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Active Movement (active + movement)
Selected AbstractsIntrafusal effects of botulinum toxin in post-stroke upper limb spasticityEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, Issue 4 2008C. Trompetto A previous study in subjects with focal dystonia suggested that the greater and longer-lasting effect induced by botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) on the tonic vibration reflex (TVR) than on the maximal M-wave (M-max) might be the physiological marker of the toxin's action at the level of intrafusal muscle fibres. With this approach, we investigated the possible effect of BoNT-A on fusimotor synapses in eight patients with post-stroke spasticity (four with no residual motor capacity before treatment and four with partially spared muscle strength and residual motor capacity). TVR and M-max were recorded from the wrist and finger flexor muscles before treatment and at 1, 4 and 7 months afterwards. The TVR reduction was greater than the M-max reduction and remained fairly constant over time only in the subjects with a residual motor capacity before the treatment. This pilot study suggests that some degree of strength and active movement is necessary for the action of BoNT-A on intrafusal fibres. [source] Role of active movement in place-specific firing of hippocampal neuronsHIPPOCAMPUS, Issue 1 2005Eun Young Song Abstract The extent of external and internal factors contributing to location-specific firing of hippocampal place cells is currently unclear. We investigated the role of active movement in location-specific firing by comparing spatial firing patterns of hippocampal neurons, while rats either ran freely or rode a motorized cart on the same circular track. Most neurons changed their spatial firing patterns across the two navigation conditions ("remapping"), and they were stably maintained across repeated active or passive navigation sessions. These results show that active movement is a critical factor in determining place-specific firing of hippocampal neurons. This could explain why passive displacement is not an effective way of acquiring spatial knowledge for subsequent active navigation in an unfamiliar environment. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Genetic and demographic variation in new recruits of Naso unicornisJOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2002S. Planes Demographic data showed that larvae of Naso unicornis colonizing the reefs of Moorea, French Polynesia, on the same night within a restricted area originated from several spawning events that occurred 67 to 94 days previously. Based on the demographic structure of larvae of N. unicornis colonizing the reef, it cannot be entirely dismissed that siblings colonize together because five spawning dates grouped c. 55% of the captured larvae. Relatedness analysis reinforced these observations and also confirmed that larvae colonizing together were not all siblings. Larvae of the same spawning dates, however, appeared related in some age-classes (72, 74 and 77 days old), suggesting that siblings recruited together. In addition, the larvae appeared genetically different from adults (P=0·002) and juveniles (P<0·001) while juveniles and adults were similar (P=0·100). The variations in allelic and genotypic frequencies in the larvae probably reflect a family-structure that is diluted once larvae are recruited into the lagoon because of high mortality and active movement of fish. [source] Ricochet of a Bullet in the Spinal Canal: A Case Report and Review of the Literature on Bullet MigrationJOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, Issue 5 2010Audrey Farrugia M.D. Abstract:, Ricochet of a bullet in the spinal canal is well known by neurosurgeons but relatively not a common event in usual medico-legal autopsy practice. This article presents a homicide case of a penetrating gunshot injury of the lumbar spine through the T12-L1 intervertebral foramen with active movement of the projectile within the spinal canal to the L5-S1 level. This case illustrates a bullet intradural and intramedullary active movement because of a ricochet of the body of T12 with active redirection of the path. In the current literature, different types of migration in caudal or cranial direction, intradural, or intramedullary are reported. If spontaneous migration of T10 to S1 seems to be more frequent, some authors reported a C1 to S2 migration. Such migration could be asymptomatic or induce neurological impairment. The medico-legal consequences of these migrations within the spinal canal are described. [source] Cytoskeletal Changes in Oocytes and Early Embryos During in vitro Fertilization Process in MiceANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 1 2010E. Gumus Summary The cytoskeleton plays crucial roles in the development and fertilization of germ cells and in the early embryo development. The growth, maturation and fertilization of oocytes require an active movement and a correct localization of cellular organelles. This is performed by the re-organization of microtubules and actin filaments. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the changes in cytoskeleton during in vitro fertilization process using appropriate immunofluorescence techniques. While the chromatin content was found to be scattered throughout the nucleus during the oocyte maturation period, it was seen only around nucleolus following the completion of the maturation. Microtubules, during oocyte maturation, were regularly distributed throughout the ooplasm which was then localized in the subcortical region of oocytes. Similarly microfilaments were scattered throughout the ooplasm during the oocyte maturation period whereas they were seen in the subcortical region around the polar body and above the meiotic spindle throughout the late developmental stages. In conclusion, those changes occurred in microtubules and microfilaments might be closely related to the re-organization of the genetic material during the oocyte maturation and early embryo development. [source] Diurnal and oviposition-related changes in heart rate, body temperature and locomotor activity of laying hensANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2004Ashraf M. KHALIL ABSTRACT Diurnal and oviposition patterns of heart rate (HR), deep body temperature (BT) and locomotor activity (LA) in conscious and unrestrained Rhode Island Red hens were studied by a radiotelemetry system. Behavioral observations were also made on diurnal changes and during the pre- and post-laying period. Heart rate, BT and LA showed characteristic diurnal changes synchronized with a photoperiod of 15 h light and 9 h dark. In the light period, HR, BT, and LA levels were significantly higher than in the dark period (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the highest levels of these parameters were recorded just after they were fed (08.30 hours), while the lowest level was measured after lights-off and remained stable throughout the dark period. Behavioral observations indicated that during the light period the hens spent most of their time in very active movement, exhibiting various behavioral patterns. However, in the dark period the hens spent almost all their time resting. The present results suggest that performing various behavioral activities cause heat generated by muscle exertion, which plays a significant role in daily HR, BT, and LA in laying hens. However, during the 60 min before and after oviposition, LA appeared to have increased steadily toward the moment of laying, and then regressed gradually in the post-laying period to a level significantly lower than in the pre-laying period (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the pre-laying behavior of hens indicated extreme restlessness and more activity, whereas the post-laying period is characterized by less activity and increased relaxation. Consequently, laying behavior has a profound but transitory effect on HR and BT, suggesting that oviposition was probably associated with intense LA. [source] Clinical tests in distinguishing between persons with or without craniomandibular or cervical spinal pain complaintsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 6 2000Corine M. Visscher The recognition of a craniomandibular or cervical spinal pain is usually based upon the pain complaint of the patient, reported during an oral history, and the pain responses provoked in a clinical examination. Often used clinical tests are palpation, and function tests like dynamic/static tests or active movements. The relative importance of these tests for the recognition of the musculoskeletal pain is important. Therefore, it was the aim of the present study to determine which test, or combination of tests, best discriminates between persons with or without craniomandibular and/or cervical spinal pain complaints. Two hundred and fifty persons participated. From each person, a standardized oral history was taken. Then, in a randomized order and using a blind design, physical examinations of the craniomandibular system and of the neck were performed. Forward stepwise logistic regression analyses showed that the dynamic/static tests discriminated better between persons with and without pain complaints than the other tests did. In conclusion, in studies to the coexistence of craniomandibular and cervical spinal pain, it may be a good choice to base the recognition of these disorders on the pain complaints reported in the oral history which are verified by the pain response of the dynamic/static tests. [source] The medial and lateral bellies of gastrocnemius: A cadaveric and ultrasound investigationCLINICAL ANATOMY, Issue 1 2008Tony Antonios Abstract It is commonly reported that the medial belly (MG) of the gastrocnemius muscle extends further distally than the lateral belly (LG). This observation is made in several standard anatomy texts with no explanation or quantitative data. In this study, the medial and lateral bellies of gastrocnemius in 45 embalmed cadavers were measured. The observed difference in length of the two bellies was found to be highly significant (mean difference in length = 1.74 cm, P < 0.001). In 8 out of 84 legs examined (9.5%), however, the MG was found to be shorter than the LG (three right legs, five left legs, bilateral in two individuals). Surprisingly, there was no correlation between the difference in muscle belly length in any individual and ipsilateral leg length or total body length, suggesting that the difference in belly length may be unrelated to biomechanical function. An ultrasound investigation into the activity pattern of the two bellies was carried out on five volunteers. Muscle activity was monitored during passive and active movements of the ankle and knee joints at different leg positions. During knee flexion and ankle plantarflexion, the LG contracted first in four of the five subjects, followed by the MG, then a period of either LG predomination or equal contraction. The fifth subject, who showed a reversed pattern of activity, had previously suffered an inversion injury of the ankle. We suggest that the initial activation of the LG may help to stabilize the ankle during plantarflexion. We found no evidence that gastrocnemius acts as a shunt muscle during distraction of the knee. Clin. Anat. 21:66,74, 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Well-being among children and adolescents with mobility impairment in relation to demographic data and disability characteristicsACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 5 2005Lena Jemtä Abstract Aim: To describe the well-being of children and adolescents with mobility impairment in relation to demographic data and disability characteristics. Methods: The present study is based on interviews with 141 subjects aged 7 to 18 y with impaired mobility. Perceived overall well-being was measured by a nine-grade visual scale, the Snoopy scale. Independence or dependence was evaluated by the Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living. Motor capacity was assessed with an instrument including active movements, rapidity, locomotion and balance as well as the presence and localization of pain. Results: Since there were no significant differences in well-being regarding the diagnostic-related group, additional disorder/disability or the degree of disability, the impairment per se did not necessarily influence well-being negatively. Even though the majority of the children and adolescents in the study indicated a high level of well-being, several risk factors for a lower level of well-being were identified: greater age, not living with both parents, being a first-generation immigrant, having an acquired disease/injury and experience of pain. Conclusion: These findings increase our limited knowledge of well-being among children/adolescents with mobility impairment and provide a basis for effective care and future research. [source] | |||||||||||||