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Contact Situation (contact + situation)
Selected AbstractsGeneralization of positive attitude as a function of subgroup and superordinate group identifications in intergroup contactEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2003Roberto González The role of category salience in mediating the effects of intergroup contact was examined. One theoretical model proposes that some psychological salience of subgroup categories is necessary to facilitate the generalization of attitude change beyond the immediate contact situation. Another argues that a re-categorization of the subgroups into a new superordinate category is more beneficial, whilst a third suggests that de-categorizing the situation entirely is optimal. An alternative view, which combines the first two models, proposes a Dual Identity strategy (simultaneous high superordinate and high subgroup categorization) as an important mediator of the relationship between contact variables and intergroup attitudes. In the study, participants (N,=,114) undertook a cooperative intergroup task under four conditions of category salience: ,subgroup', ,superordinate', ,superordinate and subgroup', and ,no group salience'. Evaluative ratings and symbolic reward allocations both for the groups encountered (contact) and those outside the situation (generalization) provided measures of intergroup bias. Bias within the contact situation was mainly eliminated in all conditions. However, on the more generalized bias measures, only the ,superordinate' and ,superordinate and subgroup' (Dual Identity strategy) conditions maintained this low level; in the other two conditions intergroup bias resurfaced. A combination of the first two models is proposed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Dialect stabilization and speaker awareness in non-native varieties of English1JOURNAL OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS, Issue 2 2005Devyani Sharma Research on indigenized non-native varieties of English has aimed to distinguish these varieties from individual second language learning in structural and social terms (B. Kachru 1983; Platt, Weber and Ho 1984; Cheshire 1991),; however, quantitative evidence of this divergence remains scarce. Through an analysis of a range of Indian English speakers in a contact situation in the United States, this study distinguishes developing dialect features from second language learning features and explores the concomitant emergence of dialect consciousness. First, an implicational analysis shows that some non-standard variables (past marking, copula use, agreement) exhibit a second language learning cline while others (articles) form a more stable, incipient non-standard system shared to some extent by all speakers; a multivariate analysis suggests that both sets of variables are governed by proficiency levels. Next, the explanatory scope of proficiency is assessed by examining the use of selected phonological variants (rhoticity, l -velarization, aspiration). The use of these features resembles native-like style-shifting, as it appears to be more sensitive to speakers' attitudinal stances than to proficiency levels. This points to the importance of understanding emerging speaker awareness and perceptions of stigma, risk, and value in new varieties of English. [source] Tribological behavior of pure and graphite-filled polyimides under atmospheric conditionsPOLYMER ENGINEERING & SCIENCE, Issue 8 2003P. Samyn As the use of common engineering plastics in tribological systems is limited to low sliding velocities and low loads because of creep and insufficient temperature resistance, there is increasing interest in application of high-performance polymers such as polyimides, characterized by their ability to maintain favorable mechanical properties up to their melting point. However, for practical design, tribotesting remains necessary for determination of the material's performance under a given contact situation. In this article, two commercially available polyimides are tested at relatively high sliding velocities and contact pressures under atmospheric conditions of temperature and humidity. A consistent overview of tendencies in friction and wear for pure polyimides as a function of applied normal loads and sliding velocities is given. Addition of 15% by weight graphite powder as internal solid lubricant strongly influences friction and wear. Its behavior is compared with pure polyimide grades and differences are discussed in relation with experimental measured bulk-temperatures. A linear temperature law is derived as a function of pv-levels and a steady-state condition is found at different temperature levels, in accordance with thermal conductivity of the polymer bulks. In case of graphite additives, a steady state in temperature coincides with the regime condition of wear rate. [source] The bones affair: indigenous knowledge practices in contact situations seen from an Amazonian caseTHE JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, Issue 4 2002Carlos Fausto This article explores the relation between beliefs and practices manifest in the interaction between indigenous people and outsiders in contact situations. Drawing on oral history, myth, and written documentation, it seeks to reconstruct the experience of the Parakanã, a Tupi,speaking people of Southeastern Amazonia, in their early stable contact with national society. It focuses on some apparently implausible events in order to address the question of how certain beliefs about the nature of the whites were put into action during the contact process. The article also employs historical data from South America and comparative ethnography from Melanesia to suggest new perspectives on the Sahlins,Obeyesekere debate, making use of the Peircian notion of abduction to account simultaneously for the flexibility and the resilience of magico,religious ideas. [source] | ||||||||||