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Active Smoking (active + smoking)
Selected AbstractsActive and passive maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risks of low birthweight and preterm birth: the Generation R StudyPAEDIATRIC & PERINATAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 2 2008Vincent W. V. Jaddoe Summary The objective of this study was to examine the associations between active and passive smoking in different periods of pregnancy and changing smoking habits during pregnancy, with low birthweight and preterm birth. The study was embedded in the Generation R Study, a population-based prospective cohort study from early fetal life onwards in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Active and passive smoking were assessed by questionnaires in early, mid- and late pregnancy. Analyses were based on 7098 pregnant women and their children. Active smoking until pregnancy was ascertained and was not associated with low birthweight and preterm birth. Continued active smoking after pregnancy was also recorded and was associated with low birthweight (adjusted odds ratio 1.75 [95% CI 1.20, 2.56]) and preterm birth (adjusted odds ratio 1.36 [95% CI 1.04, 1.78]). The strongest associations were found for active maternal smoking in late pregnancy. Passive maternal smoking in late pregnancy was associated with continuously measured birthweight (P for trend <0.001). For all active smoking categories in early pregnancy, quitting smoking was associated with a higher birthweight than continuing to smoke. Tendencies towards smaller non-significant beneficial effects on mean birthweight were found for reducing the number of cigarettes without quitting completely. This study shows that active and passive smoking in late pregnancy are associated with adverse effects on weight and gestational age at birth. Smoking in early pregnancy only, seems not to affect fetal growth adversely. Health care strategies for pregnant women should be aimed at quitting smoking completely rather than reducing the number of cigarettes. [source] Effect of active smoking on asthma symptoms, pulmonary function, and BHR in adolescents ,PEDIATRIC PULMONOLOGY, Issue 10 2009S. Yoo MD Abstract Background Active smoking is known to increase asthma symptoms and bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR) while decreasing pulmonary function in adults, but few studies have addressed these issues in adolescents. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey involving questionnaires and assessment of urinary cotinine levels among 1,492 adolescents from three urban areas of South Korea. Current smoking was defined as having smoked more than 1 day in the prior 30 days or having urine cotinine levels ,100,ng/ml. Spirometry, skin tests, and methacholine challenge tests were performed on adolescents in Seoul (n,=,724). Results The prevalence of current smoking was 8.2% in boys and 2.4% in girls. Reports of wheeze and exercise-induced wheeze in the previous 12 months were more frequent in smokers than nonsmokers (15.2% vs. 8.5%, P,=,0.024, and 20.4% vs. 10.7%, P,=,0.004, respectively). In multiple logistic regression analysis, current smoking was found to be a significant risk factor for having wheezed in previous 12 months (OR,=,4.5, 95% CI 1.5,13.2) and having exercise-induced wheezing in previous 12 months (OR,=,8.7, 95% CI, 3.7,20.9). The subgroup analysis revealed that the FEV1/FVC was lower in smokers than nonsmokers (mean,±,SD, 105.1,±,8.6% vs. 107.8,±,7.8%, P,=,0.019). In contrast, there was no significant difference in BHR. The effect of smoking on asthma symptoms were more pronounced in non-atopic compared with atopic adolescents. Conclusion Current smoking was significantly associated with symptoms of asthma, such as having recent wheezing and recent exercise-induced wheezing, especially for non-atopics, in Korean adolescent population. Current smoking was further associated with lower pulmonary function, but not BHR. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:954,961. ©2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Significantly lower rate of smoking in female compared to male patients with lung adenocarcinomaEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER CARE, Issue 3 2003Y. AKAZAWA To examine the relationship between smoking and lung adenocarcinoma in female patients, we performed a retrospective chart review for 470 patients with lung adenocarcinoma at our hospital. The proportions of non-smokers were higher in female patients than those of male patients. A significant difference in smoking history was found between female and male patients. Not only active smoking but also passive smoking may influence the development of female lung adenocarcinoma, which reinforces the need for effective programmes aimed refraining from smoking and cessation among men as well as women. [source] Association of hyperhomocysteinemia and folate deficiency with colon tumors in patients with inflammatory bowel diseaseINFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, Issue 2 2008Jean Marc Phelip Abstract Background: Folate deficiency associated with hyperhomocysteinemia might increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate factors associated with colonic carcinogenesis, in particular, folate and homocysteinemia levels, in a cross-sectional study of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods: IBD patients with carcinogenic lesions discovered during colonoscopy [dysplasia-associated lesion or masses (DALM), colorectal cancer] were included and compared with the whole population of IBD patients with a normal colonoscopy performed during the same period. The following parameters were collected at the time of colonoscopy: age, sex, type, duration, activity, and extent of the disease, treatment, smoking status, and vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteinemia levels. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed after adjusting for the main parameters. Results: One hundred and fourteen patients [41 with ulcerative colitis (UC), 73 with Crohn's disease (CD)] were included. Twenty-six carcinogenic lesions were isolated: 18 DALM (7 high-grade and 11 low-grade dysplasia) and 8 colorectal cancers. In univariate analysis, the factors associated with carcinogenesis were: active smoking (P = 0.03), folate level < 145 pmol/L (P = 0.02), hyperhomocysteinemia > 15 ,mol/L (P = 0.003), duration of disease > 10 years (P = 0.006), and UC (P = 0.02). In multivariate analysis, patients with hyperhomocysteinemia associated with folate deficiency had 17 times as many carcinogenic lesions as patients with normal homocysteinemia whatever the folate status and duration of the disease (P = 0.01). Patients with hyperhomocysteinemia without folate deficiency had 2.5 times as many carcinogenic lesions as patients with normal homocysteinemia (P = 0.08). Conclusions: Our data suggest that in IBD patients with normal homocysteinemia, the increase in carcinogenic risk is negligible. Conversely, in patients with hyperhomocysteinemia, folate deficiency may be associated with increased colorectal carcinogenesis in IBD patients. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007) [source] Parental lung cancer as predictor of cancer risks in offspring: Clues about multiple routes of harmful influence?INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 3 2006Kari Hemminki Abstract The carcinogenic effects of active smoking have been demonstrated for many sites, but the effects of passive smoking and exposures during pregnancy and breastfeeding are less well documented. We examined whether 0,70-year-old offspring of parents with lung cancer are at a risk of cancer that cannot be explained by their smoking or familial risk. It was assumed that known target sites for tobacco carcinogenesis would be affected, if any. The nationwide Swedish Family-Cancer Database with cancers recorded from 1958 to 2002 was used to calculate age-specific standardized incidence ratios (SIRs). Among offspring of affected mothers, increased risks were observed for upper aerodigestive (SIR 1.45), nasal (2.93), lung (1.71) and bladder (1.52) cancers and for kidney cancer (6.41) in one age group. The risk of bladder cancer was found in younger age groups than that of lung cancer. Cancers at many of these sites, but not the kidney or the bladder, were in excess in offspring of affected fathers. Nasal cancer was even increased when either parent was diagnosed with lung cancer; the highest risk was for nasal adenoid cystic carcinoma (7.73). The data suggest that passive smoking during childhood is associated with an increase risk of nasal cancer. For bladder and kidney cancers, a contribution by tobacco carcinogens is implicated through breastfeeding and in utero exposure. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Breast reconstruction using perforator flapsJOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY, Issue 6 2006Jay W. Granzow MD Abstract Background Perforator flaps allow the transfer of the patient's own skin and fat in a reliable manner with minimal donor-site morbidity. The deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEP) and superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) flaps transfer the same tissue from the abdomen to the chest for breast reconstruction as the TRAM flap without sacrificing the rectus muscle or fascia. Gluteal artery perforator (GAP) flaps allow transfer of tissue from the buttock, also with minimal donor-site morbidity. Indications Most women requiring tissue transfer to the chest for breast reconstruction or other reasons are candidates for perforator flaps. Absolute contraindications to perforator flap breast reconstruction include history of previous liposuction of the donor site or active smoking (within 1 month prior to surgery). Anatomy and Technique The DIEP flap is supplied by intramuscular perforators from the deep inferior epigastric artery and vein. The SIEA flap is based on the SIEA and vein, which arise from the common femoral artery and saphenous bulb. GAP flaps are based on perforators from either the superior or inferior gluteal artery. During flap harvest, these perforators are meticulously dissected free from the surrounding muscle which is spread in the direction of the muscle fibers and preserved intact. The pedicle is anastomosed to recipient vessels in the chest and the donor site is closed without the use of mesh or other materials. Conclusions Perforator flaps allow the safe and reliable transfer of abdominal tissue for breast reconstruction. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:441,454. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Passive smoking is a major determinant of exhaled nitric oxide levels in allergic asthmatic childrenALLERGY, Issue 4 2010Y. Laoudi To cite this article: Laoudi Y, Nikasinovic L, Sahraoui F, Grimfeld A, Momas I, Just J. Passive smoking is a major determinant of exhaled nitric oxide levels in allergic asthmatic children. Allergy 2010; 65: 491,497. Abstract Background:, Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is considered, by some authors, to be a treatment follow-up parameter in allergic asthmatics. However, factors such as active smoking can influence NO production and must be taken into account in the interpretation of FeNO values. In children, the evidence in favour of an impact of passive smoking (PS) on FeNO values is controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of chronic PS on FeNO in allergic asthmatic children. Methods:, Seventy nontreated allergic asthmatic children over 5 years of age, exposed and unexposed to PS, underwent measurement of FeNO, spirometry, and allergic tests (skin prick tests, total and specific serum IgE, and blood eosinophilia). Children were considered to be exposed to PS when at least 1 cigarette per day was declared to be smoked at home. Results:, Geometric mean FeNO value in 22 children exposed to PS was 26.3 ± 1.5 ppb vs 56.3 ± 1.7 ppb in 48 children unexposed (P < 0.001). After adjustment for age, blood eosinophilia, allergic sensitizations, total IgE, dust mite sensitization and asthma severity, multivariate analysis showed that PS exposure was negatively associated with FeNO values (P = 0.0001) and was the primary determinant of FeNO variations. Conclusion:, Passive smoking lowers FeNO, and might be a major determinant of FeNO levels in nontreated allergic asthmatic children. [source] Linkage between smoking and asthmaALLERGY, Issue 12 2009A. Pietinalho Smoking is one of the most important preventable public health problems. Prevalence of smoking is decreasing in the Western world but lot of work is left. We reviewed the most important papers related to smoking and asthma. Despite of decreasing smoking figures in Finland, about 15,20 per cent of pregnant women smokes. Children's exposure to harmful effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) still continues. Exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy and in early childhood both deteriorates permanently children's lungs and increases their asthma risk. The exposure of adults to ETS also increases their asthma risk. Both passive exposure to ETS and active smoking worsen asthma. In addition, smoking asthmatics run a higher risk of developing COPD compared to non-smokers. Smoking prevalence among the population can be regulated through legislation, but the health care personnel have a central role in encouraging smoking cessation among smoking patients. [source] Cigarette smoke facilitates allergen penetration across respiratory epitheliumALLERGY, Issue 3 2009K. Gangl Background:, The association between cigarette smoke exposure and allergic airway disease is a matter for debate. We sought to investigate in an in vitro system whether active smoking reduces the integrity and barrier function of the respiratory epithelium and thus facilitates allergen penetration. Methods:, We cultured the human bronchial epithelial cell line 16HBE14o, in a transwell culture system as a surrogate for the intact respiratory epithelium. The cell monolayer was exposed to standardized cigarette smoke extract (CSE). The extent and effects of trans-epithelial allergen penetration were measured using 125I-labelled purified major respiratory allergens (rBet v 1, rPhl p 5 and rDer p 2) and histamine release experiments. Results:, Exposure of cells to concentrations of CSE similar to those found in smokers induced the development of para-cellular gaps and a decrease in trans-epithelial resistance. CSE exposure induced a more than threefold increase in allergen penetration. Increased subepithelial allergen concentrations provoked a substantial augmentation of histamine release from sensitized basophils. Conclusions:, Our results indicate that cigarette smoke is a potent factor capable of reducing the barrier function of the respiratory epithelium for allergens and may contribute to increased allergic inflammation, exacerbation of allergic disease and boosting of IgE memory. [source] Active and passive maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risks of low birthweight and preterm birth: the Generation R StudyPAEDIATRIC & PERINATAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 2 2008Vincent W. V. Jaddoe Summary The objective of this study was to examine the associations between active and passive smoking in different periods of pregnancy and changing smoking habits during pregnancy, with low birthweight and preterm birth. The study was embedded in the Generation R Study, a population-based prospective cohort study from early fetal life onwards in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Active and passive smoking were assessed by questionnaires in early, mid- and late pregnancy. Analyses were based on 7098 pregnant women and their children. Active smoking until pregnancy was ascertained and was not associated with low birthweight and preterm birth. Continued active smoking after pregnancy was also recorded and was associated with low birthweight (adjusted odds ratio 1.75 [95% CI 1.20, 2.56]) and preterm birth (adjusted odds ratio 1.36 [95% CI 1.04, 1.78]). The strongest associations were found for active maternal smoking in late pregnancy. Passive maternal smoking in late pregnancy was associated with continuously measured birthweight (P for trend <0.001). For all active smoking categories in early pregnancy, quitting smoking was associated with a higher birthweight than continuing to smoke. Tendencies towards smaller non-significant beneficial effects on mean birthweight were found for reducing the number of cigarettes without quitting completely. This study shows that active and passive smoking in late pregnancy are associated with adverse effects on weight and gestational age at birth. Smoking in early pregnancy only, seems not to affect fetal growth adversely. Health care strategies for pregnant women should be aimed at quitting smoking completely rather than reducing the number of cigarettes. [source] Preterm delivery and exposure to active and passive smoking during pregnancy: a case,control study from ItalyPAEDIATRIC & PERINATAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 3 2007Guglielmina Fantuzzi Summary The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between preterm/early preterm delivery and active smoking as well as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in a sample of pregnant Italian women. A case,control study was conducted in nine cities in Italy between October 1999 and September 2000. Cases of preterm birth were singleton babies born before the 37th gestational week; babies born before the 35th gestational week were considered early preterm births. Controls were babies with gestational ages , 37th week. A total of 299 preterm cases (including 105 early preterm) and 855 controls were analysed. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess active smoking and ETS exposure, as well as potential confounders. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed a relationship between active smoking during pregnancy and preterm/early preterm delivery [adjusted ORs: 1.53; 95% CI 1.05, 2.21 and 2.00; 95% CI 1.16, 3.45, respectively]. A dose,response relationship was found for the number of cigarettes smoked daily. The adjusted ORs were 1.54 and 1.69 for preterm babies and 1.90 and 2.46 for early preterm babies for 1,10 and >10 cigarettes/day respectively. ETS exposure was associated with early preterm delivery [adjusted OR 1.56; 95% CI 0.99, 2.46] with a dose,response relationship with the number of smokers in the home. Smoking during pregnancy was strongly associated with preterm delivery with a dose,response effect. ETS exposure in non-smoking women was associated only with early preterm delivery. [source] Characterization of 33 488 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes based on the gender-specific increase of cardiovascular risk factorsPEDIATRIC DIABETES, Issue 5 2010K Otfried Schwab Schwab KO, Doerfer J, Marg W, Schober E, Holl RW. Characterization of 33 488 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes based on the gender-specific increase of cardiovascular risk factors. Objectives: Characterization of children with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) regarding number and gender distribution of cardiovascular risk factors (cvRF) and of total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TC/HDL-C ratio) for risk assessment. Methods: 33488 patients ,18 years were included in this cross-sectional analysis and placed into 5 categories by their number of cvRF. Dyslipidemia (TC >200 mg/dL, >5.17 mmol/L; and/or HDL-C <35 mg/dL, <0.91 mmol/L; and/or LDL-C >130 mg/dL, >3.36 mmol/L), elevated systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure (BP) ,90th percentile, obesity >97th percentile, active smoking, and HbA1c ,7.5% were considered as cvRF. Results: 65% had no or 1 cvRF. HbA1c ,7.5% was the most frequently occurring cvRF followed by BP ,90th percentile, dyslipidemia, smoking, and BMI >97th percentile. Age at diabetic onset ranged from 7.7 to 9.2 years and diabetes duration from 4.1 to 6.6 years. CvRF showed differences in disfavour of females except smoking and HDL-C <35 mg/dL (0.91 mmol/L). Rate of females was 45% with 0 cvRF and 60% with 4 to 5 cvRF. TC/HDL-C ratio showed no clear association to the number of cvRF. Conclusions: 35% of a pediatric T1DM population develops 2 or more cvRF thus increasing their cv risk in adulthood. With increasing numbers of cvRF, the percentage of girls is rising from 45% to 60% which might contribute to an assimilation of survival rates in female and male adults. TC/HDL ratio does not predict the extent of cardiovascular risk in pediatric T1DM. [source] Effect of active smoking on asthma symptoms, pulmonary function, and BHR in adolescents ,PEDIATRIC PULMONOLOGY, Issue 10 2009S. Yoo MD Abstract Background Active smoking is known to increase asthma symptoms and bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR) while decreasing pulmonary function in adults, but few studies have addressed these issues in adolescents. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey involving questionnaires and assessment of urinary cotinine levels among 1,492 adolescents from three urban areas of South Korea. Current smoking was defined as having smoked more than 1 day in the prior 30 days or having urine cotinine levels ,100,ng/ml. Spirometry, skin tests, and methacholine challenge tests were performed on adolescents in Seoul (n,=,724). Results The prevalence of current smoking was 8.2% in boys and 2.4% in girls. Reports of wheeze and exercise-induced wheeze in the previous 12 months were more frequent in smokers than nonsmokers (15.2% vs. 8.5%, P,=,0.024, and 20.4% vs. 10.7%, P,=,0.004, respectively). In multiple logistic regression analysis, current smoking was found to be a significant risk factor for having wheezed in previous 12 months (OR,=,4.5, 95% CI 1.5,13.2) and having exercise-induced wheezing in previous 12 months (OR,=,8.7, 95% CI, 3.7,20.9). The subgroup analysis revealed that the FEV1/FVC was lower in smokers than nonsmokers (mean,±,SD, 105.1,±,8.6% vs. 107.8,±,7.8%, P,=,0.019). In contrast, there was no significant difference in BHR. The effect of smoking on asthma symptoms were more pronounced in non-atopic compared with atopic adolescents. Conclusion Current smoking was significantly associated with symptoms of asthma, such as having recent wheezing and recent exercise-induced wheezing, especially for non-atopics, in Korean adolescent population. Current smoking was further associated with lower pulmonary function, but not BHR. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:954,961. ©2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Population attributable fraction of smoking to low birth weight in JapanPEDIATRICS INTERNATIONAL, Issue 3 2004Toshiyuki Ojima AbstractBackground:,The purpose of this study is to quantify the population attributable fraction of active and passive smoking for low birth weight in Japan. Methods:,A population-based case-control study was conducted by mailing self-report questionnaires. The cases were all singleton low birth weight babies who were born between 1 January 1998 and 30 June 1999 in Tochigi prefecture, Japan. The controls were randomly selected from all singleton babies who were born during the same period as cases in the prefecture. Results:,The number of cases and controls were 286 and 404, respectively. Population attributable fractions of active smoking during and before pregnancy were 7.0% and 8.8%, respectively. Population attributable fraction of passive smoking at home was 15.6% and at the workplace was 1.1%. Combined population attributable fraction of both active and passive smoking was 17.3%. Conclusion:,Public education to eliminate passive smoking for pregnant women and smoking prevention in adolescence is very important in order to reduce the risk of low birth weight. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||