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Contemporary Sample (contemporary + sample)
Selected AbstractsCultural Variability in the Manifestation of Expressed EmotionFAMILY PROCESS, Issue 2 2009STEVEN R. LÓPEZ PH.D. We examined the distribution of expressed emotion (EE) and its indices in a sample of 224 family caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia pooled from 5 studies, 3 reflecting a contemporary sample of Mexican Americans (MA 2000, N=126), 1 of an earlier study of Mexican Americans (MA 1980, N=44), and the other of an earlier study of Anglo Americans (AA, N=54). Chi-square and path analyses revealed no significant differences between the 2 MA samples in rates of high EE, critical comments, hostility, and emotional over-involvement (EOI). Only caregiver warmth differed for the 2 MA samples; MA 1980 had higher warmth than MA 2000. Significant differences were consistently found between the combined MA samples and the AA sample; AAs had higher rates of high EE, more critical comments, less warmth, less EOI, and a high EE profile comprised more of criticism/hostility. We also examined the relationship of proxy measures of acculturation among the MA 2000 sample. The findings support and extend Jenkins' earlier observations regarding the cultural variability of EE for Mexican Americans. Implications are discussed regarding the cross-cultural measurement of EE and the focus of family interventions. RESUMEN Examinamos la distribución de emoción expresada y sus índices en una muestra de 224 cuidadores parientes de personas con esquizofrenia tomadas de 5 estudios, tres que reflejaban una muestra contemporánea de personas méxico-estadounidenses (ME 2000, N=126), una de un estudio anterior de méxico-estadounidenses (ME 1980, N=44, Karno et al., 1987) y la otra de un estudio anterior de angloamericanos (AA, N=54, Vaughn et al., 1984). La distribución ji-cuadrado y los análisis de pautas no revelaron diferencias significativas entre las dos muestras de méxico-estadounidenses en cuanto a los índices de alta emoción expresada, comentarios críticos, hostilidad y sobreimplicación emocional. Solo la calidez de los cuidadores fue distinta en las dos muestras de méxico-estadounidenses; el grupo ME 1980 demostró mayor calidez que el grupo ME 2000. Se encontraron sistemáticamente diferencias considerables entre las dos muestras de méxico-estadounidenses y la muestra de angloamericanos; los angloamericanos demostraron índices más altos de alta emoción expresada, más comentarios críticos, menos calidez, menos sobreimplicación emocional y un perfil de alta emoción expresada compuesto mayormente por crítica y hostilidad. También examinamos la relación de los cálculos aproximados de aculturación entre la muestra ME 2000. Los resultados respaldan y amplían las observaciones anteriores de Jenkins (1991) con respecto a la variabilidad cultural de emoción expresada en los méxico-estadounidenses. Se comentan las implicaciones con respecto a la evaluación intercultural de emoción expresada y al enfoque de las intervenciones familiares. Palabras clave: Emoción expresada, cultura, méxico-estadounidenses, sobreimplicación emocional, esquizofrenia, cuidadores parientes [source] Who were the Meroites?INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 4 2010A biological investigation into the Nubian post-hiatus group Abstract Scholars have identified a hiatus in the archaeological record of Lower Nubia that spans approximately 1000 years. This interval may represent a desertion of Lower Nubia by its inhabitants. Evidence of occupation did not reappear in the area until the Meroitic time period. However, the identity of the returning people has been the subject of speculation. In order to determine who the Meroites of Lower Nubia were, 20 cranial non-metric traits were observed on six Nubian groups, representing five time periods. Two groups date to time periods immediately before (Kerma) and immediately after (X-Group) the Meroitic period. Three additional Nubian groups (two Christian samples from different sites and Sesebi, a contemporary sample) were utilised as outgroups to elucidate a clearer picture of the relationship among the six samples. Mahalanobis D2 with a tetrachoric matrix was employed for calculating biological distances among the groups. Principal coordinates analysis produced two clusters of Nubians, where the Meroitics clustered with other Nubian groups. Specific distance scores indicate the Meroites were biologically similar to individuals from the time periods prior to and after their arrival in Lower Nubia. The Meroites therefore appear to be a Nubian group returning to Lower Nubia after its desertion. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Family decision at the turn of the century: has the changing structure of households impacted the family decision-making process?JOURNAL OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR, Issue 2 2002Michael A. Belch Professor of Marketing Abstract Evaluation of husbands' and wives' influence in family decision making is heavily reliant on studies conducted in the 1970s and 1980s. Since that time, profound changes have occurred in the American family. These changes may have affected the nature of decision making in the household. To examine the degree to which earlier findings are still generalisable today, hypotheses are developed and tested with a contemporary sample of 458 men and women. Results suggest that there have been significant changes in the roles assumed in the family decision-making process, with the wife gaining more influence in all decision areas. The results indicate that marketers must re-examine their marketing strategies for some products and/or services. Possible theoretical explanations are suggested to explain why these changes may have occurred. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications. [source] Season of birth contributes to variation in university examination outcomesAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 5 2006Martin Fieder Epidemiological studies show that birth season influences a wide range of biological parameters such as growth, reproduction, mental illnesses, dyslexia, personality, and success in school. The present study is aimed at examining birth season's relationship to examination marks achieved at a university in a very large contemporary sample of male and female undergraduate students. We find that female university students born in spring and summer achieve better marks than those born in autumn and winter. Male students born in spring receive worse marks than those born in other seasons of the year. Furthermore, we find a birth-week periodicity in examination results of female students, with highest examination results for those born in May. We suppose that biological mechanisms might explain part of the observed effects. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:714,717, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Genetic restoration of a stocked brown trout Salmo trutta population using microsatellite DNA analysis of historical and contemporary samplesJOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2006MICHAEL M. HANSEN Summary 1Gene flow from domesticated to wild populations is a major threat to wild salmonid fish. However, few studies have addressed how populations could be restored after admixture has occurred. We analysed the prospects for restoring the previously intensively stocked brown trout population of the Skjern River, Denmark, by identifying remaining non-admixed individuals to be used for supportive breeding. 2We analysed microsatellite DNA markers in historical (1940,50s) and contemporary (1992,2004) samples from the Skjern River system, from the strain of domesticated trout previously used for stocking, and from the neighbouring Storå River. We analysed admixture proportions to estimate the genetic contribution by domesticated trout. We identified non-admixed trout using assignment tests, and further analysed the possible sources of indigenous trout by estimating contemporary migration among populations. 3Genetic differentiation between the historical Storå and Skjern river populations was low (,ST = 0·004), suggesting considerable gene flow in the past. The contemporary Skjern and Storå river populations and a supportive breeding brood stock were strongly admixed, but some non-admixed individuals nevertheless remained in the wild-caught samples. In addition, two resident populations in isolated tributaries were found to be indigenous. The indigenous anadromous individuals from the Skjern River were unlikely to have been recruited from either the isolated tributary populations or the neighbouring Storå River and were presumably derived from unidentified spawning sites in the river system. 4All but one non-admixed anadromous Skjern River trout were females, which we ascribed to sampling bias. Moreover, all non-admixed fish were late-spawning (January,February) whereas the majority of all trout caught for the study were ripe by November,December. The difference in spawning time could be an important factor delaying complete admixture of domesticated and indigenous trout. 5Synthesis and applications. This study demonstrates the feasibility of restoring populations that have been admixed with exogenous individuals, by identifying non-admixed individuals using genetic markers. However, the results also highlight the problem that numbers of identified non-admixed individuals may be small, necessitating identification of nearby, closely related populations that can be incorporated into breeding programmes. [source] Effects of recent population bottlenecks on reconstructing the demographic history of prairie-chickensMOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 11 2007JEFF A. JOHNSON Abstract Current methods of DNA sequence analysis attempt to reconstruct historical patterns of population structure and growth from contemporary samples. However, these techniques may be influenced by recent population bottlenecks, which have the potential to eliminate lineages that reveal past changes in demography. One way to examine the performance of these demographic methods is to compare samples from populations before and after recent bottlenecks. We compared estimates of demographic history from populations of greater prairie-chickens (Tympanuchus cupido) before and after recent bottlenecks using four common methods (nested clade analysis [NCA], Tajima's D, mismatch distribution, and mdiv). We found that NCA did not perform well in the presence of bottleneck events, although it did recover some genetic signals associated with increased isolation and the extinction of intermediate populations. The majority of estimates for Tajima's D, including those from bottlenecked populations, were not significantly different from zero, suggesting our data conformed to neutral expectations. In contrast, mismatch distributions including the raggedness index were more likely to identify recently bottlenecked populations with this data set. Estimates of population mutation rate (,), population divergence time (t), and time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) from mdiv were similar before and after bottlenecks; however, estimates of gene flow (M) were significantly lower in a few cases following a bottleneck. These results suggest that caution should be used when assessing demographic history from contemporary data sets, as recently fragmented and bottlenecked populations may have lost lineages that affect inferences of their demographic history. [source] Functional implications of radial diaphyseal curvatureAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Ignasi Galtés Abstract A recent study (Galtés et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 135 (2008) 293-300) demonstrated that during pronation, pronator teres exerts a favorable force for radial lateral bending. On the basis of this finding, we hypothesized that the pattern of muscular loading exerted on the radius by this muscle might play a role as a mechanical stimulus involved in radial bowing. The current work relates the hypertrophy of the forearm muscles to the degree of lateral curvature of the radial diaphysis. The analysis is based on an original osteometrical index to estimate radial curvature, and it applies a visual reference method to grade the osteological appearance of 10 entheses of 104 radii from archaeological and contemporary samples. Using these morphological data as an indirect method to measure the association between muscular hypertrophy and bone curvature, this study reveals that the pattern of muscular loading exerted on the apex of the radial shaft by the pronator teres muscle may play an important role as a mechanical stimulus involved in diaphyseal bowing. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | ||||||||||