Copper Deposition (copper + deposition)

Distribution by Scientific Domains


Selected Abstracts


Copper-filled macroporous Si and cavity underneath for microchannel heat sink technology

PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (A) APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, Issue 11 2008
F. Zacharatos
Abstract Thermal management in ICs becomes essential as integration density and total power consumption increase. The use of microchannels in high power density electronics cooling is a well-known technique for heat transfer. In this work we developed Cu-filled macroporous Si channels with a Cu-filled cavity underneath, which may be used as heat sinks in high power density electronics cooling. Macroporous Si is formed by electrochemical dissolution of bulk Si, while pore filling with copper is achieved by electro-deposition. Using appropriate design, the resulting composite material may be fabricated on selected areas on the silicon substrate for use as heat sink on Si. The surface area is defined by patterning. The macroporous Si structure is composed of either randomly distributed pores or pores arranged in two-dimensional (2-D) arrays, fabricated by pre-patterning the Si surface before anodization so as to form pore initiation pits. The pore size in this work was 5,m, while the porous layer and the cavity underneath had both a thickness of 40 ,m. Copper deposition proceeds first by filling the micro-cavity underneath the porous layer. This is achieved by linearly increasing the applied potential during electro-deposition. After full Cu-filling of the cavity, pore filling starts from the bottom of each pore and proceeds laterally, while no nucleation takes place on pore wall. In this way, homogeneous copper wires within pores may be fabricated. The Cu/Si composite material is appropriate for forming channels with improved heat transfer within the Si wafer. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source]


Effluent treatment using a bipolar electrochemical reactor with rotating cylinder electrodes of woven wire meshes

JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 7 2009
Javier M Grau
Abstract BACKGROUND: The behaviour of a bipolar electrochemical reactor consisting of one or more rotating cylinder electrodes of woven wire meshes is reported using copper and cadmium deposition from dilute solutions as test reactions. RESULTS: The best performance related to electrode number was determined for copper deposition and was achieved by an arrangement with two bipolar electrodes, for which the conversion in a single pass was approximately 47%. The specific energy consumption was 3.27 kWh kg,1 with a normalised space velocity of 23.05 h,1. The copper powder obtained showed a nodular and dendritic surface morphology. This reactor configuration was also analysed for cadmium deposition, in which hydrogen evolution takes place simultaneously as a side cathodic reaction, considering the effect of flow rate and total current. The maximum conversion per pass for cadmium removal was 38.91%. In this case the reactor with two bipolar electrodes showed a performance similar to that of a monopolar reactor operated at a rotation speed three times higher. CONCLUSION: A continuous electrochemical reactor with two rotating bipolar electrodes of woven wire meshes presents a good performance for copper or cadmium removal from dilute solutions. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source]


Free Convective Mass Transfer Behaviour of Inclined Cylinders with Active Ends

THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 1 2003
Inderjit Nirdosh
Abstract Rates of mass transfer at inclined cylinders with active ends were determined under natural convection conditions by measuring the limiting current of copper deposition from acidified copper sulphate. Physical properties of the solution, cylinder dimensions and inclination were varied to produce a ScGr range of 1.53 × 109 to 7 × 1010. Under these conditions the data for different orientations were correlated by Sh = 1.075 (ScGr)0.242. The characteristic length used in obtaining Sh and Gr was calculated by dividing the cylinder surface area by the cylinder perimeter projected onto the horizontal plane. At high CuSO4 concentrations a reasonable agreement was found between the experimental rate of mass transfer and that calculated by summing the rate of mass transfer at individual surfaces of the cylinder. Deviations were observed at low CuSO4 concentrations, and the possible causes of the deviations were explained. On a déterminé les taux de transfert de matière dans le cas de cylindres inclinés aux extrémités actives dans des conditions de convection naturelle, en mesurant le courant limite du dépôt de cuivre venant de sulfate de cuivre acidifié. On a fait varier les propriétés physiques de la solution, les dimensions de cylindre et l'inclinaison pour donner une gamme de ScGr de 1.53 × 109 to 7 × 1010. Dans ces conditions, les données pour différentes orientations ont été corrélées par Sh = 1.075 (ScGr)0.242. La longueur caractéristique utilisée pour obtenir Sh et Gr a été calculée en divisant la superficie du cylindre par le périmètre projeté sur un plan horizontal. À de fortes concentrations de CuSO4, un accord raisonnable est trouvé entre le taux de transfert de matière expérimental et celui qui est obtenu en faisant la somme des taux de transfert de matière sur les différentes surfaces du cylindre. Des écarts sont observés à de faibles concentrations de CuSO4, et les causes possibles de ces écarts sont expliquées. [source]


Intensification of Rate of Diffusion Controlled Reactions in a Parallel Plate Electrochemical Reactor Stirred by a Curtain of Electrochemically Generated Gas Bubbles

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (CET), Issue 10 2007
G. H. Sedahmed
Abstract Rates of mass transfer were measured at a vertical plate stirred by a rising curtain of oxygen bubbles generated electrochemically at an upstream plate by measuring the limiting current of the cathodic reduction of K3Fe(CN)6 in alkaline solution. The rate of mass transfer was found to increase over the natural convection value by a factor ranging from 2.4 to 25 compared to the previously reported range of 2,5 in the case of copper deposition from acidified solutions. The high tendency of oxygen bubbles to coalesce in alkaline solutions is believed to be responsible for the high rates of mass transfer in alkaline solutions. The rate of mass transfer at a plate stirred by a curtain of oxygen bubbles was found to decrease with increasing plate height and electrolyte concentration. Curtains of H2 bubbles were found to be less effective in enhancing the rate of mass transfer compared to that of oxygen. Practical application of the results in designing a modified parallel plate electrochemical reactor stirred by a counterelectrode gas curtain was highlighted. The suggested design has the potential of saving part or all of the mechanical stirring energy as well as floor space since it extends vertically. [source]