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Cooperative Process (cooperative + process)
Selected AbstractsThe Hierarchical Self-Assembly of Charge Nanocarriers: A Highly Cooperative Process Promoted by Visible Light,ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 39 2010Dr. Emilie Moulin Es werde Licht: Auf Triarylaminen basierende Bausteine reagieren auf sichtbares Licht unter Bildung von kationischen Radikalen, die sich hierarchisch zu molekularen Drähten selbstorganisieren, die wiederum größere Fasern bilden (siehe Bild). Das auf Stimuli reagierende supramolekulare Gerüst, das durch Ladungstransfer gebildet und durch Erhitzen reversibel abgebaut wird, verhindert das Quenchen von Löchern im Inneren der Drähte. [source] Stimulated Brillouin scattering and Rayleigh cooperative process in 300 km optical transmissionMICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 12 2007Dechao Zhang Abstract The generation of high-order Brillouin Stokes is experimentally demonstrated in 300 km all-Raman transmission with normal Raman pumps and without mirror reflection, and a longest ever fiber laser is implemented at the same time. The OSNRs of the two Brillouin Stokes after 300 km are both higher than 29 dB. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2939,2941, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22899 [source] The Relationship Between Agricultural Cooperatives and the State in Sweden: The Legislative ProcessANNALS OF PUBLIC AND COOPERATIVE ECONOMICS, Issue 1 2000M. Fregidou-Malama On the basis of interviews made with twenty seven leading personalities from cooperatives and government institutions, it is identified, that two main dimensions, the economic and the social, are emphasized by different interest groups involved in the cooperative process. It is also indicated that the relationship between state and cooperatives, in varying degrees, combines these two basic dimensions over time in the actual cooperative law and thus focuses on one dimension, neglecting the other. Relationship is meant to anchor the economic and the social values of cooperatives in the political process, and enable them to be accepted. In conclusion, it can be argued that the state can influence the character of cooperatives by selecting specific actors in specific processes. For this reason, in order to secure a sustainable autonomous development of cooperatives, it is important to synthesize and take into consideration different interests in future relations between cooperatives and the state. [source] Using Diffusion NMR To Characterize Guanosine Self-Association: Insights into Structure and MechanismCHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 1 2005Mark S. Kaucher Abstract This paper presents results from a series of pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR studies on lipophilic guanosine nucleosides that undergo cation-templated assembly in organic solvents. The use of PFG-NMR to measure diffusion coefficients for the different aggregates allowed us to observe the influences of cation, solvent and anion on the self-assembly process. Three case studies are presented. In the first study, diffusion NMR confirmed formation of a hexadecameric G-quadruplex [G,1]16,4,K+,4,pic, in CD3CN. Furthermore, hexadecamer formation from 5,-TBDMS-2,,3,-isopropylidene G,1 and K+ picrate was shown to be a cooperative process in CD3CN. In the second study, diffusion NMR studies on 5,-(3,5-bis(methoxy)benzoyl)-2,,3,-isopropylidene G,4 showed that hierarchical self-association of G8 -octamers is controlled by the K+ cation. Evidence for formation of both discrete G8 -octamers and G16 -hexadecamers in CD2Cl2 was obtained. The position of this octamer,hexadecamer equilibrium was shown to depend on the K+ concentration. In the third case, diffusion NMR was used to determine the size of a guanosine self-assembly where NMR signal integration was ambiguous. Thus, both diffusion NMR and ESI-MS show that 5,- O -acetyl-2,,3,- O -isopropylidene G,7 and Na+ picrate form a doubly charged octamer [G,7]8,2,Na+,2,pic,9 in CD2Cl2. The anion's role in stabilizing this particular complex is discussed. In all three cases the information gained from the diffusion NMR technique enabled us to better understand the self-assembly processes, especially regarding the roles of cation, anion and solvent. [source] An Action Pattern Model of Inter-firm Cooperation*JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, Issue 6 2005Steven S. Lui abstract An action pattern model was developed and applied to the examination of inter-firm cooperative processes. The model considered cooperation as a continuous cycle of actions and reactions between cooperating partners. The building blocks of the model include cooperative equilibrium, disruptive events, action types and action patterns. Three action pattern variables were proposed to describe the interactions. It was hypothesized that action patterns are contingent on partner relationships and the transaction cost characteristics of a partnership. The hypotheses were tested on a sample of 263 partnerships in the construction industry in Hong Kong. The quantitative study was supplemented by four in-depth case studies. The results show that: (1) trust was an important antecedent of action patterns; and (2) transaction cost variables moderate the relationships between partner relationships and action patterns. These findings suggest that future research should give more attention to the interaction of partners during cooperation. [source] Near-IR-to-visible emission in ytterbium-doped silica fiber at in-core 488-nm pumpingLASER PHYSICS LETTERS, Issue 12 2008A.V. Kir'yanov Abstract We report near-IR-to-visible broadband emission in Ytterbium-doped silicate fiber (YF) at 488-nm in-core excitation. This emission is revealed to originate from Yb3+ -Yb3+ pair clusters (900 , 1200-nm band), whose presence is proved by a separate study of cooperative processes in the fiber, and Yb2+ phototropic centers (600 , 900-nm band) provisionally accepted to be present in the YF. (© 2008 by Astro Ltd., Published exclusively by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA) [source] Emerging Markets as Learning Laboratories: Learning Behaviors of Local Firms and Foreign Entrants in Different Institutional ContextsMANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION REVIEW, Issue 3 2005Michael A. Hitt abstract In this work, we examine and integrate the research streams on learning behaviours of both local firms and foreign entrants in emerging markets. We propose that local firms and foreign entrants differ in the types of learning pursued and in the learning processes used. While emerging market firms engage in a significant amount of exploratory learning, they also attempt to exploit the newly gained knowledge in their current markets. Furthermore, foreign entrants engage in exploitative learning as expected but also must participate in exploratory learning to acquire knowledge of culture, institutional norms, and important social relationships. While much of the learning occurs through cooperative processes with both partners, they also each engage in experiential learning. We argue that emerging markets also differ; firms in the more mature emerging markets seek different types of learning and the learning processes used vary compared to those in less mature emerging markets. Our research suggests that emerging markets represent learning laboratories and provide a base to catalyse future research. [source] | |||||||||||||