JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH, Issue 1 2004
V. Berdón-Zapata
Abstract Ectrodactyly is a congenital limb malformation that involves a central reduction defect of the hands and/or feet which is frequently associated with other phenotypic abnormalities. The condition appears to be genetically heterogeneous and recently it has been demonstrated that mutations in the p63 gene, a homoiogue of the tumor suppressor gene p53, are the cause of at least four autosomal dominant genetic syndromes which feature ectrodactyly: ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and facial clefting (EEC), split hand/split foot malformation (SHFM), limb-mammary syndrome (LMS), and acro-dermato-ungual-lacrimal-tooth syndrome (ADULT). In this study, genetic analysis of the p63 gene in a group of 13 patients with ectrodactyly (syndromic and isolated) was performed. Four patients with syndromic ectrodactyly had p63 heterozygous point mutations that affect the DNA binding domain of the protein. One of these subjects exhibited the typical features of EEC syndrome as well as ankyloblepharon being, to our knowledge, the first case combining these traits. This finding supports the view of a clinical overlap in this group of autosomal dominant syndromes caused by p63 mutations and demonstrates that there are exceptions in the previously established p63 genotype-phenotype correlation. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. [source]

RETRORECTAL DERMOID CYST IN AN ADULT

ANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 5 2008
Deborshi Sharma MS
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND DRINKING PROBLEMS AMONG OLDER ADULTS

ADDICTION, Issue 3 2010
RUDOLF MOOS
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

[Commentary] HAVING FUN AND DEFYING ADULTS: SPECULATIONS ON WHY MOST YOUNG PEOPLE IGNORE NEGATIVE INFORMATION ON THE DANGERS OF DRINKING ALCOHOL

ADDICTION, Issue 4 2009
RODNEY SKAGER
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT OF OLDER ADULTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE LIVING AT HOME

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 8 2010
FNP-C, Janquilyn D. Merida MS
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

LUMBAR PUNCTURE IN OLDER ADULTS: WHICH APPROACH IS SAFER?

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 8 2010
A RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

DIAZEPAM CONVERSION IN OLDER ADULTS

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 6 2010
Erin A. Vogel Pharm D
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

LIPID TREATMENT IN ETHNICALLY DIVERSE UNDERSERVED OLDER ADULTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS: STATIN USE, GOAL ATTAINMENT, AND HEALTH DISPARITIES IN THE INFORMATICS FOR DIABETES EDUCATION AND TELEMEDICINE PROJECT

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 2 2010
Ruth S. Weinstock MD
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

HERPES SIMPLEX ENCEPHALITIS IN OLDER ADULTS

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 1 2010
Antoni Riera-Mestre MD
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

PREDICTING INJURY FROM FALLS IN OLDER ADULTS: COMPARISON OF VOLUNTARY STEP REACTION TIMES IN INJURED AND NONINJURED FALLERS,A PROSPECTIVE STUDY

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 4 2009
Itshak Melzer PhD
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SERUM CARBOXYMETHYL-LYSINE, A DOMINANT ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT, AND ANEMIA IN ADULTS: THE BALTIMORE LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF AGING

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 11 2008
Richard D. Semba MD
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

DOES THE NUMBER OF COEXISTING CHRONIC DISEASES AFFECT THE ADVERSE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN POLYPHARMACY AND PRESCRIBING QUALITY IN OLDER ADULTS?

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 5 2007
Huai yong Cheng MD
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

USE OF THE AUTOMATIC CLOCK DRAWING TEST TO RAPIDLY SCREEN FOR COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN OLDER ADULTS, DRIVERS, AND THE PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 2 2007
Sandy Helene Straus MS
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

THE USE OF ORAL NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS AND ANOREXIGENIC MEDICATIONS IN HOMEBOUND OLDER ADULTS

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 5 2003
Article first published online: 29 APR 200
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

PERCEPTION OF IRRADIATED FOODS AMONG STUDENTS (SECONDARY, UNIVERSITY [FOOD SCIENCE AND NONFOOD SCIENCE]) AND ADULTS IN ARGENTINA

JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 3 2008
ALEJANDRA FLORES
ABSTRACT A survey on beliefs and purchase intent of irradiated foods was conducted among 300 Argentine students, covering secondary/high school, food science and nonfood science university, and 100 nonstudent adults. Other factors considered were the type of information provided (introductory, process description and benefits) and the city of residence (small agricultural city and big city). The most important benefits were considered to be microorganism reduction and improved sanitation. On the other hand, insecurity and doubts were the main reasons why respondents would not buy these foods. Only 14% said they would definitely buy irradiated foods. Considering their doubts and insecurities, it is probable that if these respondents see a food labeled as "irradiated," they would not choose to buy it. Within developing countries such as Argentina, the promotion of this technology by government agencies would be very costly, and at present, these costs would not seem to be justified. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The negative perceptions of consumers would hinder the successful implementation of food irradiation. The doubts or insecurities that consumers of developing countries have are similar to those that consumers of developed countries have. Most respondents answered that irradiated foods should be labeled as such. If food irradiation was to be pursued further, the place to start would be in food science curricula as this is the basis of future professionals in charge of researching its use and/or implementing the process. [source]

A STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING OF ALCOHOL USE AMONG YOUNG ADULTS IN THE U.S. MILITARY: COMPLEXITIES AMONG STRESS, DRINKING MOTIVES, IMPULSIVITIY, ALCOHOL USE AND JOB PERFORMANCE

ALCOHOLISM, Issue 2008
Sunju Sohn
Aims:, Young male adults in the U. S. military drink at much higher rates than civilians and females of the same age. Drinking has been shown to be associated with stress and individuals' ability to effectively cope with stressors. Despite numerous studies conducted on young adults' drinking behaviors such as college drinking, current literature is limited in fully understanding alcohol use patterns of the young military population. The aim of the present study was to develop and test the hypothesized Structural Equation Model (SEM) of alcohol use to determine if stress coping styles moderate the relationship between stress, drinking motives, impulsivity, alcohol consumption and job performance. Methods:, Structural equation models for multiple group comparisons were estimated based on a sample of 1,715 young (aged 18 to 25) male military personnel using the 2005 Department of Defense Survey of Health Related Behaviors among Military Personnel. Coping style was used as the grouping factor in the multi-group analysis and this variable was developed through numerous steps to reflect positive and negative behaviors of coping. The equivalences of the structural relations between the study variables were then compared across two groups at a time, controlling for installation region, race/ethnicity, marital status, education, and pay grade, resulting in two model comparisons with four coping groups. If the structural weight showed differences across groups, each parameter was constrained and tested one at a time to see where the models are different. Results:, The results showed that the hypothesized model applies across all groups. The structural weights revealed that a moderation effect exists between a group whose tendency is to mostly use positive coping strategies and a group whose tendency is to mostly use negative coping strategies (,,2(39)= 65.116, p<.05). More specifically, the models were different (with and without Bonferroni Type I error correction) in the paths between "motive and alcohol use" and "alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences (job performance)." Conclusions:, It seems plausible that coping style significantly factors into moderating alcohol use among young male military personnel who reportedly drink more excessively than civilians of the same age. The results indicate that it may be particularly important for the military to assess different stress coping styles ofyoung male military personnel so as to limit excessive drinking as well as to promote individual wellness and improve job performance. [source]

PRIMARY PERITONITIS IN ADULTS: IS IT TIME TO LOOK FOR A BETTER DIAGNOSTIC CLASSIFICATION?

ANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 3 2006
John Jarvis
Background: The occurrence of primary peritonitis is rare. The experience of a single institution and the definition of this disease are reviewed. Methods: A retrospective audit of primary peritonitis at a single institution was undertaken. Age, sex, clinical presentation, initial diagnosis, imaging and blood tests, comorbidities, recent medical intervention, surgical treatment and operative findings, antibiosis, bacterial isolates, the course of hospital treatment and follow up, including later diagnoses, were reviewed. Results: The audit was carried out at Christchurch Hospital between January 1998 and March 2005. A total of 115 patients were identified with a diagnosis of non-specific peritonitis, of which five patients were identified with a diagnosis of primary peritonitis. All were women aged 22,38 years. Three had undergone a caesarean section in the last 3 months. The details of these cases are presented in detail. Conclusion: Five cases of primary peritonitis are reported, and from a review of published work, a classification of primary peritonitis is suggested, which more clearly identifies the cause of the disease. [source]

FARM-RELATED FATAL INJURY OF YOUNG AND OLDER ADULTS IN AUSTRALIA, 1989,1992

AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH, Issue 4 2002
Rebecca J. Mitchell
ABSTRACT: This paper describes the types of, and circumstances surrounding, unintentional farm-related fatal injuries involving young and older adults in Australia. Information was obtained from an inspection of coronial files for the period 1989,1992. Around 14% of all farm-related fatalities in Australia during 1989,1992 were of young adults aged 15,24 years and approximately one-quarter were of older adults aged? 55 years. Young adults were commonly fatally injured in motor vehicle incidents and in incidents involving firearms. Tractors were the most common agent involved in fatal incidents involving older adults. Intervention measures to prevent fatalities of older adults in agriculture should focus on the safe use of tractors, while for young adults it appears prevention efforts should centre around safe use of firearms and operation of motor vehicles on the farm. Ways to overcome barriers to the use of injury prevention measures in rural Australia should be further explored. [source]

Primary Cutaneous Rhabdomyosarcoma in an Adult

DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 10 2009
BENGU COBANOGLU MD
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

Port-Wine Stain Nodules in the Adult: Report of 20 Cases Treated by CO2 Laser Vaporization

DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 8 2001
Jesús Del Pozo MD
Background. Port-wine stain (PWS) is a congenital vascular malformation of the superficial dermal vessels. These vessels become progressively ectatic, with development of nodular and hypertrophic areas on the surface of the lesions. Objective. To determine the efficacy of CO2 laser vaporization in the treatment of nodules in PWS. Methods. Twenty adult patients with PWS who developed nodules and hypertrophy on the surface of the lesions were treated by CO2 laser vaporization. Only one pass was performed to each area of the lesions, using a continuous and defocused mode, with a power density of 10 W/cm2. When the treated lesion was very large, several sessions of treatment were necessary to vaporize its entire surface. Photographic controls were performed before and after treatment. Results. The nodules and hypertrophy were removed and the smooth surface of the lesions was reestablished. The color, usually violaceous, was transformed in a slight erythema. Conclusion. CO2 laser is a good method for treatment of nodules and hypertrophy in PWS. With adequate precautions, excellent cosmetic results can be obtained. Other more-specific laser systems may be successively used to treat the remaining erythema. [source]

Species-specific injury-induced cell proliferation in the hippocampus and subventricular zone of food-storing and nonstoring wild birds

DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2010
L.M. Law
Abstract Cells are continuously born and incorporated into the adult hippocampus (HP). Adult neurogenesis might act to increase the total number of cells or replace dead cells. Thus, neurogenesis might be a primary factor in augmenting, maintaining, or even recovering functions. In zebra finches, HP injury increases cell proliferation in the HP and stem cell rich subventricular zone (SVZ). It is unknown what effect injury has on a species dependent upon the HP for survival in the wild. In food-storing birds, recovery of caches is seasonal, necessary for survival, dependent upon the HP and is concomitant with a peak in HP neurogenesis. During the fall, food-storing black-capped chickadees (BCCs) and nonstoring dark-eyed juncos (DEJs) were captured and given a unilateral penetrating lesion to the HP one day later. On day 3, birds were injected with the mitotic marker 5-bromo-2,-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and perfused on day 10. If unlesioned, more BrdU-labeled cells were observed in the HP and SVZ of BCCs compared to DEJs, indicating higher innate cell proliferation or incorporation in BCCs. If lesioned, BrdU-labeled cells increased in the injured HP of both species; however, lesions caused larger increases in DEJs. DEJs also showed increases in BrdU-labeled cells in the SVZ and contralateral HP. BCCs showed no such increases on day 10. Thus, during the fall food-storing season, storers showed suppressed injury-induced cell proliferation and/or reduced survival rates of these new cells compared to nonstorers. These species differences may provide a useful model for isolating factors involved in cellular responses following injury. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2010 [source]

Adult and peer influences on starling song development

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2007
Aline Bertin
Abstract Adult influence on song development was rarely investigated in complex social settings. We investigated the influence of the young/adult ratio on song learning in European starlings. Starling songs are composed of two categories: whistles and warbling. Warbling includes three parts: complex variable motifs, click motifs, and high frequency motifs. Song learning by young birds raised in group (G birds), in group with adults (GT birds) or in pair with one adult (IT birds) were compared. Song tutor choice, song sharing, and song quality varied with social context. The mere presence of adults in a group was not sufficient for young to develop all adult song features. Only IT birds chose adults as tutors. Social contact with only one adult enhanced acquisition of whistles, click motifs, individuality, and reduced the number of high frequency motifs (adult song features). This study suggests that the adult influence is proportional to young/adult ratio. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 362,374, 2007. [source]

Giant Right Atrium in an Adult

ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Issue 10 2008
Vignendra Ariyarajah M.D.
Massive right atrial (RA) enlargement is certainly more common in children than in adults, owing to rare congenital anomalies. Indeed, the largest description of such chamber enlargement was noted in a child, where the RA volume was reported to be 900 ml. We now report one of the largest descriptions of the RA in an adult, in absence of tricuspid stenosis and other common adult associations of RA abnormality, such as chronic pulmonary disease, severe mitral valvular pathology with pulmonary hypertension, and pulmonary embolism or infarct. The RA volume was estimated to be well over 500 ml and was notably disproportionate to that of the left atrium and either ventricle. [source]

Asymptomatic Isolated Congenital Left Ventricular Muscular Diverticulum In An Adult: A Case Report

ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Issue 2 2003
Guoqian Huang M.D.
Congenital ventricular diverticulum is a very rare malformation in adults. We describe a 21-year-old male with a congenital muscular left ventricular diverticulum in the inferior wall. The lesion was suspected on two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography; transesophageal echocardiography allowed clear detection of the diverticulum as well of mild mitral valve prolapse. The diagnosis was confirmed by cardiac catheterization. There were no other thoracoabdominal or cardiac anomalies, the patient was asymptomatic, and surgery was not deemed necessary. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 20, February 2003) [source]

Adult versus adolescent onset of smoking: how are mood disorders and other risk factors involved?

ADDICTION, Issue 8 2009
Vladeta Ajdacic-Gross
ABSTRACT Aims To examine the strength of association between smoking and mood disorders and the association between smoking and its traditional risk factors, comparing those who started smoking in adolescence with those who started smoking in early adulthood. Design and participants The analyses relied on prospective data from the Zurich Study. This longitudinal community study started in 1979 with a stratified sample of 591 participants aged 20/21 years, weighted towards those with mental disorders. Follow-up interviews were conducted at ages 23, 28, 30, 35 and 41. Measurements In this analysis the adult versus adolescent onset of smoking was regressed on the cumulative prevalence of mood disorders, personality characteristics measured by the Freiburg Personality Inventory, common risk factors such as parental smoking, conduct and school problems, troubles with the family and basic socio-demographic variables (sex, education). Findings In the Zurich Study cohort we found that 61.6% were former or current smokers, of whom 87% started smoking before the age of 20 and 13% after the age of 20. Adolescent onset of smoking was associated strongly with later major depression, dysthymia or bipolar disorders and, furthermore, with parental smoking, extroverted personality and discipline problems and rebelliousness in youth. However, only depression and dysthymia were associated with adult onset smoking and other risk factors associated with smoking were not so associated in this group. Conclusions Correlates of smoking onset in adolescence are mainly not applicable to the onset of smoking in young adulthood. Smoking onset beyond adolescence is an open research issue. [source]

Is selection of host plants by Plagiodera versicolora based on plant-related performance?

ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA, Issue 2 2008
Sawako Egusa
Abstract Plant-related performance may be one of the most important factors in the selection of host plants by insect herbivores. We investigated the importance of plant-related performance in host selection by the willow leaf beetle, Plagiodera versicolora (Laicharting) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), on four willow species: Salix chaenomeloides Kimura, Salix eriocarpa Fr. et Sav., Salix integra Thunb., and Salix serissaefolia Kimura (Salicaceae). Bagging experiments in the field revealed that the performance of P. versicolora adults and larvae differed significantly among willow species under enemy-free conditions and at constant densities. Egg clutch and larval abundance were positively related to adult abundance. Plagiodera versicolora adults did not discriminate strongly among willow species for feeding and oviposition. Larval performance did not differ among willow species in the presence of natural enemies, suggesting that interspecific differences in host quality were overridden by mortality from natural enemies. Adult and egg clutch abundance of P. versicolora changed seasonally despite the temporal stability of adult and larval performance under enemy-free field conditions. Thus, plant-related performance of P. versicolora adults and larvae may contribute little to population growth and temporal dynamics of host use in P. versicolora. Potential factors that reduce discrimination of P. versicolora among host willow species are discussed. [source]

Comparative Analysis of Adult versus Adolescent Sexual Assault: Epidemiology and Patterns of Anogenital Injury

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 8 2003
Jeffrey S. Jones MD
Abstract Objectives: To compare the characteristics of sexual assault in pubertal girls (<18 years old) and adults in a community-based population of women presenting to an urban sexual assault clinic. Methods: This case-series analysis evaluated consecutive female patients presenting to a sexual assault clinic during a three-year study period. The clinic is associated with a university-affiliated emergency medicine residency program and is staffed by forensic nurses trained to perform medicolegal examinations using colposcopy with nuclear staining. Patient demographics, assault characteristics, and injury patterns were recorded using a standardized classification system. Data from the two patient groups (adolescents vs. women ,18 years of age) were analyzed using chi-square test and t-test. Results: A total of 766 cases were identified: 43% of the victims were 13 to 17 years old (mean 15.0 years old), and 57% were older than 17 years old (mean 30.8 years old). Adolescents were more likely to be assaulted by an acquaintance or relative (84% vs. 50%, p < 0.001) and to delay medical evaluation (17 hours vs. 12 hours, p < 0.001) than were older women. Adolescent sexual assault was less likely to involve weapons or physical coercion (29% versus 57%, p < 0.001) and was associated with fewer nongenital injuries (33% vs. 55%, p < 0.001). Adolescents had a greater frequency of anogenital injuries (83% vs. 64%, p < 0.001), however, compared with older women. Common sites of injury in adolescents were posterior, including the fossa navicularis, hymen, fourchette, and labia minora. The injuries showed consistent topologic features, varying with the site and nature of tissue. Adult victims of sexual assault had a less consistent pattern of anogenital injuries with fewer hymenal injuries, greater injury to the perianal area, and widespread erythema. Conclusions: Of women presenting to an urban sexual assault clinic, 43% were adolescents. The epidemiology of sexual trauma and the pattern of anogenital trauma in this age group are unique and may pose special challenges to emergency health care providers. [source]

Age Differences in the Responses to Adult and Juvenile Alarm Calls by Bonnet Macaques (Macaca radiata)

ETHOLOGY, Issue 2 2000
Uma Ramakrishnan
This study examined the differential responses to alarm calls from juvenile and adult wild bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) in two parks in southern India. Field studies of several mammalian species have reported that the alarm vocalizations of immature individuals are often treated by perceivers as less provocative than those of adults. This study documents such differences in response using field-recorded playbacks of juvenile and adult alarm vocalizations. To validate the use of playback vocalizations as proxies of natural calls, we compared the responses of bonnet macaques to playbacks of alarm vocalizations with responses engendered by natural alarm vocalizations. We found that the frequency of flight, latency to flee, and the frequency of scanning to vocalization playbacks and natural vocalizations were comparable, thus supporting the use of playbacks to compare the effects of adult and juvenile calls. Our results showed that adult alarm calls were more provocative than juvenile alarm calls, inducing greater frequencies of flight with faster reaction times. Conversely, juvenile alarm calls were more likely to engender scanning by adults, a result interpreted as reflecting the lack of reliability of juvenile calls. Finally, we found age differences in flight behavior to juvenile alarm calls and to playbacks of motorcycle engine sounds, with juveniles and subadults more likely to flee than adults after hearing such sounds. These findings might reflect an increased vulnerability to predators or a lack of experience in young bonnet macaques. [source]

Educators at Work in two Sectors of Adult and Vocational Education: an overview of two European Research projects

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION, Issue 2 2009
BERT-JAN BUISKOOL
Adult learning staff play a key role in making lifelong learning a reality. It is they who facilitate learners to develop knowledge, skills and attributes. At the European level there is a lack of information about various aspects of the profession, such as who they are, how they are recruited, what their specific roles and tasks are, what competences and qualifications they are expected or required to possess, what their employment status is, how their professional development is organised, how they are assessed, and how attractive their profession is. This article is meant to bridge this gap and describes the variety of contexts in which adult learning staff are working. Furthermore, it seeks to reveal the factors that promote or affect the quality of the work provided by these practitioners and will address a number of issues that should be on the agenda of policy makers. This article is based on the outcomes of a study that have been carried out by an international research group in the period 2007 -2008, under guidance of Research voor Beleid and PLATO University Leiden under contract of the European Commission (DG Education and Culture). [source]

Neonatal maternal separation and enhancement of the inspiratory (phrenic) response to hypoxia in adult rats: disruption of GABAergic neurotransmission in the nucleus tractus solitarius

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 5 2008
Richard Kinkead
Abstract Neonatal maternal separation (NMS) alters respiratory control development. Adult male rats previously subjected to NMS show a hypoxic ventilatory response 25% greater than controls. During hypoxia, ,-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release within the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) modulates the magnitude of the ventilatory response. Because development of GABAergic receptors is sensitive to NMS, we tested the hypothesis that in adults, a change in responsiveness to GABA within the NTS contributes to NMS-related enhancement of the inspiratory (phrenic) response to hypoxia. Pups subjected to NMS were placed in an incubator for 3 h/day for 10 consecutive days [postnatal days 3 to 12]. Controls were undisturbed. Adult (8,10 weeks old) rats were anaesthetized (urethane; 1.6 g/kg), paralysed and artificially ventilated to record phrenic activity. Rats either received a 50-nL microinjection of GABA (5 µm) or phosphate-buffered saline (sham) within the caudal NTS, or no injection prior to being exposed to hypoxia (FiO2 = 0.12; 5 min). NMS enhanced both the frequency and amplitude components of the phrenic response to hypoxia vs controls. GABA microinjection attenuated the phrenic responses in NMS rats only. This result is supported by ligand binding autoradiography results showing that the number of GABAA receptors within the NTS was 69% greater in NMS vs controls. Despite this increase, the phrenic response to hypoxia of NMS rats is larger than controls, suggesting that the higher responsiveness to GABA microinjection within the NTS is part of a mechanism that aims to compensate for: (i) a deficient GABAergic modulation; (ii) enhancement of excitatory inputs converging onto this structure; or (iii) both. [source]