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Context Effects (context + effects)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Psychology	27%
Humanities and Social Sciences	27%

Selected Abstracts

Automobile Reliance Among the Elderly: Race and Spatial Context Effects

GROWTH AND CHANGE, Issue 2 2003
Brigitte Waldorf
To meet their mobility needs, the elderly assign pivotal importance to the automobile despite the potential challenge of driving cessation and searching for alternatives to automobile transportation. Older persons' generally strong reliance on the automobile varies, however, by land use patterns (density) as well as by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. This paper analyzes the effects of spatial context and personal attributes on automobile reliance among the elderly. Using the 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) trip data, two models of automobile reliance among elderly (65+) trip makers are estimated. The results show that spatial context effects of automobile reliance vary by demographic characteristics; in particular, they are more pronounced for black than for white elderly. Moreover, race variation in automobile reliance is strongest in urban locations rather than less dense spatial contexts. Finally, the differentiation between being a passenger rather than a driver is salient in order to understand locational and racial variations in automobile reliance among the elderly. [source]

Context effects in marketing practice: the case of mood

JOURNAL OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR, Issue 4 2004
Georgios A. Bakamitsos
Abstract The role of individuals' affective state on information processing and decision making has attracted the attention of researchers in the social sciences. Building on the findings reported in the literature, the authors examine the effects of mood on marketing practice. Implications for advertising practices as well as the potential manipulation of elements of the physical store/retail environment (atmospherics) in which consumers operate in order to affect behaviour are discussed. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications. [source]

Automobile Reliance Among the Elderly: Race and Spatial Context Effects

Verbal memory improved by D -amphetamine: influence of the testing effect

HUMAN PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL, Issue 5 2010
Inge Zeeuws
Abstract Objective The improvement of long-term retention of verbal memory after an acute administration of D -amphetamine in recall and recognition tasks has been ascribed to an influence of the drug on memory consolidation. Because recent research has demonstrated that intermediate testing is of overriding importance for retention, we investigated whether D -amphetamine modulates the repeated testing effect in verbal long-term recognition. Method Forty men participated in two double blind placebo controlled studies. In Experiment 1, we manipulated the number of recognition tests and in Experiment 2, we compared repeated with nonrepeated testing of the same items. Results Drug effects were observed on delayed tests only, leaving immediate recognition unaffected. Number of intermediate recognition tests and repeated testing of the same items were not affected by D -amphetamine. Conclusions We conclude that the D -amphetamine memory enhancement is not related to the testing effect. This result supports that D -amphetamine modulates other aspects of the consolidation process, probably related to context effects. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Parental Identity and Reflected-Appraisals: Measurement and Gender Dynamics

JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY, Issue 2 2001
Trent W. Maurer
A new theoretical model for parental identity, reflected-appraisals, and behavior was proposed. Parental identity and behavior in married parents were then investigated as a function of partner's and perceived reflected-appraisals, taking into account gender context effects. Sixty-four married couples completed the Caregiving and Breadwinning Identity and Reflected-Appraisal Inventory (CBIRAI), developed for this study to assess parental caregiving and breadwinning identity and reflected-appraisals, as well as caregiving and breadwinning behavior measures. The model was confirmed for fathers and partially confirmed for mothers. Specifically, caregiving identity and behavior in fathers, and breadwinning identity in mothers were functions of perceived reflected-appraisals. Limitations and implications are discussed. [source]

Longitudinal Studies of Anger and Attention Span: Context and Informant Effects

JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 2 2010
Jungmeen Kim
ABSTRACT This study examined stabilities of informant and context (home vs. classroom) latent factors regarding anger and attention. Participants included children from the National Institute of Child Health and Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development who were measured at 54 months, first grade, and third grade. Latent factors of anger and attention span were structured using different indicators based on mothers', fathers', caregivers', teachers', and observers' reports. We used structural equation modeling to examine the autoregressive effects within a context (stability), the concurrent associations between home and classroom contexts, and informant effects. The results indicated that for both anger and attention (1) there were significant informant effects that influenced stability in a context, (2) there was higher stability in home context than nonhome context, and (3) stability within a context increased over time. The findings suggested that anger was more prone to context effects and informant effects than attention. [source]

Sentential and discourse context effects: adults who are learning to read compared with skilled readers

JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN READING, Issue 4 2007
Katherine S. Binder
In a series of three experiments, we examined how sentential and discourse contexts were used by adults who are learning to read compared with skilled adult readers. In Experiment 1, participants read sentence contexts that were either congruent, incongruent or neutral with respect to a target word they had to name. Both skilled and less skilled adults benefited from a congruent context, and were not disadvantaged by an incongruent context. Contrary to research conducted on children learning to read, skill level of the adult reader did not interact with context. Experiments 2 and 3 tested readers' ability to make predictive inferences. Again, all readers, regardless of skill level, provided evidence that they were making predictive inferences. This finding is inconsistent with research that has examined individual differences in college readers. [source]

HOW DO THE SIGNAL DETECTION INDICES REACT TO FREQUENCY CONTEXT BIAS FOR INTENSITY SCALING?

JOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES, Issue 1 2001
HYE-SEONG LEE
ABSTRACT Stimulus frequency context effects were noted for stimuli with positive, negative and no skew, using aqueous NaCl stimuli of different concentrations as a model system and orange juice stimuli with added amounts of sucrose as a beverage system. The hypothesis that analysis by signal detection ,m values, rather than individually rated intensity values, would result in the absence of the context effect, was not confirmed. [source]

Anxiety, cortisol, and attachment predict plasma oxytocin

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 3 2007
Mattie Tops
Abstract Oxytocin and attachment seem to interact in suppressing subjective anxiety and physiological stress responses. In this study we investigated the relationships between individual differences in trait attachment scores, state and trait anxiety, plasma cortisol, and plasma oxytocin levels in healthy premenopausal women. Attachment proved to be a strong positive predictor of oxytocin levels, which were also positively predicted by cortisol levels and state and trait anxiety. The relationship between oxytocin and state anxiety was modulated by attachment scores. The present results may help interpreting seeming contradictions in the recent literature on oxytocin, attachment, and stress in humans, by suggesting that context effects determine which relationships are found in different studies: anxiolytic effects of oxytocin in a context of partner support versus stress- or cortisol-induced oxytocin responses in a context of distress or increased cortisol. [source]

Representation of the standard: Stimulus context effects on the process generating the mismatch negativity component of event-related brain potentials

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 3 2003
Elyse Sussman
Abstract In the auditory oddball paradigm, the frequent occurrence of a sound (the "standard") forms the basis of deviance detection. The incoming sounds are compared with the cortical representation of the standard and those sounds that do not match it elicit the mismatch negativity (MMN) event-related brain potential. Here we address the issue of whether the relative probability of the sounds in a sequence was a critical factor influencing which sounds would be represented as standards in the deviant comparison process. One frequent (F1) and two infrequent (D1 and D2) sounds that differed only in duration were presented in a sequence. D1 occurred proportionally as frequently with respect to D2 as F1 occurred with respect to D1. If the proportional relationship of sounds were critical then D1 could serve as a "standard" to D2 and thus D2 should elicit two MMNs. However, D2 elicited MMN only with respect to F1. This result as well as those obtained in two control conditions suggests that "standards" are not established on the basis of relative probability; they emerge as a result of global characteristics, the longer-term context, of the sound sequence. [source]

Variation and context of yawns in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 3 2010
Sarah-Jane Vick
Abstract Primate yawns are usually categorized according to context (e.g. as a threat, anxious, or rest yawn), but there has been little consideration of whether these yawns are best regarded as a unitary behavior that only differs with respect to the context in which it is observed. This study examined the context and precise morphology of yawns in a group of 11 captive chimpanzees. Focal video sampling was used to describe the morphology and intensity of 124 yawns using ChimpFACS, a system for coding facial movements. Two distinct forms of yawn were identified, a full yawn and a yawn which is modified by additional actions that reduce the mouth aperture. These modified yawns may indicate some degree of voluntary control over facial movement in chimpanzees and, consequently, multiple functions of yawning according to context. To assess context effects, mean activity levels (resting, locomotion, and grooming) and scratching rates were compared one minute before and after each yawn. Locomotion was significantly increased following both types of yawn, whereas scratching rates significantly increased following modified yawns but decreased following full yawns. In terms of individual differences, males did not yawn more than females, although male yawns were of higher intensity, both in the degree of mouth opening and in the amount of associated head movement. These data indicate that yawning is associated with a change in activity levels in chimpanzees, but only modified yawns may be related to increased arousal. Different types of yawn can therefore be differentiated at the morphological level as well as context level. Am. J. Primatol. 72:262,269, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]