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Adaptive Behavior (adaptive + behavior)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	56%
Psychology	17%
Life Sciences	8%

Terms modified by Adaptive Behavior

adaptive behavior scale

Selected Abstracts

Comparison of Adaptive Behavior in Children With Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

ALCOHOLISM, Issue 11 2009
Nicole Crocker
Background:, Adaptive behavior, the ability to respond successfully to everyday demands, may be especially sensitive to the effects of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Similar adaptive dysfunction is common in other developmental disorders including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is frequently present in alcohol-exposed children and this overlap in clinical presentation makes identification of alcohol-exposed children difficult. Direct comparison of children with prenatal alcohol exposure and ADHD may yield distinct patterns of cognitive and behavioral performance and add to growing knowledge of the neuropsychological and behavioral profile of prenatal alcohol exposure. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to compare adaptive behavior in children with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (ALC), nonexposed children with ADHD (ADHD), and typically developing controls (CON). Methods:, Sixty-five children (ALC = 22, ADHD = 23, CON = 20) were selected from a larger ongoing study of the behavioral teratogenicity of alcohol. Alcohol-exposed and control participants were selected to match the ADHD subjects on age, sex, socioeconomic status, and race/ethnicity. Caregivers were administered the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, a semi-structured interview, and were asked to rate their child's behavior on 3 domains of adaptive function. Data were analyzed using regression techniques. Results:, Relative to controls, children in both the ALC and ADHD groups showed adaptive behavior deficits on all 3 domains and children in the ALC group were significantly more impaired than the ADHD group on the daily living skills domain. Within the ALC group, socialization standard scores were lower at older ages. This negative relationship between age and standard scores in the ALC group was also observed on the communication domain, a finding not previously reported. Conclusions:, This study suggests that both children with prenatal alcohol exposure and children with ADHD show impairments in adaptive function relative to controls, but that the pattern of impairment differs between these clinical groups. Adaptive ability in children with prenatal alcohol exposure is characterized by an arrest in development, as evidenced by a lack of improvement with age in socialization and communication scores. In contrast, children with ADHD exhibit a developmental delay in adaptive ability as their scores continued to improve with age, albeit not to the level of control children. Continued research focused on elucidating the patterns of deficits that exist in alcohol-exposed children ultimately will lead to improved differential diagnosis and effective interventions. [source]

Sexual Intentions of Black Preadolescents: Associations with Risk and Adaptive Behaviors

PERSPECTIVES ON SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, Issue 1 2005
Rex Forehand
CONTEXT: Adolescent sexual activity in the United States is prevalent and occurring increasingly early, particularly among minority groups. Other risk behaviors (e.g., alcohol consumption) often co-occur with sexual behavior. By examining the association of risk and adaptive behaviors with precursors of sexual behavior,specifically, sexual intentions,it may be possible to identify preadolescents who are at increased risk for early sexual initiation. METHODS: Data from 1,090 black fourth and fifth graders and their parents from the Parents Matter! Program were used in logistic regression analyses to assess covariation between preadolescents' risk and adaptive behaviors, and their intentions to initiate sexual intercourse in the next year. RESULTS: Risk and adaptive behaviors, as reported by both preadolescents and parents, were associated with sexual intentions; the findings were not qualified by youth's gender. Alcohol consumption and having been in trouble with the police were the primary youth-reported risk behaviors associated with the odds of intending to have intercourse (odds ratios, 2.3 and 1.8); the preadolescent's being in trouble at home was the primary parent-reported risk behavior (2.1). In both sets of reports, performing well on schoolwork was associated with reduced odds of intending to engage in sex (0.5,0.6). CONCLUSIONS: Risk and adaptive behaviors are markers of sexual intentions among black preadolescents. Prevention programs can use these behaviors to identify black youth who may be at high risk for early sexual initiation. [source]

Testing the Compensatory and Immunity Models of Children's Adaptive Behaviors: The Role of Appraisal

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY, Issue 3 2005
Yo Jackson PhD
The present article examines the relations of negatively appraised and total life events and potential protective factors with adaptive behavior in 432 children (ages 8,12). Appraisal and protective factors were hypothesized to moderate the relation between stress exposure and adaptive behavior. Several significant interactions emerged between events rated as negative and variables reflecting social support, positive family environment, and intelligence level on adaptive behavior. Contrary to past research, the buffering role of protective factors was optimized only when the appraisal of the event was considered. [source]

Comparison of Adaptive Behavior in Children With Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Olfactory learning in the rat immediately after birth: Unique salience of first odors

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2009
Stacie S. Miller
Abstract An infant rat's chance of survival is increased when it remains close to the nest. Early olfactory learning supports such adaptive behavior. Previous experiments indicated that non-associative odor exposure immediately after birth promoted later attachment to a similarly scented artificial nipple. The goal of the current experiments was to extend these findings on olfactory learning in the hours after birth by: exposing pups to more than one odor exposure (Experiment 1), dissecting the role of timing versus order of odor exposure (Experiment 2), testing the odor specificity of these effects (Experiments 3 and 4), and evaluating associative odor conditioning soon after birth (Experiment 5). Without explicit prior odor experience, pups only hours old do not respond much to a novel odor. Prior non-associative odor experience increases later motor activity to that same odor and to novel odors. Furthermore, these findings may be specific to certain amodal dimensions of the (in our case) lemon odor exposure. Single odor non-associative and associative conditioning was equally effective immediately after birth and during the third postnatal hour. Nevertheless, pups given two mere odor exposures responded to the first one more than the second at test, regardless of whether the exposures began immediately or 2,hr after birth. Possible mechanisms for these findings concerning early olfactory learning are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 488,504, 2009 [source]

Validity of Three Measures of Health-related Quality of Life in Children with Intractable Epilepsy

EPILEPSIA, Issue 10 2002
Elisabeth M. S. Sherman
Summary: ,Purpose: Validity studies on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) scales for pediatric epilepsy are few, and cross-validation with other samples has not been reported. This study was designed to assess the validity of three parent-rated measures of HRQOL in pediatric epilepsy: (a) the Impact of Childhood Illness Scale (ICI), (b) the Impact of Child Neurologic Handicap Scale (ICNH), and (c) the Hague Restrictions in Epilepsy Scale (HARCES). Methods: Retrospective data were examined for 44 children with intractable epilepsy. Validity was assessed by evaluating differences across epilepsy severity groups as well as correlations between HRQOL scales and neurologic variables (seizure severity, epilepsy duration, current/prior antiepileptic medications) and psychosocial measures (emotional functioning, IQ, social skills, adaptive behavior). Scale overlap with a global QOL rating also was assessed. Results: The HRQOL measures were moderately to highly intercorrelated. The scales differed in terms of their associations with criterion measures. The HARCES was related to the highest number of neurologic variables and the ICNH to the fewest. All three scales were related to psychosocial functioning and to global quality of life. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the three measures are likely adequate measures of HRQOL for use in intractable childhood epilepsy. The measures were highly intercorrelated, and they were all broadly related to criterion measures reflecting specific domains of HRQOL as well as global QOL. Some differences between scales emerged, however, that suggest care in choosing HRQOL instruments for children with epilepsy. [source]

The relationship between history of violent and criminal behavior and recognition of facial expression of emotions in men with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder

AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, Issue 3 2006
Elisabeth M. Weiss
Abstract Social psychological research underscores the relation between aggression and emotion. Specifically, regulating negative affect requires the ability to appraise restraint-producing cues, such as facial signs of anger, fear and other emotions. Individuals diagnosed with major mental disorders are more likely to have engaged in violent behavior than mentally healthy members of the same communities. We examined whether violent and criminal behavior in men with schizophrenia is related to emotion recognition abilities. Forty-one men with schizophrenia underwent a computerized emotion discrimination test presenting mild and extreme intensities of happy, sad, angry, fearful and neutral faces, balanced for gender and ethnicity. History of violence was assessed by the Life History of Aggression Scale and official records of arrests. Psychopathology was rated using the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale. Criminal behavior was associated with poor emotion recognition, especially for fearful and angry facial expressions. History of aggression was also associated with more severe positive symptoms and less severe negative symptoms. These findings suggest that misinterpretation of social cues such as angry and fearful expression may lead to a failure in socialization and adaptive behavior in response to emotional situation, which may result in a higher number of criminal arrests. Aggr. Behav. 32:1,8, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Sensory Processing and Adaptive Behavior Deficits of Children Across the Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Continuum

ALCOHOLISM, Issue 6 2010
Joshua L. Carr
Background:, Prenatal alcohol exposure can have detrimental effects on a child's development of adaptive behaviors necessary for success in the areas of academic achievement, socialization, and self-care. Sensory processing abilities have been found to affect a child's ability to successfully perform adaptive behaviors. The current study explored whether significant differences in sensory processing abilities, adaptive behavior, and neurocognitive functioning are observed between children diagnosed with partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (pFAS), Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND), or children who were prenatally exposed to alcohol (PEA), but did not meet criteria for an FASD diagnosis. The influence of IQ on adaptive behavior as well as further exploration of the relationship between sensory processing and adaptive behavior deficits among these children was also examined. Methods:, A secondary analysis was conducted on some of the Short Sensory Profile (SSP) scores, Adaptive Behavior Assessment System,Second Edition (ABAS-II) scores, and Wechsler Intelligence Scale,Fourth Edition/Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence,Third Edition (WISC- IV/WPPSI,III) scores of 46 children between 3 and 14 years of age with pFAS, ARND, or who were PEA. Results:, Greater sensory processing deficits were found in children with a diagnosis of pFAS and ARND compared to those in the PEA group. Children with an ARND diagnosis scored significantly worse on measures of adaptive behavior than the PEA group. Children with pFAS scored significantly lower than children with ARND or PEA on perceptual/performance IQ. No correlation was found between IQ scores and adaptive behaviors across the FASD diagnostic categories. A significant positive correlation was found between SSP and ABAS-II scores. Conclusions:, Regardless of the diagnosis received under the FASD umbrella, functional difficulties that could not be observed using traditional measures of intelligence were found, supporting guidelines that a broad range of standardized assessments be included when screening children for FASD. [source]

Comparison of Adaptive Behavior in Children With Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Mediators of control beliefs, stressful life events, and adaptive behavior in school age children: The role of appraisal and social support

JOURNAL OF TRAUMATIC STRESS, Issue 2 2007
Yo Jackson
The authors examine the role of appraisal and social support as mediators of the relation between control beliefs and adaptive behavioral outcome. Using the responses from 297 children, ages 8 to 12 years old, the results suggest two significant mediational pathways. Social support was a mediator of the relation between unknown control for negative events and adaptive behavior and the relation between unknown control for positive events and adaptive behavior. Negative appraisal demonstrated no mediation relations. The role of social support and negative appraisal in the display of adaptive behavior and the implications for further model testing are discussed. [source]

Demographic consequences of unpredictability in fertility outcomes

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2002
Paul Leslie
Child survival is probabilistic, but the unpredictability in family formation and completed family size has been neglected in the fertility literature. In many societies, ending the family cycle with too few or too many surviving offspring entails serious social, economic, or fitness consequences. A model of risk- (or variance-) sensitive adaptive behavior that addresses long-term fertility outcomes is presented. The model shows that under conditions likely to be common, optimal, risk-sensitive reproductive strategies deviate systematically from the completed family size that would be expected if reproductive outcome is were predictable. This is termed the "variance compensation hypothesis." Variance compensation may be either positive or negative, resulting in augmented or diminished fertility. Which outcome obtained is a function of identifiable social, economic, and environmental factors. Through its effect on fertility behavior, variance compensation has a direct bearing on birth spacing and completed fertility, and thereby on problems in demography and human population biology ranging from demographic transitions to maternal depletion and child health. Risk-sensitive models will be a necessary component of a general theory of fertility. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:168,183, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Testing the Compensatory and Immunity Models of Children's Adaptive Behaviors: The Role of Appraisal

Developmental outcomes of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Comparison with other medically fragile infants

RESEARCH IN NURSING & HEALTH, Issue 3 2001
Diane Holditch-Davis
Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the developmental outcomes and mother,infant interactions of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and those of other medically fragile infants. One-hour behavioral observations were made of the interactions of mothers with two groups of infants (23 with BPD, 39 medically fragile without BPD or neurological problems) at enrollment, every 2 months during hospitalization, 1 month after discharge, and at 6 months' and 12 months' corrected age. Assessment of the home environment also was done at 6 and 12 months. Multiple regressions were calculated separately for child mental, adaptive, language, and motor outcomes. Predictors were: home environment assessment, measures of maternal interactive behaviors (positive attention, expression of negative affect, medicalized caregiving), infant group membership, and presence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in the infant. There were no significant differences between the two groups in any of the developmental outcomes or interactive variables, and the presence of IVH had no effect on these variables. Maternal positive attention and the home environment were correlated with mental development, and mother negative affect was related to adaptive behavior for both groups. Differences in developmental and interactive behaviors between infants with BPD and other prematurely born infants found in other studies appear to be a result of chronic health problems and, thus, are not unique to infants with BPD. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 24: 181,193, 2001 [source]

Divergence of Fine and Gross Motor Skills in Prelingually Deaf Children: Implications for Cochlear Implantation,

THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 8 2006
David L. Horn MD
Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to assess relations between fine and gross motor development and spoken language processing skills in pediatric cochlear implant users. Study Design: The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of longitudinal data. Methods: Prelingually deaf children who received a cochlear implant before age 5 and had no known developmental delay or cognitive impairment were included in the study. Fine and gross motor development were assessed before implantation using the Vineland Adaptive Behavioral Scales, a standardized parental report of adaptive behavior. Fine and gross motor scores reflected a given child's motor functioning with respect to a normative sample of typically developing, normal-hearing children. Relations between these preimplant scores and postimplant spoken language outcomes were assessed. Results: In general, gross motor scores were found to be positively related to chronologic age, whereas the opposite trend was observed for fine motor scores. Fine motor scores were more strongly correlated with postimplant expressive and receptive language scores than gross motor scores. Conclusions: Our findings suggest a disassociation between fine and gross motor development in prelingually deaf children: fine motor skills, in contrast to gross motor skills, tend to be delayed as the prelingually deaf children get older. These findings provide new knowledge about the links between motor and spoken language development and suggest that auditory deprivation may lead to atypical development of certain motor and language skills that share common cortical processing resources. [source]

Fed-Batch Cultivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a Hyperbaric Bioreactor

BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 2 2003
I. Belo
Fed-batch is the dominating mode of operation in high-cell-density cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisaein processes such as the production of bakerapos;s yeast and recombinant proteins, where the high oxygen demand of these cultures makes its supply an important and difficult task. The aim of this work was to study the use of hyperbaric air for oxygen mass transfer improvement on S. cerevisiaefed-batch cultivation. The effects of increased air pressure up to 1.5 MPa on cell behavior were investigated. The effects of oxygen and carbon dioxide were dissociated from the effects of total pressure by the use of pure oxygen and gas mixtures enriched with CO2. Fed-batch experiments were performed in a stirred tank reactor with a 600 mL stainless steel vessel. An exponential feeding profile at dilution rates up to 0.1 h,1 was used in order to ensure a subcritical flux of substrate and, consequently, to prevent ethanol formation due to glucose excess. The ethanol production observed at atmospheric pressure was reduced by the bioreactor pressurization up to 1.0 MPa. The maximum biomass yield, 0.5 g g,1 (cell mass produced per mass of glucose consumed) was attained whenever pressure was increased gradually through time. This demonstrates the adaptive behavior of the cells to the hyperbaric conditions. This work proved that hyperbaric air up to 1.0 MPa (0.2 MPa of oxygen partial pressure) could be applied to S. cerevisiaecultivation under low glucose flux. Above that critical oxygen partial pressure value, i.e., for oxygen pressures of 0.32 and 0.5 MPa, a drastic cell growth inhibition and viability loss were observed. The increase of carbon dioxide partial pressure in the gas mixture up to 48 kPa slightly decreased the overall cell mass yield but had negligible effects on cell viability. [source]

Utilization of Self-Sorting Processes To Generate Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries with New Network Topologies

CHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 4 2006
Isabelle Saur Dr.
Abstract The synthesis of water-soluble, organometallic macrocycles is described. They were obtained by self-assembly in reactions of the half-sandwich complexes [{Ru(C6H5Me)Cl2}2], [{Ru(p -cymene)Cl2}2], [{Rh(Cp)Cl2}2], and [{Ir(Cp*)Cl2}2] with the ligand 5-dimethylaminomethyl-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(1H)-pyridone in buffered aqueous solution at pH 8. The structure of the Ru,(p -cymene) complex was determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Upon mixing, these complexes undergo scrambling reactions to give dynamic combinatorial libraries. In combination with structurally related complexes based on amino-methylated 3-hydroxy-2-(1H)-pyridone ligands, an exchange of metal fragments but no mixing of ligands was observed. This self-sorting behavior was used to construct dynamic combinatorial libraries of macrocycles, in which two four-component sub-libraries are connected by two common building blocks. This type of network topology influences the adaptive behavior of the library as demonstrated in selection experiments with lithium ions as the target. [source]

The Advantage of Being Virtual,Target-Induced Adaptation and Selection in Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries

CHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 10 2004
Kay Severin Prof.
Abstract Numerical simulations are presented that describe the adaptive behavior of simple dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs) upon addition of a target. By studying the effect of various parameters such as the network topology, the initial concentrations, the association constants, and the binding affinities, general characteristics of such systems were derived. It is shown that the adaptation may lead to the amplification of molecules with a high affinity to the target, but only for specific boundary conditions. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the selection process can be refined by using an evolutionary approach. These results are of importance for the design of selection experiments with DCLs. [source]

Measuring Resilience Potential: An Adaptive Strategy for Organizational Crisis Planning

JOURNAL OF CONTINGENCIES AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2009
Scott Somers
There are questions as to whether a causal relationship exists between crisis planning and effective adaptive behaviors in crisis. Traditional planning has viewed the crisis plan as an outcome of a process to be utilized in a step-by-step fashion during a crisis. This article challenges this orthodox view and suggests a new paradigm, one that focuses on creating organizational structures and processes that build organizational resilience potential. The objective is to develop a scale to measure latent resilience in organizations. This exploratory research begins to build a critical foundation of knowledge with which to consider whether a move towards a new paradigm in disaster planning , one based on building organizational resilience potential , should be the focus of future research. [source]

Sensory Processing and Adaptive Behavior Deficits of Children Across the Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Continuum

Sexual Intentions of Black Preadolescents: Associations with Risk and Adaptive Behaviors

Beyond treatment of individual behavior problems: an effective residential continuum of care for individuals with severe behavior problems

BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS, Issue 1 2007
Terry J. Page
We report on one component of a residential continuum of care designed to integrate children and adolescents with severe behavior problems into community residential and educational placements. The continuum featured three components: a behavior stabilization unit, campus apartments, and community group homes. Data are reported for a 5-year period, during which 116 children and adolescents were admitted to a behavior stabilization program for treatment of severe self-injury, aggression, and/or property destruction, and non-compliance. Additional problems for some admissions included stereotypy, feeding disorders, sleeping disorders, seizure disorders, and other medical conditions. Archival data were collected retrospectively on age, gender, length of stay, prescribed medications, function of problem behaviors, acuity level of behavioral interventions, and discharge site. Analysis of data indicated (1) the behavior stabilization unit was successful in reducing occurrence of severe behavior problems, and increasing adaptive behaviors, (2) Seventy-three individuals were able to successfully transition to a campus apartment program that had been designed as a step-down program from the behavioral stabilization unit, and (3) Sixty-seven individuals were able to transition to community group homes. The benefits of a residential continuum of care for individuals with severe behavior problems are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Multiple Encounter Simulation for High-acuity Multipatient Environment Training

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 12 2007
Leo Kobayashi MD
Patient safety interventions for multitasking, multipatient, error-prone work settings such as the emergency department (ED) must improve assorted clinical abilities, specific cognitive strategies, and teamwork functions of the staff to be effective. Multiple encounter simulation scenarios explore and convey this specialized mental work-set through use of multiple high-fidelity medical simulation (SIM) manikins in realistic surroundings. Multipatient scenarios reflect the work situations being targeted yet have the benefit of scripted control and instructor guidance to advance specific educational objectives. The use of two or more SIM patients promotes the exploration not only of multiple distinct clinical issues but also of interdependent processes pervasive in EDs. Cascading shortages of time, personnel, equipment, and supplies are re-created, thereby replicating process limitations at various levels, in a safe environment in which compensatory actions and adaptive behaviors can be learned. Distinguishing features of multipatient exercises include 1) broadened educational scope and expanded indications for SIM application, 2) enhanced scenario complexity, 3) controlled exposure to high workload environments, 4) expanded communication requirements, and 5) increased potential for reflective learning. Widespread and effective training in well-replicated, carefully coordinated representations of complex multipatient work environments may strengthen educational interventions for personnel working in high acuity and work-overloaded settings such as the ED. The use of concurrent patient encounter SIM exercises to elicit calculated stressors and to foster compensatory staff behaviors is an educational advance toward this objective. The authors present SIM methodology using concurrent patient encounters to replicate these environments. [source]