Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Control Study (control + study)
Kinds of Control Study Selected AbstractsHealth-related utility among adults with atopic dermatitis treated with 0·1% tacrolimus ointment as maintenance therapy over the long term: findings from the Protopic® CONTROL studyBRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2009C.D. Poole Summary Background, Long-term maintenance treatment with 0·1% tacrolimus ointment for the prevention of flares has been demonstrated to be well tolerated and effective in adults for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) but its impact on health-related utility has not been reported. Objectives, The purpose of this study was to estimate utility changes associated with the use of tacrolimus ointment in the maintenance treatment of adults with AD. Methods, Data were collected from a clinical trial investigating long-term maintenance treatment with 0·1% tacrolimus ointment in adults with AD. All patients were treated with twice-daily tacrolimus ointment during an open-label period (OLP) of up to 6 weeks, with subsequent randomization to a double-blind disease-control period (DCP) of 12 months comparing tacrolimus ointment, used twice weekly as maintenance treatment, vs. the emollient vehicle as standard treatment. Health-related utility (EQ-5Dindex) was estimated by Monte Carlo simulation from SF-12 responses by application of a published response mapping algorithm and the U.K. tariff for EQ-5D responses and SF-6D responses, respectively. Results, Evaluable data were available for 257 patients stratified into mild, moderate or severe AD with a median age at screening of 28 years [interquartile range (IQR) 22,38] and 40% male. At screening the median EQ-5Dindex across the strata was 0·848 units (IQR 0·704,0·882) for mild cases, 0·796 (0·737,0·876) for moderate cases, and 0·760 (0·661,0·823, P < 0·001) for those with severe disease. At the end of the OLP, mean utility improvement across all strata was 0·027 [95% confidence interval (CI) ,0·011 to 0·065, P = 0·165] for mild cases, 0·046 (95% CI 0·015,0·064, P = 0·002) for moderate cases and 0·076 (95% CI 0·035,0·118, P < 0·001) for those with severe disease. At the end of the blinded DCP, repeated measures analysis showed an age- and sex-adjusted mean change of 0·045 units (P < 0·001) for subjects treated with tacrolimus ointment over those treated with emollient vehicle. Conclusions, Patients with AD of all severities showed considerable decrements in health-related utility. However, treatment with 0·1% tacrolimus ointment was associated with clinically significant improvement in health-related utility for patients with moderate and severe AD, which was sustained over a 12-month maintenance period compared with those using standard treatment with an emollient vehicle. [source] Rejoinder to "Modification of the Computational Procedure in Parker and Bregman's Method of Calculating Sample Size from Matched Case,Control Studies with a Dichotomous Exposure"BIOMETRICS, Issue 4 2005Robert A. Parker No abstract is available for this article. [source] High Risk of Reading Disability and Speech Sound Disorder in Rolandic Epilepsy Families: Case,Control StudyEPILEPSIA, Issue 12 2007Tara Clarke Summary Purpose: Associations between rolandic epilepsy (RE) with reading disability (RD) and speech sound disorder (SSD) have not been tested in a controlled study. We conducted a case,control study to determine whether (1) RD and SSD odds are higher in RE probands than controls and (2) an RE proband predicts a family member with RD or SSD, hence suggesting a shared genetic etiology for RE, RD, and SSD. Methods: Unmatched case,control study with 55 stringently defined RE cases, 150 controls in the same age range lacking a primary brain disorder diagnosis, and their siblings and parents. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated by multiple logistic regression, adjusted for sex and age, and for relatives, also adjusted for comorbidity of RD and SSD in the proband. Results: RD was strongly associated with RE after adjustment for sex and age: OR 5.78 (95% CI: 2.86,11.69). An RE proband predicts RD in family members: OR 2.84 (95% CI: 1.38,5.84), but not independently of the RE proband's RD status: OR 1.30 (95% CI: 0.55,12.79). SSD was also comorbid with RE: adjusted OR 2.47 (95%CI: 1.22,4.97). An RE proband predicts SSD in relatives, even after controlling for sex, age and proband SSD comorbidity: OR 4.44 (95% CI: 1.93,10.22). Conclusions: RE is strongly comorbid with RD and SSD. Both RD and SSD are likely to be genetically influenced and may contribute to the complex genetic etiology of the RE syndrome. Siblings of RE patients are at high risk of RD and SSD and both RE patients and their younger siblings should be screened early. [source] Socioeconomic Prognosis after a Newly Diagnosed Unprovoked Epileptic Seizure in Adults: A Population-based Case,Control StudyEPILEPSIA, Issue 10 2002Hans Lindsten Summary: , Purpose: To investigate the socioeconomic prognosis after a newly diagnosed unprovoked epileptic seizure in adults. Methods: Sixty-three patients 17 years or older with a newly diagnosed unprovoked epileptic seizure from 1985 through 1987 and 107 sex- and age- matched controls were followed up for 10 years to 1996. Studied variables were income, source of income, sickness periods, incapacity rate, diagnosis-specific incapacity rate, vocational status, and education. Results: Relative growth of income was similar between patients and controls during follow-up. Patients had lower income than did controls 2 years before seizure onset and during the entire follow-up. This was related to higher morbidity among patients, as measured by sickness periods and incapacity rate. Employment rates did not evolve negatively among patients after seizure onset and were close to employment rates of controls during follow-up time. There was no difference between patients and controls regarding education. Conclusions: After a newly diagnosed unprovoked epileptic seizure in adults, no negative development regarding employment and education occurs. Income development is positive unless refractory seizures evolve. However, income is lower among patients with epilepsy than among controls, and this difference can be related to overall morbidity. [source] Association Between Migraine and Headache Attributed to Stroke: A Case,Control StudyHEADACHE, Issue 10 2008Katiuscia Nardi MD Background., Several studies were carried out to investigate the occurrence of headache attributed to acute stroke in patients with a lifetime history of migraine. Methods., In a case,control series of 96 acute stroke patients with a lifetime history of migraine (M+) and 96 stroke patients without (M,), ischemic stroke patients only, without secondary infarction, were selected. The headache attributed to acute ischemic stroke was then analyzed. Results., (M+) patients complained of headache more often than (M,) patients (P < .0001), mainly in the 24 hours before stroke onset (P < .0001). Migraine-like features of headache were recognized in a greater proportion of cases in the (M+) patient group with ischemic stroke (P < .018). A preferential brainstem location of ischemic stroke in (M+) patients emerged compared with (M,) patients (P = .014). Discussion., The high prevalence of headache attributed to stroke in (M+) patients, in a relevant proportion of cases presenting as a sentinel headache, suggests that cerebral ischemia lowers the threshold for head pain more easily in these "susceptible" patients. The most frequent involvement of the brainstem in (M+) patients with ischemic infarction concurs with recent reports that emphasized a greater headache frequency when cerebral infarctions are localized in this structure or deep brain gray matter. [source] Low Leptin Levels in Migraine: A Case Control StudyHEADACHE, Issue 7 2008Baburhan Guldiken MD Background., Obesity has been shown to be a risk factor for transformation of episodic migraine to chronic form, and adipocytokines have been implicated to modulate some of the cytokins such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor, which also act in the neurogenic inflammation in migraine. The aim of the study was to assess leptin levels, one of the adipocytokines, in headache-free period of migraine patients and investigate its relation to vascular risk factors. Material and Methods., Sixty-one patients with episodic migraine headaches and 64 control subjects were enrolled in the study. Demographic data and anthropometric measurements were obtained from all participants; body mass index and fat mass values were calculated. Glucose and lipid parameters were measured by oxidase technique and cholesterol esterase enzymatic assays, and leptin levels were measured by ELISA in serum samples obtained after an overnight fasting. Results., Leptin levels were found significantly lower in migraineurs than controls (40.1 ± 21.2 ng/mL, 48.5 ± 24.5 ng/mL; P < .05). Although body mass index did not differ between 2 groups, fat mass, and fat percentages were significantly lower in migraine patients (19.4 ± 8.8 kg, 26.0 ± 8.7 kg; P < .001 and 28 ± 9%, 34 ± 5%; P < .001, respectively). Conclusion., Migraine patients have low leptin levels and fat mass which may be related to the pathogenesis of migraine. The importance and impact of our findings on the prevalence, characteristics, and treatment of migraine needs to be investigated in further detailed studies. [source] Midterm Results of Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery in 136 Patients: An Angiographic Control StudyJOURNAL OF CARDIAC SURGERY, Issue 1 2006Hakki Kazaz M.D. This study summarizes the midterm results of 136 off-pump bypass surgery patients. Methods: Between January 2000 and March 2002, out of 178 surgical myocardial revascularizations, 136 (76.4%) were off-pump bypass surgery. Complete revascularization was done and especially arterial grafts were used. All patients were followed clinically and with treadmill test for 2 years. Average control angiography was performed at the end of 2-year follow-up. Results: Of all the patients, 56.7% were male and the mean age of the patients was 63.6 ± 7.4 years. A total of 481 anastomoses were performed,136 (28.27%) to the left anterior descending artery (LAD), 135 (28.07%) to the circumflex coronary artery (Cx) branches, 102 (21.20%) to the right coronary artery (RCA), 108 (22.46%) to the D,. The mean graft number was 3.46. We used 96.6% of patients' left internal mammarian artery (LITA), 29.2% radial artery (RA), 4.4% right internal thoracic artery (RITA), and 100% saphenous vein. There were ischemic changes within 12 patients. All ischemic changes came back to normal within 4 and 18 hours, postoperatively. Mean extubation time was 5.36 ± 2.23 hours, mean stay in intensive care unit was 17.53 ± 3.15 hours, mean hospital stay was 5.03 ± 1.29 days. The LITA patency was 99.25%, RA patency was 97.84%, RITA patency was 100%, and saphenous vein patency was 91.79% with control angiography. Conclusion: Off-pump coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is efficient procedure with lower index of mortality, morbidity, ICU stay, hospital stay, good wound healing, early socialization, and results in lower costs. [source] GABRA2 and Alcohol Use Disorders: No Evidence of an Association in an Italian Case,Control StudyALCOHOLISM, Issue 4 2010Nicoletta Onori Background:, Alcoholism is a major health and social issue, a highly frequent disease and a cause of premature death. It is also the most expensive addictive disorder being related to high morbidity and mortality, violence, accidents, and social and legal problems. It is a quantitative disorder, where the combined incidence of environmental and multiple genetic factors varies from 1 subject to another. Recent association studies have identified several genes as candidates for alcoholism, including GABAA receptor genes, due to their role in mediating several behavioral effects of alcohol, such as motor incoordination, anxiolysis, sedation, and withdrawal. The proposed association between the 3, half of the gene encoding the alpha-2 subunit of GABA receptor (3,-GABRA2) and alcohol use disorders (AUDs) has received several independent confirmations. Methods:, In this study, 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the 3,-GABRA2 gene, previously reported to be implicated in alcohol dependence, were used to evaluate the linkage between selected SNPs and AUDs in an Italian sample and to compare findings with those of previous studies. Results:, No evidence of an association was found at the allele, genotype, haplotype, or diplotype levels between the 3,-GABRA2 polymorphisms investigated and alcoholism in 149 Italian alcoholics (98 alcohol dependents and 51 alcohol abusers) and 278 controls. Conclusions:, Despite previous reports, we did not find an association between AUDs and 3,-GABRA2 polymorphisms. This is probably due to the minimal comorbidity of our Italian sample suggesting that this gene is implicated in polysubstance dependence rather than in alcoholism alone. [source] Beginning IVF Treatments After Age 30 Increases the Risk of Breast Cancer: Results of a Case,Control StudyTHE BREAST JOURNAL, Issue 6 2008Daniela Katz MD Abstract:, The long-term risks of in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment remain unclear. This study was designed to determine breast cancer risk factors in women who underwent IVF, and to establish characteristics of these tumors. Records of 7,162 consecutive women who underwent IVF at a single center between 1984 and 2002 were linked with the Israel Cancer Registry to identify women who developed breast cancer. IVF-related parameters were compared between 28 breast cancer patients who had undergone IVF (IVF BC) and for whom complete IVF data were available with 140 women who underwent IVF and did not develop breast cancer (IVF non-BC). Tumor parameters were compared between 38 patients who developed breast cancer after IVF and 114 age-matched breast cancer patients who did not undergo IVF (non-IVF BC). Age over 30 at the time of first IVF treatment, even after controlling for age at first birth, was the only parameter significantly associated with increased breast cancer risk (RR = 1.24, p = 0.02, 95% CI = 1.03,1.48). There were no differences between IVF-BC and IVF non-BC patients in all other IVF-related parameters. The only statistically significant difference in tumors developing in IVF-BC patients compared with non-IVF BC patients was in grade distribution, particularly for grade II tumors. However, the significance of such a difference is unclear. Women who start IVF after the age of 30 appear to be at increased risk of developing breast cancer. The characteristics of breast tumors in women who underwent IVF are no different than in patients without previous exposure to IVF. [source] SHORT COMMUNICATION: Recurrent Pregnancy Loss and Apolipoprotein E Gene Polymorphisms: A Case,Control Study from North IndiaAMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Meenal Agarwal Citation Agarwal M, Parveen F, Faridi RM, Phadke SR, Das V, Agrawal S. Recurrent pregnancy loss and apolipoprotein E gene polymorphisms: a case,control study from North India. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 64: 172,178 Problem, The role of apolipoprotein E gene polymorphisms in the etiology of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is not clearly understood. We evaluated this polymorphism in unexplained pregnancy losses among North Indian women. Method of study, In a retrospective case,control study, 200 well-characterized RPL cases were examined for their APO-E genotypes based on restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of PCR-amplified fragments including amino acid positions 112 and 158. The observed genotypes were compared with those obtained from an equal number of ethnically matched negative controls. Results, We found similar APO-E genotypes and E2, E3, and E4 allele frequency distribution among RPL patients and controls. The allele frequencies obtained in patients and controls respectively were as follows: E2 = 7.5% and 9.0% (P = 0.52; OR = 0.81; 95%CI = 0.49,1.35), E3 = 89.7% and 90% (P = 1.00; OR = 0.97; 95%CI = 0.61,1.54), and E4 = 2.8% and 1% (P = 0.12; OR = 2.79; 95%CI = 0.88,8.86). Conclusions, Our data did not support the association of APO-E gene polymorphisms with recurrent pregnancy loss as reported by some of the previous studies. We endorse adequate characterization of RPL cases, inclusion of appropriate negative controls, and adequate sample size prior to addressing such studies. [source] ORIGINAL ARTICLE: A Prospective Case,Control Study Analyzes 12 Thrombophilic Gene Mutations in Turkish Couples with Recurrent Pregnancy LossAMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 2 2010Gonca Imir Yenicesu Citation Yenicesu GI, Cetin M, Ozdemir O, Cetin A, Ozen F, Yenicesu C, Yildiz C, Kocak N. A prospective case,control study analyzes 12 thrombophilic gene mutations in Turkish couples with recurrent pregnancy loss. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63: 126,136 Problem, Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is a heterogeneous disorder. The contribution of specific thrombophilic genes to the pathophysiology of RPL has remained controversial. We evaluated the prevalences of 12 thrombophilic gene mutations among homogenous Caucasian couples with RPL and fertiles. Method of study, This was a prospective case,control study evaluating 272 women with RPL and 152 of their male partners, and a control group of 56 fertile couples. We investigated mutations including FV Leiden, factor V H1299R, factor II prothrombin G20210A, F XIII V34L, ,-fibrinogen ,455G>A, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, GPIIIa L33P (HPA-1 a/b L33P), MTHFR C677T, MTHFR A1298C, ACE I/D, Apo B R3500Q, and Apo E. Results, Overall, heterozygous mutations of FV Leiden, FXIII V34L, GPIIIa L33P, Apo E4, and prothrombin G20210A and homozygous mutations of PAI-1and MTHFR C677T were associated with RPL. There was no meaningful association between RPL and other studied genes. Conclusion, In contrast to the other mutations and polymorphisms, FV Leiden, FXIII V34L, GPIIIa L33P, Apo E, prothrombin G20210A, PAI-1 and MTHFR C677T gene mutations may help to identify the couples at risk for recurrent pregnancy loss. [source] Increased Incidence of Colorectal Malignancies in Renal Transplant Recipients: A Case Control StudyAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 9 2010J. M. Park This study was to evaluate the frequency of colorectal neoplasia in renal transplant recipients and to investigate the association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. We compared the frequency of colorectal neoplasia among renal transplant recipients with that of the healthy subjects. Specimens of colorectal neoplasia were examined for EBV and CMV using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Of 796 renal transplantation cohorts, 315 were enrolled. The frequency of colorectal neoplasia among the patients was 22.9%. Compared with the healthy subjects, the odds ratio (OR) for advanced adenoma was 3.32 (95% CI, 1.81,6.10). The frequency of cancer among the patients was 1.9% (OR, 12.0; 95% CI, 1.45,99.7). A long interval between transplantation and colonoscopy was a significant factor in the development of advanced colorectal neoplasia. EBV positivity was detected in 30.6% of colorectal neoplasia specimens from renal transplant recipients, which was higher than that for the controls (p = 0.002). CMV was not detected in any lesions of patients or controls. In conclusion, renal transplant recipients have a significantly increased risk of advanced colorectal neoplasia. EBV was more frequently found in specimens of advanced colorectal neoplasm obtained from the renal transplant recipients. [source] Haplotypes in the tumour necrosis factor region and myelomaBRITISH JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 3 2005Gareth J. Morgan Summary This study described the haplotypic structure across a region of chromosome 6 including the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) gene, and investigated its influence on the aetiology of myeloma. A total of 181 myeloma cases from the Medical Research Council Myeloma VII trial and 233 controls from the Leukaemia Research Fund Case Control Study of Adult Acute Leukaemia were included in the analysis. Genotyping by induced heteroduplex generator analysis was carried out for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) located at positions ,1031, ,863, ,857, ,308 and ,238 of the 5, promoter region of TNF- , gene, and 252 in the LT- , gene; and five microsatellites, TNFa, b, c, d and e. Haplotypes were inferred statistically using the phase algorithm. A limited diversity of haplotypes was observed, with the majority of variation described by 12 frequent haplotypes. Detailed characterization of the haplotype did not provide greater determination of disease risk beyond that described by the TNF- ,,308 SNP. Some evidence was provided for a decreased risk of myeloma associated with the TNF- ,,308 variant allele A, odds ratio, 0·57; 95% confidence interval, 0·38,0·86. The results of this study did not support our starting hypothesis; that high producer haplotypes at the TNF locus are associated with an increased risk of developing myeloma. [source] Long-Term Efficacy of Subcutaneous Sweat Gland Suction Curettage for Axillary Hyperhidrosis: A Prospective Gravimetrically Controlled StudyDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 9 2008STEPHANIE DARABANEANU PHD BACKGROUND Subcutaneous sweat gland suction curettage (SSGSC) is gaining acceptance as a therapy for axillary hyperhidrosis. Despite its acceptance, there remains a lack of prospective data describing the efficacy and long-term outcome of SSGSC. OBJECTIVE We examined the sweat rates and patients' satisfaction of 12 months following SGSC in 28 patients with axillary hyperhidrosis. METHODS Axillary sweat rates were determined by semiquantitative gravimetry. A questionnaire was used to determine patients' satisfaction. RESULTS A 58% reduction in sweat rate under resting conditions and an 85% reduction during aerobic exercise in sweat rates was observed. A subdivision of patients into three groups based on their baseline preoperative sweat rates (<25, 25,50, and >50 mg/min) showed that patients with resting sweat rates over 25 mg/min benefited particularly from this procedure, whereas patients with less than 25 mg/min did not. CONCLUSION SSGSC produces a significant reduction in the preoperative sweat rates. A low complication rate and a high degree of patient satisfaction were observed. Long-term follow-up evaluations demonstrate a low number of relapses, making SSGSC a convenient and satisfactory method of treating axillary hyperhidrosis. It should be considered in patients refractory to conventional therapies with baseline sweat rates greater than 25 mg/min. [source] Kidney Transplantation from Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Positive Donors into Hepatitis B Surface Antibody Positive Recipients: A Prospective Nonrandomized Controlled Study from a Single CenterAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 8 2009H. Jiang The number of patients on renal transplant waiting list is increasing rapidly in many countries, exacerbating the shortage of organs. We conducted a study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of deceased-donor kidney transplantation from hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive (+) donors into hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs)-positive (+) recipients. Sixty-five patients received grafts from HBsAg(+) donors, and 308 subjects received grafts from HBsAg-negative(,) donors. Posttransplantation, recipients with HBsAg(,) grafts or HBsAg(+) grafts received 400 U of hepatitis B immunoglobulin once and twice, respectively. The seven recipients who received grafts from hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA(+) donors were treated with hepatitis B immunoglobulin 400 U weekly for 3 months and lamivudine 100 mg daily for 6 months. All patients were monitored for liver function and hepatitis B viral status. The follow-up period was 38.7 ± 15.4 months. Although two recipients developed de novo HBV infection, neither patient developed severe liver dysfunction nor died. The incidence of liver injury (39/65 vs. 207/308, chi-square test, p > 0.05) and survival (log-rank test, p > 0.05) did not differ between the groups. We conclude that anti-HBs(+) recipients receiving HBsAg(+) grafts did as well as those receiving HBsAg(,) grafts. [source] A Randomized, Double-blind Controlled Study of Jet Lidocaine Compared to Jet Placebo for Pain Relief in Children Undergoing Needle Insertion in the Emergency DepartmentACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 5 2009Marc Auerbach MD Abstract Objectives:, The objectives were to determine whether pretreatment with needleless jet-delivered lidocaine decreases self-reported pain in children undergoing needle insertion in the emergency department (ED) and to explore whether pretreatment with a jet device decreases self-reported pain in children undergoing needle insertion in the ED. Methods:, This study examined needle insertion pain in children 5,18 years of age. In the first phase of this study, children received either pretreatment with jet-delivered lidocaine (0.2 mL of buffered 1% lidocaine; n = 75) or pretreatment with jet-delivered placebo (0.2 mL of preservative-free normal saline; n = 75) 60 seconds before undergoing needle insertion. This phase of the study had a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. In the second phase, an unblinded, nonconcurrent, nonintervention control group (n = 47) was examined to describe any effect of using the jet device. Patients reported pain upon administration of the jet device and at needle insertion using a 100-mm color analog scale (CAS). Patients also reported their satisfaction with this device. The physicians and nurses performing needle insertions were asked to rate their ability to visualize the vein and their satisfaction with the device. Results:, The mean (±standard deviation [SD]) needle insertion pain score for jet lidocaine, 28 (±7) mm, was similar to the mean needle insertion pain score for jet placebo, 34 (±7) mm. The mean needle insertion pain score for both the jet lidocaine and the jet placebo groups were lower than the needle insertion pain scores for the no device group, 52 (±8) mm. The majority of patients receiving the jet device reported that they would request this device for future needle insertions. Providers' ratings of their ability to visualize veins and the patient cooperation were similar in all three groups. Conclusions:, Jet-delivered lidocaine is no more effective than jet-delivered placebo in providing local anesthesia for needle insertion. Jet lidocaine and jet placebo may provide superior analgesia compared to no local anesthetic pretreatment. [source] Inflammatory bowel disease is linked to 19p13 and associated with ICAM-1INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, Issue 3 2004Jin Hong Low Abstract Genome-wide scans have implicated several susceptibility loci, but linkage of 19p13 (IBD6) to Crohn's disease (CD) has not been fully replicated. We report a replication study of IBD6 in a UK Caucasian population. Two hundred eighty-four affected sibling pairs from 234 families were used for the linkage study. Linkage between IBD6 linkage and CD was replicated (LOD score = 1.59). Two candidate genes (DDXL and ICAM-1) within the IBD6 locus were examined in a case/control study with a total of 228 CD and 243 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and 407 healthy controls. No association to either UC or CD was found in three novel intronic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DDXL. For ICAM-1, a significant association was found between K469 homozygosity and CD overall (39.9% vs 29.4%; Pc = 0.0096) and between E469 and fistulating disease (21.8% vs 10.0%, Pc = 0.030). In the UC group, limited disease extent was associated with homozygosity of the G241 allele (82.7% vs 64.7%, Pc = 0.0040). These data support linkage for CD at 19p13 and suggest that the amino acid polymorphisms in ICAM-1 may be associated with IBD. [source] Population-based case,control study of oral ketoconazole treatment for birth outcomesCONGENITAL ANOMALIES, Issue 1 2005Zoltán Kazy ABSTRACT The objective of the study presented here was to check the effect of oral ketoconazole treatment on fetal development. Ketoconazole has been given a teratogenic classification of C by the US Food and Drug Administration, but human controlled epidemiological studies of the treatment's effects have not been reported. The occurrence of ketoconazole use in the second to third months of gestation was compared between cases with congenital abnormalities and their matched controls in the large population-based data set of the Hungarian Case,Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities, 1980,1996. Birth weight and gestational age were evaluated in control newborn infants born to mothers with or without ketoconazole treatment. The case group comprised 22 843 cases with congenital abnormalities, while the control group contained 38 151 newborn infants without any defects. Six infants (0.03%) and 12 controls (0.03%) had mothers who had received oral ketoconazole treatment (prevalence odds ratio: with 95% confidence interval: 0.8, 0.3,2.2). No group of infants with congenital abnormalities had mothers with a higher incidence of use of the drug. The mean gestational age was somewhat longer while birth weight was somewhat larger in controls with ketoconazole treated mothers. Our study failed to demonstrate a higher rate of congenital abnormalities in infants with mothers who had received oral ketoconazole treatment during pregnancy. [source] Characterization of the polysensitized patient: a matched case,control studyCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 1 2009Berit Christina Carlsen Background: Polysensitization ( , 3 contact allergies) may be regarded as a special entity in patients with contact allergies. However, this group of polysensitized patients is poorly characterized. Filaggrin mutations are associated with atopic eczema and lead to impaired skin barrier which may predispose to contact allergy. Therefore, it is of interest to consider atopic eczema and contact allergies, especially in patients with multiple allergies. Objective: To characterize polysensitized patients regarding occurrence, duration and course of dermatitis, and examine potential risk factors for polysensitization, including atopic eczema. Methods: A questionnaire case,control study of 562 polysensitized and 1124 single/double-sensitized individuals was performed. Results: The results show that 45% of polysensitized and 31% of single/double-sensitized patients had or had had atopic eczema, and atopic eczema was identified as a risk factor for polysensitization. Patients with leg ulcer constituted only a minor part of the polysensitized group and leg ulcers were not identified as a risk factor for polysensitization in this study. The influence of contact allergies on duration and course of disease diverged between the group of patients with atopic eczema and the group without atopic eczema. Conclusion: Patients with atopic eczema were overrepresented in the group of polysensitized patients and polysensitized patients should be viewed in the light of occurrence or lack of atopic eczema. [source] Genetic variation in D7S1875 repeat polymorphism of leptin gene is associated with increased risk for depression: a case-control study from IndiaDEPRESSION AND ANXIETY, Issue 9 2009Manav Kapoor M.Sc. Abstract Background: Epidemiologic data suggest an association between obesity and depression, however findings vary considerably across different studies. Both depression and obesity are disabling disorders associated with loss over appetite control, influenced by genetic and environmental factors and are risk factors for diseases like hypertension, cardiovascular disorders, etc. This study attempts to establish a link between the symptoms of depression, metabolic disorders, and obesity, to unravel the underlying association/s. Methods: This exploratory case,control study comprises 133 clinically diagnosed depressed individuals and 136 age matched controls. DNA from all 269 subjects was genotyped for D7S1875 repeat polymorphism in the promoter region of Leptin (LEP) gene using polymerase chain reaction. Results: Frequency of the shorter allele of D7S1875 (<208,bp) was 0.73 in the depressive group versus 0.67 in the control group (P=.01). Cases homozygous for D7S1875,208,bp alleles had significantly higher value of systolic (130 versus 122; P<.009) and diastolic (85.4 versus 81; P=.01) blood pressure (SBP and DBP) than the individuals homozygous for<208,bp allele. A similar trend was observed for SBP (127.8 versus 123.6; P=.03) among controls homozygous for the longer or the shorter allele. Thus, the LEP gene appears to be an important genetic determinant for susceptibility to depression in the Indian population (OR=1.4913, 95% CI=1.0334,2.1522; P=.04). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that LEP gene variants could be related to depression and associated co-morbidities such as hypertension. Depression and Anxiety, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Intrapartum fever and chorioamnionitis as risks for encephalopathy in term newborns: a case,control studyDEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE & CHILD NEUROLOGY, Issue 1 2008Heidi K Blume MD MPH In this study we examined the relationship between diagnoses of isolated intrapartum fever or chorioamnionitis and the risk of encephalopathy in term newborns. We conducted a population-based, case,control study in Washington State using 1994 to 2002 linked data from the Washington State Birth Registry and the Comprehensive Hospital Abstract Reporting System (CHARS). We identified 1060 singleton, term newborns (602 males, 458 females) with International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9) diagnoses consistent with encephalopathy, and 5330 unaffected control newborns (2756 males, 2574 females). Intrapartum fever was defined by a diagnosis of intrapartum temperature of >38°C in the birth registry or CHARS databases. Chorioamnionitis was defined using ICD-9 diagnoses recorded in CHARS. We identified 2.2 cases of encephalopathy per 1000 births. Isolated intrapartum fever was associated with a 3.1-fold (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.3-4.2) increased risk of newborn encephalopathy. Chorioamnionitis was associated with a 5.4-fold (95% CI 3.6-7.8) increased risk of encephalopathy. We found that isolated intrapartum fever and chorioamnionitis were independently associated with an increased risk of encephalopathy in term infants. Our data also indicate that there is a spectrum of risk for encephalopathy in term infants exposed to intrapartum fever. Infants born to women with signs of chorioamnionitis other than isolated intrapartum fever may be at higher risk of encephalopathy than those exposed only to isolated intrapartum fever. [source] Lifetime depression and diabetes self-management in women with Type 2 diabetes: a case,control studyDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 6 2010J. A. Wagner Diabet. Med. 27, 713,717 (2010) Abstract Aims, Little is known about the association between lifetime history of major depressive disorder (L-MDD) and diabetes self-management, particularly when depression is remitted. We examined the association between L-MDD and diabetes self-management in women with Type 2 diabetes who were not depressed at the time of assessment. Methods, L-MDD was assessed with structured psychiatric interview. Participants completed paper-and-pencil measures of demographics, diabetes-related distress, self-care behaviours, healthcare utilization and diabetes self-efficacy. Results, One-hundred and fifty-three women participated; 41% had L-MDD. Compared with their never-depressed counterparts, women with L-MDD had more diabetes distress, reported lower overall rates of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and greater tendency to skip SMBG, had lower diet adherence and were less likely to have seen a primary care provider in the past year. Diabetes self-efficacy mediated the relationship between L-MDD and self-management. Conclusions, Interventions to promote self-management for patients with L-MDD may be warranted. [source] Gene,gene interactions between HNF4A and KCNJ11 in predicting Type 2 diabetes in womenDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 11 2007L. Qi Abstract Aims Recent studies indicate transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4, (HNF-4,, HNF4A) modulates the transcription of the pancreatic B-cell ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel subunit Kir6.2 gene (KCNJ11). Both HNF4A and KCNJ11 have previously been associated with diabetes risk but little is known whether the variations in these genes interact with each other. Methods We conducted a prospective, nested case,control study of 714 incident cases of Type 2 diabetes and 1120 control subjects from the Nurses' Health Study. Results KCNJ11 E23K was significantly associated with an increased diabetes risk (odds ratio 1.26, 95% CI 1.03,1.53) while HNF4A P2 promoter polymorphisms were associated with a moderately increased risk at borderline significance. By using a logistic regression model, we found significant interactions between HNF4A rs2144908, rs4810424 and rs1884613 and KCNJ11 E23K (P for interaction = 0.017, 0.012 and 0.004, respectively). Carrying the minor alleles of the three HNF4A polymorphisms was associated with significantly greater diabetes risk in women carrying the KCNJ11 allele 23K, but not in those who did not carry this allele. Analyses using the multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) method confirmed the gene,gene interaction. We identified that the best interaction model included HNF4A rs2144908 and KCNJ11 E23K. Such a two-locus model showed the maximum cross-validation consistency of 10 out of 10 and a significant prediction accuracy of 54.2% (P = 0.01) on the basis of 1000-fold permutation testing. Conclusions Our data indicate that HNF4A P2 promoter polymorphisms may interact with KCNJ11 E23K in predicting Type 2 diabetes in women. [source] Low serum concentration of sulfatide and presence of sulfated lactosylceramid are associated with Type 2 diabetes.DIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 9 2005The Skaraborg Project Abstract Aims The glycosphingolipid sulfatide (sulfated galactosyl-ceramide) increases exocytosis of ,-cell secretory granules, activates KATP -channels and is thereby able to influence insulin secretion through its presence in the islets. A closely related compound, sulfated lactosylceramide (sulf-lac-cer), is present in the islets during fetal and neonatal life when, as in Type 2 diabetes, insulin is secreted autonomically without the usual first phase response to glucose. The aim was to examine whether serum concentrations of these glycolipids are associated with Type 2 diabetes. Methods A case,control study, comprising 286 women and 283 men, was designed using a population-based sample of patients with Type 2 diabetes and a population survey. Results Low serum concentrations of sulfatide were associated with Type 2 diabetes, independent of traditional risk factors for diabetes in a sex-specific analysis: odds ratio (OR) 2.1 (95% confidence interval 1.1, 3.9) in men, and 2.3 (1.2, 4.3) in women, comparing the lowest and the highest tertiles. Type 2 diabetes was also associated with detectable amounts of sulf-lac-cer in serum: OR 1.7 (0.9, 3.4) in men, and 7.6 (3.8, 15.2) in women. After adjustment for confounding from other diabetes risk factors, these associations remained basically unchanged. The connections between sulfatide and Type 2 diabetes, and sulf-lac-cer and Type 2 diabetes were independent of each other. Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was negatively correlated with sulfatide concentration and positively correlated with sulf-lac-cer (both P < 0.0001, independently). Conclusions We report a new, robust and highly significant independent association between Type 2 diabetes and serum concentrations of sulfatide in both sexes, and sulf-lac-cer in females. The associations were also independent of other known diabetes risk factors. [source] Association of aldose reductase gene Z+2 polymorphism with reduced susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy in Caucasian Type 1 diabetic patientsDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 8 2004M. Lajer Abstract Aims The Z,2 allele of the (AC)n polymorphism in the aldose reductase gene (ALR2) confers increased risk of microvascular diabetic complications, whereas the Z+2 allele has been proposed to be a marker of protection. However data are conflicting. Therefore, we investigated whether this polymorphism is associated with diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy in Type 1 diabetes mellitus in a large case,control study and a family-based analysis. Methods A total of 431 Type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy and 468 patients with longstanding Type 1 diabetes and persistent normoalbuminuria were genotyped for the case,control study. In addition, 102 case trios and 98 control trios were genotyped for a family-based study. Results Thirteen different alleles were identified. In the case,control study, the Z+2 allele frequency was significantly higher in the normoalbuminuric diabetic than in patients with diabetic nephropathy (0.17 vs. 0.11, P = 0.008), suggesting a protective function of the Z+2 allele. No significant increase in the frequency of the putative risk allele Z,2 was found in patients with diabetic nephropathy vs. controls (0.39 vs. 0.36). No association with diabetic retinopathy was found. Although the results of the transmission of the Z,2 and Z+2 alleles in the independent family-based study were consistent with the association study, the number of informative families was limited and thus differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions The Z+2 allele of the ALR2 promoter polymorphism is associated with a reduced susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy in Danish Type 1 diabetic patients, suggesting a minor role for the polyol pathway in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease. No association of the ALR2 polymorphism with diabetic retinopathy was found. [source] Alveolar bone loss associated with glucose tolerance in Japanese menDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 9 2003T. Marugame Abstract Aims Type 2 diabetes is known to affect alveolar bone loss (ABL). The purpose of this study was to examine whether impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is associated with ABL, as is diabetes. Methods A case,control study was performed with 664 Japanese men aged 46,57 years. Panoramic radiographs revealed 513 severe ABL cases, 22 moderate ABL cases, and 129 controls with good alveolar bone. Diabetes status was classified into normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), IGT, and newly diagnosed diabetes according to the fasting plasma glucose and 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Diabetes under treatment was excluded. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained from ordinal logistic regression analysis. Statistical adjustment was made for total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, rank in the Self Defence Forces (SDF), cigarette-years, alcohol use, body mass index, previous 10 years' brushing habits and instrument use other than toothbrush, and history of periodontal treatment. Results A significant, approximately three-fold increase in the crude OR (crude OR = 3.28; 95% CI = 1.16,9.27) and non-significant 2.6-fold increase in the adjusted OR (adjusted OR = 2.55; 95% CI = 0.86, 7.54) of ABL was observed among men with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes compared with the reference group (NGT combined with IFG). However, there was no association between IGT and ABL (adjusted OR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.59,1.64). Conclusions Type 2 diabetes, but not IGT, was positively associated with ABL. Preventive maintenance against periodontitis is important in middle-aged men with diabetes. [source] Interplay of genetic risk factors and parent monitoring in risk for nicotine dependenceADDICTION, Issue 10 2009Li-Shiun Chen ABSTRACT Background Several studies have found replicable associations between nicotine dependence and specific variants in the nicotinic receptor genes CHRNA5(rs16969968) and CHRNA3(rs3743078). How these newly identified genetic risks combine with known environmental risks is unknown. This study examined whether the level of parent monitoring during early adolescence modified the risk of nicotine dependence associated with these genetic variants. Methods In a cross-sectional case,control study of US-based community sample of 2027 subjects, we use a systematic series of regression models to examine the effect of parent monitoring on risk associated with two distinct variants in the nicotinic receptor genes CHRNA5(rs16969968) and CHRNA3(rs3743078). Results Low parent monitoring as well as the previously identified genetic variants were associated with an increased risk of nicotine dependence. An interaction was found between the SNP(rs16969968) and parent monitoring (P = 0.034). The risk for nicotine dependence increased significantly with the risk genotype of SNP(rs16969968) when combined with lowest-quartile parent monitoring. In contrast, there was no evidence of an interaction between SNP(rs3743078) and parent monitoring (P = 0.80). Conclusions The genetic risk of nicotine dependence associated with rs16969968 was modified by level of parent monitoring, while the genetic risk associated with rs3743078 was not, suggesting that the increased risk due to some genes may be mitigated by environmental factors such as parent monitoring. [source] Emergency nurse practitioner care and emergency department patient flow: Case,control studyEMERGENCY MEDICINE AUSTRALASIA, Issue 4 2006Julie Considine Abstract Objective:, The present study aimed to compare ED waiting times (for medical assessment and treatment), treatment times and length of stay (LOS) for patients managed by an emergency nurse practitioner candidate (ENPC) with patients managed via traditional ED care. Methods:, A case,control design was used. Patients were selected using the three most common ED discharge diagnoses for ENPC managed patients: hand/wrist wounds, hand/wrist fractures and removal of plaster of Paris. The ENPC group (n = 102) consisted of patients managed by the ENPC who had ED discharge diagnoses as mentioned above. The control group (n = 623) consisted of patients with the same ED discharge diagnoses who were managed via traditional ED care. Results:, There were no significant differences in median waiting times, treatment times and ED LOS between ENPC managed patients and patients managed via traditional ED processes. There appeared to be some variability between diagnostic subgroups in terms of treatment times and ED LOS. Conclusion:, Patient flow outcomes for ENPC managed patients are comparable with those of patients managed via usual ED processes. [source] Polymorphisms in innate immunity genes and lung cancer risk in Xuanwei, China,ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS, Issue 4 2009Min Shen Abstract The high incidence of lung cancer in Xuanwei County, China has been attributed to exposure to indoor smoky coal emissions that contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The inflammatory response induced by coal smoke components may promote lung tumor development. We studied the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involved in innate immunity and lung cancer risk in a population-based case,control study (122 cases and 122 controls) in Xuanwei. A total of 1,360 tag SNPs in 149 gene regions were included in the analysis. FCER2 rs7249320 was the most significant SNP (OR: 0.30; 95% CI: 0.16,0.55; P: 0.0001; false discovery rate value, 0.13) for variant carriers. The gene regions ALOX12B/ALOX15B and KLK2 were associated with increased lung cancer risk globally (false discovery rate value <0.15). In addition, there were positive interactions between KLK15 rs3745523 and smoky coal use (OR: 9.40; Pinteraction = 0.07) and between FCER2 rs7249320 and KLK2 rs2739476 (OR: 10.77; Pinteraction = 0.003). Our results suggest that genetic polymorphisms in innate immunity genes may play a role in the genesis of lung cancer caused by PAH-containing coal smoke. Integrin/receptor and complement pathways as well as IgE regulation are particularly noteworthy. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2009. Published 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Pilot scale SO2 control by dry sodium bicarbonate injection and an electrostatic precipitatorENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, Issue 3 2007Michael J. Pilat Abstract A 500 actual cubic feet gas per minute (acfm) pilot-scale SO2 control study was undertaken to investigate flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by dry sodium sorbents in 400°F (204.5°C) flue gases emitted from a coal fired boiler with flue gas concentrations between 350 and 2500 ppm SO2. Powdered sodium alkaline reagents were injected into the hot flue gas downstream of the air preheater and the spent reagents were collected using an electrostatic precipitator. Three different sorbents were used: processed sodium bicarbonate of two particle sizes; solution mined sodium bicarbonate, and processed sodium sesquicarbonate. SO2 concentrations were measured upstream of the reagent injection, 25-ft (7.62 m) downstream of the injection point, and downstream of the electrostatic precipitator. SO2 collection efficiencies ranged from 40 to 80% using sodium bicarbonate stoichiometric ratios from 0.5 to 3.0. Much of the in-duct SO2 removal occurred during the first second of reagent reaction time, indicating that the sulfur dioxide,sodium reaction rates may be faster than have been measured for fixed bed measurements reported in the literature. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2007 [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||