of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy were included in the study. Data on demographics, HIV infection risk, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) status, surrogate markers at initiation of therapy, other medications hepatitis B and C virus coinfection and clinical data relating to potential toxicity were collated and analysed. Results Fifteen of 235 eligible women (6.4%) developed rash and eight (3.4%) developed hepatotoxicity, including four with coexistent rash, giving a combined incidence of 19 potential cases of nevirapine toxicity during pregnancy (8.1%). Alternative causes of rash/hepatotoxicity were suspected in seven cases and only 10 mothers (5.8%) discontinued nevirapine. Of the 170 women who commenced nevirapine during this pregnancy, 13 (7.6%) developed rash and eight (4.7%) hepatotoxicity, a combined incidence of 10%. Only two of 65 women with nevirapine exposure prior to this pregnancy developed rash (3.1%). Conclusions Nevirapine-containing ART was well tolerated in this cohort of pregnant women. Although pregnancy did not appear to increase the risk of nevirapine-associated toxicity compared to published adult data, CD4 count may be less predictive of toxicity in pregnancy. [source]

Ontogeny and phyletic size change in living and fossil lemurs

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2010
Matthew J. Ravosa
Abstract Lemurs are notable for encompassing the range of body-size variation for all primates past and present,close to four orders of magnitude. Benefiting from the phylogenetic proximity of subfossil lemurs to smaller-bodied living forms, we employ allometric data from the skull to probe the ontogenetic bases of size differentiation and morphological diversity across these clades. Building upon prior pairwise comparisons between sister taxa, we performed the first clade-wide analyses of craniomandibular growth allometries in 359 specimens from 10 lemuroids and 176 specimens from 8 indrioids. Ontogenetic trajectories for extant forms were used as a criterion of subtraction to evaluate morphological variation, and putative adaptations among sister taxa. In other words, do species-level differences in skull form result from the differential extension of common patterns of relative growth? In lemuroids, a pervasive pattern of ontogenetic scaling is observed for facial dimensions in all genera, with three genera also sharing relative growth trajectories for jaw proportions (Lemur, Eulemur, Varecia). Differences in masticatory growth and form characterizing Hapalemur and fossil Pachylemur likely reflect dietary factors. Pervasive ontogenetic scaling characterizes the facial skull in extant Indri, Avahi, and Propithecus, as well as their larger, extinct sister taxa Mesopropithecus and Babakotia. Significant interspecific differences are observed in the allometry of indrioid masticatory proportions, with variation in the mechanical advantage of the jaw adductors and stress-resisting elements correlated with diet. As the growth series and adult data are largely coincidental in each clade, interspecific variation in facial form may result from selection for body-size differentiation among sister taxa. Those cases where trajectories are discordant identify potential dietary adaptations linked to variation in masticatory forces during chewing and biting. Although such dissociations highlight selection to uncouple shared ancestral growth patterns, they occur largely via transpositions and retention of primitive size-shape covariation patterns or relative growth coefficients. Am. J. Primatol. 72:161,172, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Bridging the gap between adult and paediatric outcomes in HIV-1 vertically infected children: a single-centre comparison with adult data

ACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 11 2009
F Monpoux
Abstract Prognosis of HIV-1 infection dramatically improved during the last decade. Meanwhile, treatment-induced virological success has always been different in adult and children patients. Aim:, To compare 10 years of follow up in HIV-1 vertically infected children and adult patients. Methods:, Monocentric retrospective longitudinal analysis of vertically HIV-1-infected children and adult patients followed in the Nice University Hospital between 1999 and 2008. Immunological, virological and antiretroviral treatment data were recorded. Results:, Forty children and 1752 adult patients were included. Between 1996 and 2008, the percentage of children receiving HAART increased from 3.2% to 91%. Mean CD4% in the paediatric group remained stable between 29 ± 8.1% in 1998 and 30 ± 9.4% in 2008. Mean adult CD4-cell count significantly increased from 410 in 1998 to 556 cells/mL in 2008. Logistic regression analysis showed that the children-to-adult difference for indetectability (HIV PCR-RNA below 400 copies/mL) was significant (p < 0.0001) with an odds ratio of 0.61 (CI95th: 0.52,0.72). Year-to-patient interaction was also significant with a decreasing divergence over time (p: 0.038). Conclusion:, Nowadays as in adult patients, the control of HIV-1 replication is achieved in nearly eight of 10 children and the percentage of patients with severe immunodeficiency dramatically decreased compared with the mid 1990s. [source]

The power of children over adults when obtaining sweet snacks

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY, Issue 2 2003
B. P. Roberts
Summary. Background. There is evidence to suggest that the family is becoming a more democratic unit and that children are spending more on sweet snack items than ever before. A study was thus undertaken to investigate the influence of children on parental decision-making in relation to the use of sugary snacks. Methods. A cross sectional interview study; children aged 7,8 years from 20 inner-city Manchester primary schools were asked about their sweet eating, their pocket money and their perceived levels of influence or autonomy within the household. The parents of these children were also asked to fill in a questionnaire that mirrored the children's questions. Results. There was a moderate but significant correlation between the opinion of the parents and that of the children on the extent of influence (Pearson coefficient r = 0·25, P = 0·001). When the adults (n = 181) were split into age groups, , 29 years (n = 33), 30,35 years (n = 61) and , 36 years (n = 87), the study showed that the older the adult, the less the child seemed to get his or her own way. Spearman's rho = 0·16, P = 0·03 (children's view) and rho = 0·17, P = 0·02 (adult's view). The dominant factors were related to money in the children's opinion, although the adults' data suggested that older mothers (, 36 years) may be trying to limit their children's access to sweet snacks. Conclusions. Adults' efforts to limit their children's intake of sweet snacks and drinks are being undermined by earlier and earlier influences in the child's life and by access to money, which allows the child to out-manoeuvre his or her parents. This is compounded by the provision of additional income, mostly from grandparents. [source]