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Constructive Way (constructive + way)
Selected AbstractsHow many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) has changed quantum chemistryINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY, Issue 15 2009Werner KutzelniggArticle first published online: 26 AUG 200 Abstract The history of many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) and its impact on Quantum Chemistry is reviewed, starting with Brueckner's conjecture of a linked-cluster expansion and the time-dependent derivation by Goldstone of such an expansion. A central part of this article is the time-independent formulation of quantum chemistry in Fock space and its diagrammatic representation including the particle-hole picture and the inversion of a commutator. The results of the time-independent derivation of MBPT are compared with those of Goldstone. It is analyzed which ingredients of Goldstone's approach are decisive. The connected diagram theorem is derived both in a constructive way based on a Lie-algebraic formulation and a nonconstructive way making use of the separation theorem. It is discussed why the Goldstone derivation starting from a unitary time-evolution operator, ends up with a wave operator in intermediate normalization. The Møller,Plesset perturbation expansions of Bartlett and Pople are compared. Examples of complete summations of certain classes of diagrams are discussed, for example, that which leads to the Bethe-Goldstone expansion. MBPT for energy differences is analyzed. The paper ends with recent developments and challenges, such as the generalization of normal ordering to arbitrary reference states, contracted Schrödinger k -particle equations and Brillouin conditions, and finally the Nakatsuji theorem and the Nooijen conjecture. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009 [source] Towards case-based performance measures: uncovering deficiencies in applied medical careJOURNAL OF EVALUATION IN CLINICAL PRACTICE, Issue 4 2001Simon Hoelzer MD Abstract Measures are designed to evaluate the processes and outcomes of care associated with the delivery of clinical (and non-clinical) services. They allow for intra- and interorganizational comparison to be used continuously to improve patient health outcomes. The use of performance measures always means to abstract the complex reality (medical scenarios and procedures) in order to provide an understandable and comparable output. Measures can focus on global performance. The more detailed data are available the more specific judgements with respect to the appropriateness of clinical decision-making and implementation of evidence are feasible. Externally reported measures are intended both to inform and lead to action. By providing this information, deficiencies in patient care and unnecessary variations in the care process can be uncovered. Such variations have contributed to disparities in morbidity and mortality. The developments in information technology, especially world-wide interconnectivity, standards for electronic data exchange and facilities to store and manage large amounts of data, offer the opportunity to analyse health-relevant information in order to make the delivery of healthcare services more transparent for consumers and providers. Global performance measures, such as the overall life expectancy (mortality) in a country, can give a rough orientation of how well health systems perform but they do not offer general solutions nor spe-cific insights into care processes that have to be improved. In contrast to population-based measures, case-based performance measures use a defined group of patients depending on specific patient characteristics and features of disease. By means of these measures we are able to compare the number of patients that receive a necessary medical procedure against those patients who do not. The use of case-based measures is a bottom-up approach to improve the overall performance in the long run. They are not only a tool for global orientation but can offer a straightforward link to the areas of deficient care and the underlying procedures. Performance measures are relevant to providers as well as consumers, from their own individual perspective. Cased-based measures focus on the management of individual patient. This approach to performance measurement can inform physicians in a meaningful and constructive way by monitoring their individual performance and by pointing out possible areas of improvement. [source] Gesture Gives a Hand to Language and Learning: Perspectives from Cognitive Neuroscience, Developmental Psychology and EducationLINGUISTICS & LANGUAGE COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 4 2008Spencer D. Kelly People of all ages, cultures and backgrounds gesture when they speak. These hand movements are so natural and pervasive that researchers across many fields , from linguistics to psychology to neuroscience , have claimed that the two modalities form an integrated system of meaning during language production and comprehension. This special relationship has implications for a variety of research and applied domains. Gestures may provide unique insights into language and cognitive development, and also help clinicians identify, understand and even treat developmental disorders in childhood. In addition, research in education suggests that teachers can use gesture to become even more effective in several fundamental aspects of their profession, including communication, assessment of student knowledge, and the ability to instill a profound understanding of abstract concepts in traditionally difficult domains such as language and mathematics. This work converging from multiple perspectives will push researchers and practitioners alike to view hand gestures in a new and constructive way. [source] Children Who Commit Sexual Offences: Some Legal Anomalies and Practical Approaches to the LawTHE HOWARD JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE, Issue 5 2007LAURA JANES It provides a brief survey of the prevalence of sexual offences committed by children. It reviews some of the key legislation that deals with children who commit sexual offences with a particular focus on some of the anomalies contained within it. Drawing on the experience of the work of the Howard League's legal department, it identifies a systematic failure to deal with these children in a constructive way and suggests some ways in which the law can be used to improve the chances of effective rehabilitation for children who are convicted of sexual offences. [source] BIOETHNIC CONSCRIPTION: Genes, Race, and Mexicana/o Ethnicity in Diabetes ResearchCULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 1 2007MICHAEL J. MONTOYA This article is an examination of academic, corporate, and state-funded alliance of molecular, biological, computer, and clinical scientists who are conducting research into the genetic epidemiology of type 2 diabetes. Because type 2 diabetes affects human groups differently, researchers use ethnic and racial taxonomies to parse populations and social history to rationalize their categorical choices. In a process termed "bioethnic conscription," the social identities and life conditions of DNA donors are grafted into the biological explanations of human difference and disease causality in both objectionable and constructive ways. Bioethnic conscription is presented as an ethnographically sound alternative to the either,or proposition of the (R)ace,no race debate within biomedicine and anthropology. [source] Conceptualizing Employee Silence and Employee Voice as Multidimensional Constructs*JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, Issue 6 2003Linn Van Dyne ABSTRACT Employees often have ideas, information, and opinions for constructive ways to improve work and work organizations. Sometimes these employees exercise voice and express their ideas, information, and opinions; and other times they engage in silence and withhold their ideas, information, and opinions. On the surface, expressing and withholding behaviours might appear to be polar opposites because silence implies not speaking while voice implies speaking up on important issues and problems in organizations. Challenging this simplistic notion, this paper presents a conceptual framework suggesting that employee silence and voice are best conceptualized as separate, multidimensional constructs. Based on employee motives, we differentiate three types of silence (Acquiescent Silence, Defensive Silence, and ProSocial Silence) and three parallel types of voice (Acquiescent Voice, Defensive Voice, and ProSocial Voice) where withholding important information is not simply the absence of voice. Building on this conceptual framework, we further propose that silence and voice have differential consequences to employees in work organizations. Based on fundamental differences in the overt behavioural cues provided by silence and voice, we present a series of propositions predicting that silence is more ambiguous than voice, observers are more likely to misattribute employee motives for silence than for voice, and misattributions for motives behind silence will lead to more incongruent consequences (both positive and negative) for employees (than for voice). We conclude by discussing implications for future research and for managers. [source] The next frontier is anticipation: Thinking ahead about conflict to help clients find constructive ways to engage issues in advanceALTERNATIVES TO THE HIGH COST OF LITIGATION, Issue 6 2007Christopher Honeyman Assuming a comfort level by lawyers and companies with conflict resolution processes, five top conflict resolution authorities have joined together to discuss the next step. They believe that sophisticated ADR practice will be characterized by anticipatory dispute prevention [source] | |||||||||||||