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Considerable Time (considerable + time)
Selected AbstractsRushing for Gold: Mobility and Small-Scale Mining in East AfricaDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 2 2009Jesper Bosse Jønsson ABSTRACT African rural dwellers have faced depressed economic prospects for several decades. Now, in a number of mineral-rich countries, multiple discoveries of gold and precious stones have attracted large numbers of prospective small-scale miners. While their ,rush' to, and activities within, mining sites are increasingly being noted, there is little analysis of miners' mobility patterns and material outcomes. In this article, on the basis of a sample survey and interviews at two gold-mining sites in Tanzania, we probe when and why miners leave one site in favour of another. Our findings indicate that movement is often ,rushed' but rarely rash. Whereas movement to the first site may be an adventure, movement to subsequent sites is calculated with knowledge of the many risks entailed. Miners spend considerable time at each site before migrating onwards. Those with the highest site mobility tend to be more affluent than the others, suggesting that movement can be rewarding for those willing to ,try their luck' with the hard work and social networking demands of mining another site. [source] Mesenchymal stem cell therapy in equine musculoskeletal disease: scientific fact or clinical fiction?EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 2 2007S. E. TAYLOR Summary The goal in the therapeutic use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in musculoskeletal disease is to harness the regenerative nature of these cells focussing on their potential to grow new tissues and organs to replace damaged or diseased tissue. Laboratory isolation of MSCs is now well established and has recently been demonstrated for equine MSCs. Stem cell science has attracted considerable interest in both the scientific and clinical communities because of its potential to regenerate tissues. Research into the use of MSCs in tissue regeneration in general reflects human medical needs, however, the nature, prevalence and prognosis of superficial digital flexor tendonitis has put equine veterinary science at the forefront of tendon regeneration research. Much has been investigated and learnt but it must be appreciated that in spite of this, the field is still relatively young and both communities must prepare themselves for considerable time and effort to develop the technology into a highly efficient treatments. The promise of functional tissue engineering to replace old parts with new fully justifies the interest. At present, however, it is important to balance the understanding of our current limitations with a desire to progress the technology. [source] Fossils as Neolithic funereal adornments in County Kerry, south-west IrelandGEOLOGY TODAY, Issue 4 2002Patrick N. Wyse Jackson Argument rages in the media on the effects of road-building on sites of archaeological importance. Certainly there have been many cases where sites of value have been lost, but others where sites of importance have been revealed that would probably have gone undetected for a considerable time, if not for ever. One example of a lucky discovery arose from a proposal to widen the road between the towns of Tralee and Killarney in County Kerry, south-west Ireland. A preliminary archaeological survey carried out along the route in 1996 revealed an area of exceptional archaeological richness. What was particularly surprising was that one feature contained a significant collection of fossils used for funereal or ceremonial purposes. [source] Experience of prophylaxis treatment in children with severe haemophiliaHAEMOPHILIA, Issue 2 2002T. T. YEE The practice of prophylactic treatment of boys with severe haemophilia has been evaluated in our centre. Prophylaxis was started at the median age of 3.7 years (range 0.4,12.7 years) in 38/41 children (93%) under 17 years of age. Median follow-up was 4.1 years (range 0.4,12.7 years). The criteria of primary prophylaxis according to the definition by the European Paediatric Network of Haemophilia Management was fulfilled by 9/38 (24%). Although a majority [76%, 29/38] of the children started prophylaxis after a median number of joint bleeds of 3.5, 70% of the children in this group had clinical joint scores of 0. Intravenous catheter insertion was required at a median age of 15.5 months (range 5,36 months) in 21% of the children, resulting in a catheter infection rate of 1.74 per 1000 catheter days. None developed an inhibitor on prophylaxis and three patients who had low-titre inhibitors (< 5 Bethesda units) prior to prophylaxis had undetectable inhibitors after prophylaxis. The home-treatment training programme required considerable time and cost. As a result, 87% of the children used peripheral venous access and hospital visits declined as prophylaxis became established. Parents' incentives for prophylaxis were that the children undertook many physical activities and sports previously not recommended, there was less parental anxiety and an overall improvement in the quality of life for the whole family. [source] When executives influence peers: Does function matter?HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2003Harvey G. Enns Executives often spend considerable time and energy trying to influence peers to support new initiatives (e.g., Conger, 1998; Enns, Huff, & Golden, 2001). That said, we know relatively little about how executives actually influence their peers. Using a sample of 132 executives, the present study found that finance executives differed the most from other executives in terms of the influence tactics and contexts used when influencing peers. Human resource executives also differed considerably from their counterparts in operations regarding influence tactics and contexts. Possible explanations, directions for future research, and implications for management are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma complicating chronic hepatitis CJOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Yoshiyuki Ueno Abstract Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection accounts for most cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Japan and is the second major cause in many other countries. Development of HCC takes a considerable time after onset of HCV infection, between 20,40 years in most cases, and usually develops after cirrhosis is established. Although only a minority of HCV infections reach this stage, the high prevalence of chronic HCV infection in many countries (1,3%) is such that HCC related to HCV infection poses a significant public health issue 20,50 years after the onset of HCV epidemics. Due to advances in testing, and accessibility of clean, disposable medical apparatus including syringes and needles, and particularly screening of donor blood for anti-HCV and by nucleic acid testing, new cases of HCV infection have decreased in most countries, except for continued transmission by injection drug users (IDU). A key difference between HBV and HCV infection is that HCV can be eradicated by effective antiviral treatment. Sustained eradication of HCV reverses hepatic fibrosis, thereby preventing progression to cirrhosis and risk of HCC. Further, it has been well demonstrated that interferon-based antiviral therapy suppresses development of HCC in high-risk patients, particularly when sustained viral response (SVR) is obtained. In summary, the two key approaches to prevent development of HCV-related HCC are primary prevention of HCV infection (adequate programs to screen donor blood, universal precautions to stop medical transmission of blood-borne viruses, curbing transmission by IDU) and potent antiviral therapy of chronic HCV infection. [source] Capillary electrochromatographic chiral separations with potential for pharmaceutical analysisJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 8 2005Debby Mangelings Abstract The use of capillary electrochromatography as a chiral separation technique for pharmaceutical applications is reviewed. Publications of the past 10 years that provide a potential practical application in pharmaceutical analysis are considered. Method development or validation, separation strategies, and potential routine analysis by the methods/applications cited are the main subjects on which we focused our attention. The indirect chiral separation method was only used once in CEC mode. In the direct chiral separations, the use of chiral stationary phases was obviously preferred over the use of chiral mobile phases with non-chiral stationary phases. Amongst the chiral stationary phases, those based on macrocyclic antibiotics and polysaccharide selectors were the most frequently used. Monolithic stationary phases also have several applications, but not so extended as those with packed capillary electrochromatography. The considered papers not only describe the applicability of the technique for relatively large sets of chiral analytes, they also showed that various types of stationary phases can be produced in-house in a simple manner. However, to survive as a mature separation technique, considerable time and effort are still needed to solve some disadvantages currently characterizing capillary electrochromatography. [source] Forecasting composite indicators with anticipated information: an application to the industrial production indexJOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY: SERIES C (APPLIED STATISTICS), Issue 3 2003Francesco Battaglia Summary. Many economic and social phenomena are measured by composite indicators computed as weighted averages of a set of elementary time series. Often data are collected by means of large sample surveys, and processing takes a long time, whereas the values of some elementary component series may be available a considerable time before the others and may be used for forecasting the composite index. This problem is addressed within the framework of prediction theory for stochastic processes. A method is proposed for exploiting anticipated information to minimize the mean-square forecast error, and for selecting the most useful elementary series. An application to the Italian general industrial production index is illustrated, which demonstrates that knowledge of anticipated values of some, or even just one, component series may reduce the forecast error considerably. [source] Development of the avian lymphatic system,MICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE, Issue 2 2001Jörg Wilting Abstract Recently, highly specific markers of the lymphatic endothelium have been found enabling us to reinvestigate the embryonic origin of the lymphatics. Here we present a review of our studies on the development of the lymphatic system in chick and quail embryos. We show that the lymphatic endothelium is derived from two sources: the embryonic lymph sacs and mesenchymal lymphangioblasts. Proliferation studies reveal a BrdU-labeling index of 11.5% of lymph sac endothelial cells by day 6.25, which drops to 3.5% by day 7. Lymphangioblasts are able to integrate into the lining of lymph sacs. Lymphatic endothelial cells express the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors-2 and -3. Their ligand, VEGF-C, is expressed almost ubiquitously in embryonic and fetal tissues. Elevated expression levels are found in the tunica media of large blood vessels, which usually serve as major routes for growing lymphatics. The homeobox gene, Prox1, is expressed in lymphatic but not in blood vascular endothelial cells throughout all stages examined, namely, in developing lymph sacs of day 6 embryos and in lymphatics at day 16. Experimental studies show the existence of lymphangioblasts in the mesoderm, a considerable time before the development of the lymph sacs. Lymphangioblasts migrate from the somites into the somatopleure and contribute to the lymphatics of the limbs. Our studies indicate that these lymphangioblasts already express Prox1. Microsc. Res. Tech. 55:81,91, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Validation of microsurgical models in microsurgery training and competence: A reviewMICROSURGERY, Issue 5 2007M.R.C.S., Woan-Yi Chan M.Sc. Microsurgery has expanded the scope of many surgical specialties and is evolving into an integral part of training programmes. The complexity of microsurgery requires considerable time and resources for adequate training and practice. This article reviews the validation of microsurgical models for microsurgery training and competence. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2007. [source] The Russian Coal Industry in Transition: A Linear Programming ApplicationOPEC ENERGY REVIEW, Issue 1 2001Bo Jonsson This paper analyses the restructuring of the Russian steam coal market. The main purpose is to compare the prevailing steam coal flows between mine basins and electric utilities and the actual coal prices with those that would prevail in an efficient market. The analysis is done within a short-run linear programming model. Coal demands and supplies are identified. The objective function that is minimised consists of the delivered costs, i.e. extraction plus transportation costs, subject to exogenous demand requirements and capacity restrictions. We conclude that, in spite of attempted restructuring, the Russian coal steam coal market is still highly inefficient. This is mainly due to the fact that large amounts of coal are delivered over very long distances, a pattern that often cannot be justified in economic terms. Because of cost-inefficient coal deliveries and large subsidies, coal prices are also highly distorted. Given the communist legacies of the past, the restructuring process will probably take considerable time and is unlikely to be successful until there is a fundamental change in the economic and political institutions. [source] Never Cared to Say Goodbye: Presidential Legacies and Vice Presidential CampaignsPRESIDENTIAL STUDIES QUARTERLY, Issue 1 2002John M. Murphy Presidents are always concerned with their places in history and spend considerable time trying to influence historical judgments. One important locus for the exercise of such influence is the campaign of a potential successor. This article analyzes the ways in which presidents attempt to influence judgments of their legacies through the campaigns of their vice presidents. We focus on presidential discourse during the campaigns of 1960, 1968, 1988, and 2000. Each president used three primary rhetorical strategies in support of his vice president. These strategies formed a coherent narrative, a story that almost inevitably diminished the vice president and cut against the ostensible goal of the discourse: the elevation of the vice president to the presidency. [source] Is a Risk Index Approach to Unemployment Possible?THE ECONOMIC RECORD, Issue 236 2001Anh T. Le This paper examines the ways that productivity, personal characteristics such as birthplace and gender, structural factors and labour market history impact on the distribution of the burden of unemployment. It is shown that labour market history is a major explanator of unemployment outcomes in the Australian labour market. The results from the empirical analyses of unemployment outcomes are used to identify individuals at risk of being unemployed. When individuals classified as at risk of being unemployed are followed through time, it is found that they spend considerable time looking for work and have short working spells. This suggests a risk index approach may have considerable merit as a way of identifying the relative difficulty individuals experience in the labour market. [source] The social and economic impact of trichotillomania: results from two nonreferred samplesBEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS, Issue 2 2006Chad T. Wetterneck Behavior therapy has been widely used as a treatment for trichotillomania. However, behavioral treatments for TTM have tended to focus on behavior reduction, while not paying as much attention to social and economic impact. The current study sought to clarify the social and economic impact of Trichotillomania (TTM) in two samples of persons with TTM. Members of the first sample attended a TTM patient conference (N,=,36) and members of the second responded to an online survey (N,=,381). Both samples completed self-report measures that examined the impact of TTM on avoiding activities and relationships, as well as financial costs. Results indicated that both groups reported similar amounts of avoidance in social situations, sought help from multiple health professionals, spent considerable time engaged in hair pulling activities, and had interference in both work and school. The study suggests a number of ways to decrease the negative impact of TTM. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Presupuesto de Tiempo del Chancho Cariblanco (Tayassu pecani) en un Bosque Húmedo de Costa Rica,BIOTROPICA, Issue 1 2002Mariana Altrichter ABSTRACT The diurnal time budget of four herds of white,lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) was studied using direct observation. The study took place from July 1996 to April 1997 in Corcovado National Park, southwestern Costa Rica. We predicted that time budget would be diagnostic of peccaries' welfare regarding food abundance. We considered that a decrease in time spent resting and in social interactions would be indicative of nutritional stress. Peccaries spent 34 percent (±1.7) of their daytime eating, 33 percent (±1.8) moving, 28 percent (±2.3) resting, 3 percent (±0.25) in social interactions, and 2.6 percent (±1.4) in other activities. The time spent resting decreased as the time spent moving and eating increased during the months of fruit scarcity. There were no differences among habitats in the proportion of time used for each activity. In the wet season, peccaries spent more time eating than in the dry season, probably because of the considerable time allocated to rooting. The monthly variation in time spent on social interactions and the frequency of agonistic interactions seemed to be related to breeding rather than fruit availability. While in the study area, peccaries traveled the longest distance in October, which coincided with the lowest fruit availability. In mid,November, the radio,marked herds left the study area and returned in January. Analyses of the peccaries' time budget suggest that fruit scarcity at die end of the wet season affected the peccaries' behavior and probably induced them to travel long distances in search of food. RESUMES Se estudió el presupuesto de tiempo diurno de cuatro manadas de chanchos cariblancos Tayassu pecari mediante observación directa desde Julio de 1996 hasta abril de 1997, en el Parque Nacional Corcovado, suroeste de Costa Rica. Se predijo que el presupuesto de tiempo puede ser usado como diagnóstico del bienestar de los chanchos en cuanto a abundancia de alimento, bajo el supuesto de que una disminución del tiempo invertido en el descanso y en las interacciones sociales seria indicativa de estres alimenticio. Los chanchos invirtieron 34 por ciento (±1.7) de su tiempo diurno en alimentación, 33 por ciento (±1.8) en desplazamiento, 28 por ciento (±2.3) en descanso, 3 por ciento (±0.2) en interacciones sociales y 2.6 por ciento (±1.4) en otras actividades. El tiempo dedicado al descanso disminuyó a medida que aumentaron las proporciones de tiempo dedicadas al desplazamiento y a la alimentación en los meses de menor disponibilidad de frutos. La proporción de tiempo usada para cada actividad no difirió signifi-cativamente entre los diferentes hábitats. En la época húmeda, los animales invirtieron más tiempo en la alimentación que en la época seca, probablemente debido a la gran proporción de tiempo que dedicaron a escarbar. La variación mensual del tiempo invertido en las interacciones sociales y la frecuencia de interacciones agonisticas se relacionaron mas con la época reproductiva que con la disponibilidad de frutos. Las distancias recorridas por los chanchos que pudieron medirse fueron mayores en octubre, coincidiendo con la menor disponibilidad de frutos. A mediados de noviembre las manadas marcadas dejaron el área de estudio y regresaron a principios de enero. El análisis del presupuesto de tiempo sugiere que la escasez de frutos al final de la época húmeda afecta el comportamiento de los chanchos y probablemente los incita a desplazarse distancias largas en busca de alimento. [source] Three-year registry data on biological treatment for psoriasis: the influence of patient characteristics on treatment outcomeBRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 3 2009R.J.B. Driessen Summary Background, The course of biological treatment in clinical practice may be highly different from treatment schedules in clinical trials. Treatment modifications and patient characteristics may influence treatment safety and efficacy. So far, long-term results from the use of biological treatment in clinical practice are lacking. Objectives, To report short- and long-term efficacy and safety data on biologics, especially etanercept, used in daily clinical practice. Special attention has been paid to patient characteristics that may have influenced the response to therapy. Methods, Prospectively collected registry data of all patients with psoriasis treated with biologics in the Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre outpatient clinic were used for analysis. Patient and treatment characteristics were surveyed. Efficacy and safety of etanercept for up to 3 years were analysed. Moreover, the influence of patient characteristics on etanercept treatment response was studied. Results, The analysed cohort, consisting of 118 patients, went through 142 treatment episodes in total. Patients treated with biologics had an extensive medical history. Optimization of biological treatment was established in various ways, including treatment switches and introduction of concomitant therapies. Short-term etanercept efficacy analysis showed a mean Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) improvement at week 24 of 59·7%. No significant influence of gender, age, baseline PASI, body mass index, number of previous systemic therapies or duration of psoriasis was found on week 24 efficacy results, although trends were discernible. The efficacy of etanercept remained stable for up to 156 weeks. Long-term daily practice treatment with etanercept was only occasionally accompanied by major safety concerns. Conclusions, The current study demonstrates that etanercept is able to improve psoriasis symptoms for a considerable time, and that serious side-effects are infrequent. The influence of patient characteristics on treatment response is limited. [source] | ||||||||||||||||