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Kinds of Corresponding Terms modified by Corresponding Selected AbstractsBIOCHEMICAL PHENOTYPES CORRESPONDING TO MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF THE RED ALGAE PLOCAMIUM (PLOCAMIALES, RHODOPHYTA): IMPLICATIONS OF INCONGRUENCE WITH THE CONVENTIONAL TAXONOMY,JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 1 2006Tomomi Yano Among five species of the genus Plocamium Lamouroux distributed around Japan, P. cartilagineum (Linnaeus) Dixon, P. recurvatum Okamura and P. telfairiae (Hooker and Harvey) Harvey are often difficult to distinguish morphologically from each other. Our previous study demonstrated that P. recurvatum and P. telfairiae were divided into two groups, A and C, based on RUBISCO spacer sequence and that the specimens belonging to group C had acidic cell saps. In this study, we inferred evolutionary relationships of these Plocamium species from internal transcribed spacer sequence of the ribosomal RNA genes and obtained a similar topology to the RUBISCO spacer tree. Color of the dried specimens in the acidic group C was darker red than that in the non-acidic group A, although there was no difference in color in living thalli. The Br, concentration in the cell sap of the acidic group C was 20 times higher than that of the non-acidic group. We could not find any morphological differences to distinguish clearly between groups A and C despite exhaustive investigation of field-collected and cultured thalli in both P. recurvatum and P. telfairiae. These results suggest that the color of dried specimens and the composition of intracellular inorganic ions are significant criteria for interpreting phylogenetic relationships in Japanese Plocamium spp. [source] Head-eye Animation Corresponding to a Conversation for CG CharactersCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 3 2007Soh Masuko Abstract CG character animations, in which CG characters engage in conversations, are widely used in multimedia contents such as videos and games. In constructing such an animation, we should consider about many factors, such as the content of the utterance and the state of conversation, which necessitates a large amount of time and labor. To deal with this problem, this paper proposes a method, which generates the head-eye movements of the CG characters synchronized with the conversation. In this method, so as to generate a composite head-eye movement, the view line direction is divided into the head, eye and body rotations by sharing motion mechanism dynamically adjusted according to the view line direction. And letting the two modules generating the head and the eye movements share the same conversation state, head and eye movements synchronized with the conversation are generated. Finally, we apply the proposed method to the conversation scenes, and show that natural animation can be produced easily. [source] Thermal, phase transition and spectral studies in erythromycin pseudopolymorphs: dihydrate and acetone solvateCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 12 2006Zhanzhong Wang Abstract The thermal, phase transition and spectral studies of erythromycin A dihydrate and acetone solvate were performed by Differential Scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermo Gravimetry (TG-DTA), X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectrum. The non-thermal kinetic analysis of erythromycin A dihydrate was carried out by DSC at different heating rates in dynamic nitrogen atmosphere. The result showed that heating rate has substantial influence on the thermal behavior of erythromycin dihydrate. The Arrhenius parameters were estimated according to the Kissinger method. Corresponding to dehydration of dihydrate, melting of dehydrated dihydrate, phase transition from dehydrated dihydrate to anhydrate, and melting of anhydrate, the calculated activation energy were 39.60, 269.85, 261.23, and 582.16 kJmol,1, the pre-exponential factors were 3.46 × 103, 8.06 × 1032, 9.23 × 1030, and 7.29 × 1063 s,1, respectively. Ozawa method was used to compare activation energy values calculated by Kissinger method. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Growth of trivalent ions doped PbWO4 crystals and their scintillation propertiesCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 4 2004C. H. Yang Abstract Undoped and series of trivalent ions(including La, Y, Gd and Tb) doped PWO crystals were grown from 5N raw materials by using Czochralski technique. Trivalent ions doping improved the transmittance, fast components of luminescence and radiation damage resistance for compensating structure defects. Corresponding, the fraction of light yield at shorter collecting time was increased. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Development of the proepicardium in Xenopus laevisDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 10 2008Maike Jahr Abstract The proepicardium (PE) is an embryonic progenitor cell population, which provides the epicardium, the majority of the cardiac interstitium, the coronary vasculature and possibly some cardiomyocytes. Recent studies have documented (1) the presence of bilaterally paired PE anlagen in several vertebrates, and (2) species-specific differences in the fate of the left and right PE anlagen. Here, we document PE development in Xenopus laevis (stages 37,46). The PE appears at stage 41 in the form of a cone-shaped accumulation of mesothelial cells covering the pericardial surface of the right horn of the sinus venosus. No such structure appears on the left sinus horn. At the end of stage 41, the tip of the PE establishes a firm contact with the developing ventricle. A secondary tissue bridge is established facilitating the transfer of PE cells to the heart. During stages 41,46, this tissue bridge is visible in vivo through the transparent body wall. Corresponding to the morphological data, the PE marker gene Tbx18 is expressed only on the right sinus horn suggesting a right-sided origin of the PE. Left,right lineage tracing has confirmed this idea. These results show that Xenopus PE development proceeds in a bilaterally asymmetric pattern as previously observed in chicks. We speculate that asymmetric PE development is controlled by signals from left,right signaling pathways and that the PE is an indicator for right-sidedness in Xenopus embryos. Xenopus might be a good model to uncover the role of left,right signaling pathways in the control of asymmetric PE development. Developmental Dynamics 237:3088,3096, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Chromosomal antioxidant genes have metal ion-specific roles as determinants of bacterial metal toleranceENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 10 2009Joe J. Harrison Summary Microbiological metal toxicity involves redox reactions between metal species and cellular molecules, and therefore, we hypothesized that antioxidant systems might be chromosomal determinants affecting the susceptibility of bacteria to metal toxicity. Here, survival was quantified in metal ion-exposed planktonic cultures of several Escherichia coli strains, each bearing a mutation in a gene important for redox homeostasis. This characterized ,250 gene,metal combinations and identified that sodA, sodB, gor, trxA, gshA, grxA and marR have distinct roles in safeguarding or sensitizing cells to different toxic metal ions (Cr2O72,, Co2+, Cu2+, Ag+, Zn2+, AsO2,, SeO32, or TeO32,). To shed light on these observations, fluorescent sensors for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced thiol (RSH) quantification were used to ascertain that different metal ions exert oxidative toxicity through disparate modes-of-action. These oxidative mechanisms of metal toxicity were categorized as involving ROS and thiol-disulfide chemistry together (AsO2,, SeO32,), ROS predominantly (Cu2+, Cr2O72,) or thiol-disulfide chemistry predominantly (Ag+, Co2+, Zn2+, TeO32,). Corresponding to this, promoter- luxCDABE fusions showed that toxic doses of different metal ions up- or downregulate the transcription of gene sets marking distinct pathways of cellular oxidative stress. Altogether, our findings suggest that different metal ions are lethal to cells through discrete pathways of oxidative biochemistry, and moreover, indicate that chromosomally encoded antioxidant systems may have metal ion-specific physiological roles as determinants of bacterial metal tolerance. [source] Preparation and Transmetallation of Enantioenriched ,-Aminoorganostannanes Derived from N -Boc Phenylglycinol: Application to the Synthesis of AlafosfalinEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 19 2008Vincent Coeffard Abstract Enantioenriched tributylstannylated ,-amino alcohols were synthesised by an improved procedure based on ring opening of 2-tributylstannyloxazolidines. Corresponding ,-amino organolithiums were generated from O -silylated tributylstannylated ,-amino alcohols and trapped with retention of configuration. Thereby, this methodology was used to synthesise the antibacterial ,-aminophosphonic acid alafosfalin.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008) [source] Pyrrolidino DNA with Bases Corresponding to the 2-Oxo Deletion Mutants of Thymine and Cytosine: Synthesis and Triplex-Forming PropertiesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 24 2007Alain Mayer Abstract The dual recognition properties of pyrrolidino DNA species as parallel triplex-forming oligonucleotides were previously found to be strongly dependent upon the nature of the pyrimidine bases. In the structure,activity study presented here we were able to exclude this differential binding being due to their 2-oxo function. We had previously reported on the incorporation of pyrrolidino C -nucleosides into triplex-forming 2,-deoxyoligonucleotides (TFOs). The basic nitrogen atom that replaces the 4,-oxygen atom of the 2,-deoxysugar in such modified units introduces a positive charge in the third strand, and this is able to produce favourable electrostatic interaction with the negatively charged DNA target duplex. A first series of pyrrolidino pseudonucleosides with the bases isocytosine and uracil proved successful for GC base-pair recognition, but was unsuccessful for AT base-pair recognition within the parallel triplex binding motif. Here we report on the synthesis of the two novel 2,-deoxypyrrolidino nucleosides carrying the bases pyridin-2-one and 2-aminopyridine, their phosphoramidite building blocks and theirincorporation into TFOs. Pyrrolidinylpyridin-2-one (dp2P) and -2-aminopyridine (dp2AP), prepared as part of a structure,activity profiling of pyrrolidino DNA in triplex binding, are deletion mutants of T and C, respectively. We found by Tm measurements that neither modification increased triplex binding efficiency relative to the iso-C- and -U-containing pyrrolidino TFOs. These experiments clearly show that the C4 carbonyl function, although important for triplex binding through indirect contributions in general, is not responsible for the differential binding of the latter two aminonucleosides and suggest that TFO conformation is more important. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007) [source] Habitat loss, resource specialization, and extinction on coral reefsGLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, Issue 10 2004Philip L. Munday Abstract Coral reefs worldwide are being degraded because of global warming (coral bleaching) and coastal development (sedimentation and eutrophication). Predicting the risk of species extinctions from this type of habitat degradation is one of the most challenging and urgent tasks facing ecologists. Habitat specialists are thought to be more prone to extinction than generalists; however, specialists may be more susceptible to extinction because (1) they are specialists per se, (2) they are less abundant than generalists, or (3) both. Here, I show that declines in coral abundance lead to corresponding declines in the abundance of coral-dwelling fishes, but with proportionally greater losses to specialists than generalists. In addition, specialists have smaller initial population sizes than generalists. Consequently, specialists face a dual risk of extinction because their already small populations decline more rapidly than those of generalists. Corresponding with this increased extinction risk, I describe the local extinction of one specialist species and the near-global extinction of another species. I conclude that habitat specialists will be the first species lost from coral reefs because their small populations suffer the most from human-induced disturbances. [source] 1-Methyl-4-phenylpridinium (MPP+)-induced functional run-down of GABAA receptor-mediated currents in acutely dissociated dopaminergic neuronsJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 1 2002Jie Wu Abstract We have evaluated GABAA receptor function during treatment of 1-methyl-4-phenylpridinium (MPP+) using patch-clamp perforated whole-cell recording techniques in acutely dissociated dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons from rat substantia nigra compacta (SNc). ,-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate or glycine induced inward currents (IGABA, IGlu, IGly) at a holding potential (VH) of ,45 mV. The IGABA was reversibly blocked by the GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline, suggesting that IGABA is mediated through the activation of GABAA receptors. During extracellular perfusion of MPP+ (1,10 ,m), IGABA, but neither IGlu nor IGly, declined (termed run-down) with repetitive agonist applications, indicating that the MPP+ -induced IGABA run-down occurred earlier than IGly or IGlu under our experimental conditions. The MPP+ -induced IGABA run-down can be prevented by a DA transporter inhibitor, mazindol, and can be mimicked by a metabolic inhibitor, rotenone. Using conventional whole-cell recording with different concentrations of ATP in the pipette solution, IGABA run-down can be induced by decreasing intracellular ATP concentrations, or prevented by supplying intracellular ATP, indicating that IGABA run-down is dependent on intracellular ATP concentrations. A GABAA receptor positive modulator, pentobarbital (PB), potentiated the declined IGABA and eliminated IGABA run-down. Corresponding to these patch-clamp data, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemical staining showed that TH-positive cell loss was protected by PB during MPP+ perfusion. It is concluded that extracellular perfusion of MPP+ induces a functional run-down of GABAA receptors, which may cause an imbalance of excitation and inhibition of DAergic neurons. [source] Genetic Mapping of Magnaporthe grisea Avirulence Gene Corresponding to Leaf and Panicle Blast Resistant QTLs in Jao Hom Nin Rice CultivarJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 6 2009Tanee Sreewongchai Abstract The avirulence characteristic of Magnaporthe grisea isolate TH16 corresponding to Jao Hom Nin (JHN) rice cultivar was studied by mapping population of 140 random ascospore progenies derived from the cross between B1-2 and TH16 isolates. Segregation analyses of the avirulence characteristic performing on JHN rice at the seedling and flowering stages were performed in this mapping population. We used the reference map of Guy11/2539 to choose microsatellite DNA markers for mapping the avirulence gene. The genetic map of this population was constructed from 39-microsatellite markers. The genetic map was spanned by covering seven chromosomes with an average distance of 11.9 cM per marker. In mapping population the distribution of pathogenic and non-pathogenic progenies on JHN rice were found to be fitted to 1 : 1 ratio for two of the rice stages, seedling and flowering stages. The Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) analysis for avirulence genes corresponding to two rice stages were located at the same region on chromosome 2 between markers Pyms305 and Pyms435. The LOD score and percentage of phenotypic variance explained (PVE) on two rice stages were 5.01/16.69 and 6.73/20.26, respectively. These loci were designated as Avr-JHN(lb) and Avr-JHN(pb) corresponding to leaf and panicle blast characteristics. The findings of this study can be the initial step for positional cloning and identifying any function of avirulence genes corresponding to leaf and panicle blast characteristics. [source] Multi-component stable isotope records from Late Weichselian and early Holocene lake sediments at Imio,ki, Poland: palaeoclimatic and methodological implications,JOURNAL OF QUATERNARY SCIENCE, Issue 8 2009Karina Apolinarska Abstract Late Weichselian and early Holocene climatic and environmental changes are inferred from stable carbon and oxygen isotope records obtained on bulk and biogenic carbonates from the sediment sequence of Lake Lednica, western Poland. Along with sediment and pollen stratigraphic data, a wide range of carbonate components occurring in the sediments was analysed for ,13C and ,18O, including shells of several gastropod species and the bivalve genus Pisidium, carapaces of the ostracod subfamily Candoninae and oogonia of the aquatic macrophyte genus Chara. The development of catchment soils and the onset of authigenic carbonate production in response to the climatic amelioration during the Late Weichselian are clearly reflected by rising carbonate content, distinct isotopic shifts in bulk carbonates and decreasing ,13C values of bulk organic matter in the sediments. The GI-1/GS-1 (the Bølling,Allerød Interstadial complex/Younger Dryas Stadial) and the GS-1/Preboreal transitions are marked by significant shifts in ,18O values of 2,3,, as well as by distinct changes in carbonate content, indicative of a decrease and a subsequent increase in mean annual temperature. Corresponding ,13C records reflect primarily changes in aquatic productivity, with favourable conditions for phytoplankton and macrophytes during GI-1 and the Preboreal resulting in persistent 13C enrichment. The Younger Dryas Stadial is characterised by depletions in 13C and 18O, with indications of a climatic tripartition. Consistent offsets in ,13C and ,18O between records obtained on specific carbonate components reflect vital effects in combination with seasonal characteristics and habitat preferences of the respective carbonate-precipitating biota. Largely parallel first-order variations in ,13C and ,18O of the different carbonate components demonstrate that individual isotope records may provide important palaeoclimatic information, although more detailed reconstructions can be obtained from multi-component analysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Comparative effectiveness of azathioprine in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: prospective, long-term, follow-up study of 394 patientsALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 2 2008J. P. GISBERT Summary Background The long-term efficiacy for thiopurinic drugs in Crohn's disease (CD), and particularly in ulcerative colitis (UC), has been insufficiently studied. Aim To evaluate prospectively and compare the long-term effectiveness of azathioprine (AZA) in CD and UC. Methods Three hundred and ninety-four AZA treated patients were included consecutively included. Truelove-modified index and CDAI were used to assess effectiveness. Hospitalizations and surgical procedures were recorded. Results Two hundred and thirty-eight patients with CD and 156 with UC received AZA for a median of 38 months. Effectiveness: Partial response/remission was achieved in 34%/49% of CD patients and in 47%/42% of UC (nonstatistically significant differences). Steroid treatment: Prior to AZA, 49% of CD patients were receiving steroids, whereas only 8% needed steroids after therapy (P < 0.001). Corresponding figures in UC patients were 39% vs. 9% (P < 0.001). Hospitalizations: Prior to AZA, the rate of hospitalizations in CD was 0.190 per-patient-year, while after treatment, it decreased to 0.099 (P < 0.001). Corresponding hospitalization rates in UC were 0.108 vs. 0.038 (P < 0.001). Surgery: The rate of surgery in CD prior/after AZA was 0.038/0.011 per-patient-year (P < 0.001). The number of surgical interventions in UC prior/after AZA treatment was 26/0 (the rate per-patient-year was 0.018/0) (P < 0.001). Conclusions Our results confirm the effectiveness of AZA in inflammatory bowel disease, not only in the short term but also in the long term, resulting in a steroid sparing effect and in both a reduction in the number of hospitalizations and surgical procedures. AZA is similarly effective for both CD and UC patients. [source] Long-Term Properties of Butt-Welded Poly(propylene)MACROMOLECULAR MATERIALS & ENGINEERING, Issue 4 2003Ernst Schmachtenberg Abstract It is still not clear why the long-term properties of plastic weld seams can only be differentiated by the very expensive medium tensile creep tests. One hypothesis for justifying this is based on the change in the structure of the weld seam surroundings, another cites the consumption of antioxidants and the following ageing in the weld seam area to be responsible for this. Butt-welded weld seams made of poly(propylene) were systematically produced under different process parameters. Corresponding to the particular hypothesis, these weld seams were then analyzed in various ways to find correlations or to prove one of the hypotheses. Regarding their short-term weld seam quality, the analyzed weld seams could not be differentiated through short-term tensile or short-term bend test. However, the medium tensile creep tests showed significant differences in both time until failure and long-term weld seam quality. Under long-term loading, the start of the brittle crack could be detected in most weld seams in the fine spherulite-zone or between this zone and the area of the flow lines. This demonstrated again that only long-term tests are suitable for examining different weld seam qualities. Depending on the welding parameters, times until failure decline with increasing heated-tool temperature and heating time. Though these parameters lead to a higher consumption of antioxidants in the weld seam, a degradation was not detected in the breaking area. In fact, increasing heated-tool temperatures and heating times, as well as higher joining pressures lead to a change in the internal structure of the material. This can be seen in morphological structure analyses in the larger bend of the entire weld seam area. A larger bend, however, correlates with higher residual stresses in the weld seam. In the medium tensile creep tests, these residual stresses as well as the tensile stress in the border region and the compressive stress in the middle are superimposed by the tensile stress resulting from the test stress. Thus a greater bend of the weld seam area and higher residual stresses in the weld seam itself lead to shorter times until failure in medium tensile creep tests. Schematic representation of the formation of residual stresses in a weld seam and residual stresses in the different bended weld seam areas. [source] Redefining functional models of basal ganglia organization: Role for the posteroventral pallidum in linguistic processing?MOVEMENT DISORDERS, Issue 11 2004Brooke-Mai Whelan PhD Abstract Traditionally the basal ganglia have been implicated in motor behavior, as they are involved in both the execution of automatic actions and the modification of ongoing actions in novel contexts. Corresponding to cognition, the role of the basal ganglia has not been defined as explicitly. Relative to linguistic processes, contemporary theories of subcortical participation in language have endorsed a role for the globus pallidus internus (GPi) in the control of lexical,semantic operations. However, attempts to empirically validate these postulates have been largely limited to neuropsychological investigations of verbal fluency abilities subsequent to pallidotomy. We evaluated the impact of bilateral posteroventral pallidotomy (BPVP) on language function across a range of general and high-level linguistic abilities, and validated/extended working theories of pallidal participation in language. Comprehensive linguistic profiles were compiled up to 1 month before and 3 months after BPVP in 6 subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD). Commensurate linguistic profiles were also gathered over a 3-month period for a nonsurgical control cohort of 16 subjects with PD and a group of 16 non-neurologically impaired controls (NC). Nonparametric between-groups comparisons were conducted and reliable change indices calculated, relative to baseline/3-month follow-up difference scores. Group-wise statistical comparisons between the three groups failed to reveal significant postoperative changes in language performance. Case-by-case data analysis relative to clinically consequential change indices revealed reliable alterations in performance across several language variables as a consequence of BPVP. These findings lend support to models of subcortical participation in language, which promote a role for the GPi in lexical,semantic manipulation mechanisms. Concomitant improvements and decrements in postoperative performance were interpreted within the context of additive and subtractive postlesional effects. Relative to parkinsonian cohorts, clinically reliable versus statistically significant changes on a case by case basis may provide the most accurate method of characterizing the way in which pathophysiologically divergent basal ganglia linguistic circuits respond to BPVP. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society [source] Oviposition by Lobesia botrana is stimulated by sugars detected by contact chemoreceptorsPHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 1 2006Nevile Maher Abstract., The influence of glucose, fructose and sucrose on oviposition site selection by Lobesia botrana is studied by combining behavioural and electrophysiological experiments. Oviposition choice assays, using surrogate grapes treated with grape berry surface extracts of Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot at different development stages, show that L. botrana females are most stimulated by extracts of mature berries containing the highest concentrations of glucose and fructose. Choice assays reveal that the oviposition response to these sugars is dose-dependant (with a threshold of the applied solution = 10 mm and a maximum stimulation at 1 m) and that females are more sensitive to fructose than to glucose. Tarsal contact-chemoreceptor sensilla are unresponsive to stimulation with sugars but the ovipositor sensilla contain at least one neurone most sensitive to fructose and sucrose with a threshold of approximately 0.5 mm. Corresponding to the behavioural data, glucose is significantly less stimulatory to sensilla than fructose or sucrose. It is argued that fructose may be of special importance for herbivorous insects exploiting fruit as an oviposition site. [source] Respiratory diseases caused by occupational exposure to 1,5-naphthalene-diisocyanate (NDI): Results of workplace-related challenge tests and antibody analysesAMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 4 2001X. Baur Abstract Background 1,5-naphthalene-diisocyanate (NDI) is an aromatic diisocyanate with a very low vapor pressure which is mainly used in the automotive industry. Methods In the present study we described five cases with workplace-related asthma and one case with extrinsic allergic alveolitis associated with pulmonary hemorrhage after NDI exposure. Results Corresponding to case histories, extrinsic alveolitis on asthmatic reactions in three subjects and a rhinitis reaction in one patient could be reproduced by inhalative challenge tests to NDI at a concentration of 10 ppb. Preliminary IgE and IgG antibody analyses in patients' sera did not produce significantly positive results. Conclusions According to the outcome of our tests and in comparison with several other studies, we conclude that NDI should be classified as potent airway-sensitizing substance. Improved workplace conditions and decrease in threshold limit values should therefore be recommended. Am. J. Ind. Med. 39:369,372, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Linkage of Sevier thrusting episodes and Late Cretaceous foreland basin megasequences across southern Wyoming (USA)BASIN RESEARCH, Issue 4 2005Shao-Feng Liu ABSTRACT Deposition and subsidence analysis, coupled with previous structural studies of the Sevier thrust belt, provide a means of reconstructing the detailed kinematic history of depositional response to episodic thrusting in the Cordilleran foreland basin of southern Wyoming, western interior USA. The Upper Cretaceous basin fill is divided into five megasequences bounded by unconformities. The Sevier thrust belt in northern Utah and southwestern Wyoming deformed in an eastward progression of episodic thrusting. Three major episodes of displacement on the Willard-Meade, Crawford and ,early' Absaroka thrusts occurred from Aptian to early Campanian, and the thrust wedge gradually became supercritically tapered. The Frontier Formation conglomerate, Echo Canyon and Weber Canyon Conglomerates and Little Muddy Creek Conglomerate were deposited in response to these major thrusting events. Corresponding to these proximal conglomerates within the thrust belt, Megasequences 1, 2 and 3 were developed in the distal foreland of southern Wyoming. Two-dimensional (2-D) subsidence analyses show that the basin was divided into foredeep, forebulge and backbulge depozones. Foredeep subsidence in Megasequences 1, 2 and 3, resulting from Willard-Meade, Crawford and ,early' Absaroka thrust loading, were confined to a narrow zone in the western part of the basin. Subsidence in the broad region east of the forebulge was dominantly controlled by sediment loading and inferred dynamic subsidence. Individual subsidence curves are characterized by three stages from rapid to slow. Controlled by relationships between accommodation and sediment supply, the basin was filled with retrogradational shales during periods of rapid subsidence, followed by progradational coarse clastic wedges during periods of slow subsidence. During middle Campanian time (ca. 78.5,73.4 Ma), the thrust wedge was stalled because of wedge-top erosion and became subcritical, and the foredeep zone eroded and rebounded because of isostasy. The eroded sediments were transported far from the thrust belt, and constitute Megasequence 4 that was mostly composed of fluvial and coastal plain depositional systems. Subsidence rates were very slow, because of post-thrusting rebound, and the resulting 2-D subsidence was lenticular in an east,west direction. During late Campanian to early Maastrichtian time, widespread deposits of coarse sediment (the Hams Fork Conglomerate) aggraded the top of the thrust wedge after it stalled, prior to initiation of ,late' Absaroka thrusting. Meanwhile Megasequence 5 was deposited in the Wyoming foreland under the influence of both the intraforeland Wind River basement uplift and the Sevier thrust belt. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Calcium Fluoride: An Efficient and Reusable Catalyst for the Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones and Their Corresponding 2(1H)Thione: An Improved High-Yielding Protocol for the Biginelli Reaction.CHEMINFORM, Issue 34 2009S. Chitra Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] Synthesis of Structures Corresponding to the Capsular Polysaccharide of Neisseria meningitidis Group A.CHEMINFORM, Issue 4 2006Rikard Slaettegaard No abstract is available for this article. [source] 1,3-Dichloro-2-butene: A Useful Precursor for the 2-Butene-1,3-dianion and Its Corresponding 1,3-Dipolar Synthon.CHEMINFORM, Issue 42 2003Miguel Yus No abstract is available for this article. [source] Synthesis of a Pentasaccharide Derivative Corresponding to a Triterpenoid Saponin Isolated from Spergularia ramosa.CHEMINFORM, Issue 7 2003Guofeng Gu No abstract is available for this article. [source] To Commit or Not to Commit: Modeling Agent Conversations for ActionCOMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE, Issue 2 2002Roberto A. Flores Conversations are sequences of messages exchanged among interacting agents. For conversations to be meaningful, agents ought to follow commonly known specifications limiting the types of messages that can be exchanged at any point in the conversation. These specifications are usually implemented using conversation policies (which are rules of inference) or conversation protocols (which are predefined conversation templates). In this article we present a semantic model for specifying conversations using conversation policies. This model is based on the principles that the negotiation and uptake of shared social commitments entail the adoption of obligations to action, which indicate the actions that agents have agreed to perform. In the same way, obligations are retracted based on the negotiation to discharge their corresponding shared social commitments. Based on these principles, conversations are specified as interaction specifications that model the ideal sequencing of agent participations negotiating the execution of actions in a joint activity. These specifications not only specify the adoption and discharge of shared commitments and obligations during an activity, but also indicate the commitments and obligations that are required (as preconditions) or that outlive a joint activity (as postconditions). We model the Contract Net Protocol as an example of the specification of conversations in a joint activity. [source] A hybrid approach for simulating human motion in constrained environmentsCOMPUTER ANIMATION AND VIRTUAL WORLDS (PREV: JNL OF VISUALISATION & COMPUTER ANIMATION), Issue 3-4 2010Jia Pan Abstract We present a new algorithm to generate plausible motions for high-DOF human-like articulated figures in constrained environments with multiple obstacles. Our approach is general and makes no assumptions about the articulated model or the environment. The algorithm combines hierarchical model decomposition with sample-based planning to efficiently compute a collision-free path in tight spaces. Furthermore, we use path perturbation and replanning techniques to satisfy the kinematic and dynamic constraints on the motion. In order to generate realistic human-like motion, we present a new motion blending algorithm that refines the path computed by the planner with motion capture data to compute a smooth and plausible trajectory. We demonstrate the results of generating motion corresponding to placing or lifting object, walking, and bending for a 38-DOF articulated model. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Compression of Human Motion Capture Data Using Motion Pattern IndexingCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 1 2009Qin Gu I.3.7 [Computer Graphics]: Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism; E.4 [Coding and Information Theory]: Data Compaction and Compression Abstract In this work, a novel scheme is proposed to compress human motion capture data based on hierarchical structure construction and motion pattern indexing. For a given sequence of 3D motion capture data of human body, the 3D markers are first organized into a hierarchy where each node corresponds to a meaningful part of the human body. Then, the motion sequence corresponding to each body part is coded separately. Based on the observation that there is a high degree of spatial and temporal correlation among the 3D marker positions, we strive to identify motion patterns that form a database for each meaningful body part. Thereafter, a sequence of motion capture data can be efficiently represented as a series of motion pattern indices. As a result, higher compression ratio has been achieved when compared with the prior art, especially for long sequences of motion capture data with repetitive motion styles. Another distinction of this work is that it provides means for flexible and intuitive global and local distortion controls. [source] Wrinkling Coarse Meshes on the GPUCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 3 2006J. Loviscach The simulation of complex layers of folds of cloth can be handled through algorithms which take the physical dynamics into account. In many cases, however, it is sufficient to generate wrinkles on a piece of garment which mostly appears spread out. This paper presents a corresponding fully GPU-based, easy-to-control, and robust method to generate and render plausible and detailed folds. This simulation is generated from an animated mesh. A relaxation step ensures that the behavior remains globally consistent. The resulting wrinkle field controls the lighting and distorts the texture in a way which closely simulates an actually deformed surface. No highly tessellated mesh is required to compute the position of the folds or to render them. Furthermore, the solution provides a 3D paint interface through which the user may bias the computation in such a way that folds already appear in the rest pose. Categories and Subject Descriptors (according to ACM CCS): I.3.7 [Computer Graphics]: Animation, I.3.7 [Computer Graphics]: Color, shading, shadowing, and texture [source] Structural Health Monitoring via Measured Ritz Vectors Utilizing Artificial Neural NetworksCOMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING, Issue 4 2006Heung-Fai Lam Unlike most other pattern recognition methods, an artificial neural network (ANN) technique is employed as a tool for systematically identifying the damage pattern corresponding to an observed feature. An important aspect of using an ANN is its design but this is usually skipped in the literature on ANN-based SHM. The design of an ANN has significant effects on both the training and performance of the ANN. As the multi-layer perceptron ANN model is adopted in this work, ANN design refers to the selection of the number of hidden layers and the number of neurons in each hidden layer. A design method based on a Bayesian probabilistic approach for model selection is proposed. The combination of the pattern recognition method and the Bayesian ANN design method forms a practical SHM methodology. A truss model is employed to demonstrate the proposed methodology. [source] Decentralized Parametric Damage Detection Based on Neural NetworksCOMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING, Issue 3 2002Zhishen Wu In this paper, based on the concept of decentralized information structures and artificial neural networks, a decentralized parametric identification method for damage detection of structures with multi-degrees-of-freedom (MDOF) is conducted. First, a decentralized approach is presented for damage detection of substructures of an MDOF structure system by using neural networks. The displacement and velocity measurements from a substructure of a healthy structure system and the restoring force corresponding to this substructure are used to train the decentralized detection neural networks for the purpose of identifying the corresponding substructure. By using the trained decentralized detection neural networks, the difference of the interstory restoring force between the damaged substructures and the undamaged substructures can be calculated. An evaluation index, that is, relative root mean square (RRMS) error, is presented to evaluate the condition of each substructure for the purpose of health monitoring. Although neural networks have been widely used for nonparametric identification, in this paper, the decentralized parametric evaluation neural networks for substructures are trained for parametric identification. Based on the trained decentralized parametric evaluation neural networks and the RRMS error of substructures, the structural parameter of stiffness of each subsystem can be forecast with high accuracy. The effectiveness of the decentralized parametric identification is evaluated through numerical simulations. It is shown that the decentralized parametric evaluation method has the potential of being a practical tool for a damage detection methodology applied to structure-unknown smart civil structures. [source] Efficient communication using message prediction for clusters of multiprocessorsCONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION: PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE, Issue 10 2002Ahmad Afsahi Abstract With the increasing uniprocessor and symmetric multiprocessor computational power available today, interprocessor communication has become an important factor that limits the performance of clusters of workstations/multiprocessors. Many factors including communication hardware overhead, communication software overhead, and the user environment overhead (multithreading, multiuser) affect the performance of the communication subsystems in such systems. A significant portion of the software communication overhead belongs to a number of message copying operations. Ideally, it is desirable to have a true zero-copy protocol where the message is moved directly from the send buffer in its user space to the receive buffer in the destination without any intermediate buffering. However, due to the fact that message-passing applications at the send side do not know the final receive buffer addresses, early arrival messages have to be buffered at a temporary area. In this paper, we show that there is a message reception communication locality in message-passing applications. We have utilized this communication locality and devised different message predictors at the receiver sides of communications. In essence, these message predictors can be efficiently used to drain the network and cache the incoming messages even if the corresponding receive calls have not yet been posted. The performance of these predictors, in terms of hit ratio, on some parallel applications are quite promising and suggest that prediction has the potential to eliminate most of the remaining message copies. We also show that the proposed predictors do not have sensitivity to the starting message reception call, and that they perform better than (or at least equal to) our previously proposed predictors. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Second lineage of heart forming region provides new understanding of conotruncal heart defectsCONGENITAL ANOMALIES, Issue 1 2010Yuji Nakajima ABSTRACT Abnormal heart development causes various congenital heart defects. Recent cardiovascular biology studies have elucidated the morphological mechanisms involved in normal and abnormal heart development. The primitive heart tube originates from the lateral-most part of the heart forming mesoderm and mainly gives rise to the left ventricle. Then, during the cardiac looping, the outflow tract is elongated by the addition of cardiogenic cells from the both pharyngeal and splanchnic mesoderm (corresponding to anterior and secondary heart field, respectively), which originate from the mediocaudal region of the heart forming mesoderm and are later located anteriorly (rostrally) to the dorsal region of the heart tube. Therefore, the heart progenitors that contribute to the outflow tract region are distinct from those that form the left ventricle. The knowledge that there are two different lineages of heart progenitors in the four-chambered heart provides new understanding of the morphological and molecular etiology of conotruncal heart defects. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||