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Consecutive Nights (consecutive + night)
Selected AbstractsNocturnal Oviposition Behavior of Necrophagous Dipterans in Kelantan, Malaysia,JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, Issue 5 2009Helmi Mohd Hadi Pritam B.Sc. Abstract:, The likelihood of dipteran maggots colonizing a corpse due to nocturnal oviposition can be used to challenge the postmortem interval (PMI) estimated assuming diurnal oviposition. Earlier experiments tested nocturnal oviposition behavior by exposing fresh baits once during a single night. In this pilot study, oviposition behavior was studied using beef baits, which, simulating the decay of the body seen in case situations, decomposed inside cages designed to open and close at scheduled intervals during consecutive night or twilight periods. Freshly hatched maggots from diurnally oviposited eggs emerged in control baits on the third day, while a limited number of maggots attributable to nocturnal or twilight oviposition were observed in experimental baits only on the fifth or sixth day, indicating a categorical delay. These results suggest that such delayed and limited nocturnal oviposition is not forensically significant since the larger maggots deriving from diurnal oviposition would be the ones considered when estimating PMI. [source] Intracortical inhibition and facilitation upon awakening from different sleep stages: a transcranial magnetic stimulation studyEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 11 2004Luigi De Gennaro Abstract Intracortical facilitation and inhibition, as assessed by the paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation technique with a subthreshold conditioning pulse followed by a suprathreshold test pulse, was studied upon awakening from REM and slow-wave sleep (SWS). Ten normal subjects were studied for four consecutive nights. Intracortical facilitation and inhibition were assessed upon awakening from SWS and REM sleep, and during a presleep baseline. Independently of sleep stage at awakening, intracortical inhibition was found at 1,3-ms interstimulus intervals and facilitation at 7,15-ms interstimulus intervals. Motor thresholds were higher in SWS awakenings, with no differences between REM awakenings and wakefulness, while motor evoked potential amplitude to unconditioned stimuli decreased upon REM awakening as compared to the other conditions. REM sleep awakenings showed a significant increase of intracortical facilitation at 10 and 15 ms, while intracortical inhibition was not affected by sleep stage at awakening. While the dissociation between motor thresholds and motor evoked potential amplitudes could be explained by the different excitability of the corticospinal system during SWS and REM sleep, the heightened cortical facilitation upon awakening from REM sleep points to a cortical motor activation during this stage. [source] Efficacy of four insect repellents against mosquito bites: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled field study in SenegalFUNDAMENTAL & CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 5 2009Bernard Uzzan Abstract Insect-borne diseases represent a worldwide threat. In addition to fight against vectors (insecticides) and disease prevention (vaccination against yellow fever, chemoprophylaxis against malaria), insect repellents applied on the skin could help reduce the heavy burden related to these diseases. In a field study performed in Senegal, we compared the efficacy of one skin application between 3 and 4 p.m. of four spray repellents [icaridine 20%, para-menthane-diol (PMD) 20% and 50% and DEET 50%] against placebo, among 100 healthy male and female volunteers experienced with mosquito capture. Double-blind randomized cross-over placebo-controlled study (Latin-square design) during five consecutive nights (7 p.m. to midnight) in two villages was conducted. To avoid residual effect, right or left leg was alternately exposed during consecutive nights and the exposed leg was washed before next night. The statistical model was random and mixed effects anova. All four active repellents provided a significant and similar protection compared with placebo, lasting 8 h. However, there was a non-significant trend for a higher protection by DEET 50% than by PMD 20% (P = 0.07). Duration of protection was similar for all repellents. Their effects were similar among men and women, and against Anopheles or other species. No serious adverse drug reaction was noticed. Using a rigorous methodology and a large number of volunteers, our well-controlled study demonstrated an important and similar protective effect of all four repellents compared with placebo. Such field studies should be required before approval of any newly developed repellent. [source] Dose-response effects of zaleplon as compared with triazolam (0·25 mg) and placebo in chronic primary insomniaHUMAN PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL, Issue 8 2000Christopher L Drake Abstract The effects of two nights of treatment with the short-acting benzodiazepine receptor agonist zaleplon, triazolam, or placebo was assessed in chronic primary insomniacs using two concurrent, multi-center, randomized, double-blind, Latin Square crossover studies. Study 1 (n = 47) compared zaleplon (10 and 40 mg) to triazolam (0·25 mg) and placebo. Study 2 (n = 36) compared zaleplon (20 and 60 mg) to triazolam (0·25 mg) and placebo. For each study, polysomnographically recorded sleep parameters and patient reports of sleep quality were collected during baseline and two consecutive nights during the four treatment phases in each study. All doses of zaleplon produced significant decreases in latency to persistent sleep. Although no minimally effective dose could be determined, dose-response effects were apparent. Triazolam 0·25 mg produced a decrease in latency to persistent sleep that was comparable to that of zaleplon 10 mg. Only the triazolam dose and the 60 mg dose of zaleplon produced significant increases in total sleep time over placebo. Zaleplon 40 and 60 mg and triazolam produced decreases in the percentage of REM sleep compared to placebo. Patient reports of efficacy were consistent with objective findings. In addition, all doses of zaleplon tended to increase while triazolam decreased the percentage of stage 3/4 sleep. There was no evidence of residual daytime impairment for any of the zaleplon doses, however, triazolam administration produced significant impairment in performance on a digit copying test. A higher number of adverse events were seen with the 40 and 60 mg doses of zaleplon compared to triazolam (0·25) and placebo. At higher doses, zaleplon is more effective than triazolam at reducing latency to persistent sleep in chronic insomnia and is not associated with the decrease in slow-wave sleep or residual impairment observed with triazolam. However, increases in total sleep time were apparent only at doses which produced concomitant increases in the number of adverse events. In contrast, triazolam (0·25 mg) produced increases in total sleep time (,25 min) and decreases in latency to persistent sleep at a dose of 0·25 mg. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Effect of conditioning electrical stimuli on temporalis electromyographic activity during sleepJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 3 2008F. JADIDI Summary, Inhibitory reflexes during voluntary contractions are well described; however, few studies have attempted to use such reflex-mechanisms to modulate electromyographic (EMG) activity in jaw-closing muscles during sleep. The aim was to apply a new intelligent biofeedback device (Grindcare®) using electrical pulses to inhibit EMG activity in the temporalis muscle during sleep. Fourteen volunteers participated who were aware of jaw-clenching activity as indicated by complaints from sleep partner, soreness or pain in the jaw-muscle upon awakening and tooth wear facets. The EMG activity was recorded from the temporalis muscle, online analysed and the frequency content determined using a signal recognition algorithm. Based on specific individual parameters for pattern recognition, an electrical square-wave pulse train, which was adjusted to a clear, but non-painful intensity (range 1,7 mA) was applied through the EMG electrodes, if jaw-clenching activity was detected. All volunteers had baseline EMG recordings for five to seven consecutive nights, followed by 3-weeks EMG recordings with the feedback turned on, 2 weeks without the feedback and finally 3 weeks with the biofeedback on. There were no session effects on the average duration of sleep hours (P = 0·626). The number of EMG episodes/hour sleep was significantly reduced during the two sessions with biofeedback (54 ± 14%; 55 ± 17%, P < 0·001) compared with baseline EMG activity and the session without biofeedback. The present study suggests that biofeedback with electrical pulses does not cause major disruption in sleep and is associated with pronounced reduction in temporalis EMG activity during sleep. [source] Validation of diagnostic criteria for sleep bruxismJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 9 2002K. BABA Several diagnostic criteria for bruxism can be taken from the literature; however, most of them have never been validated. This study examined whether predictor variables taken from physical examinations and questionnaires were related to the actual bruxism levels. Fifty dental students agreed to participate in this study and eight examination variables and seven questionnaire variables were collected from them. The subjects measured their nocturnal EMG activity from the right masseter muscle for six consecutive nights in their home by means of a portable EMG device. Off-line analysis was performed on data from second to sixth nights. By using a custom made software, all EMG activity elevations above a minimum threshold of 50% of each subject's individually established maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) level were quantified with regard to the duration and number of elevations and then three outcome variables, which were event number per hour (number/h), event duration per hour (duration h,1), and duration per event (duration/event), were calculated. A multiple stepwise regression (MSR) analysis was conducted to assess the 15 predictor variables and the three outcome variables. These MSR analyses revealed that the joint sound score remained in the regression equation as a predictor (n=50, P < 0·05) of the likelihood that a subject would exhibit longer bruxism events (duration h,1and number h,1). It must be noted that the self-awareness and tooth attrition status were found not to be strong predictors and even for the above variable where significant association was found, the likelihood ratio between the variable and predicted outcomes was not robust. [source] Alcohol Price and Intoxication in College BarsALCOHOLISM, Issue 11 2009Ryan J. O'Mara Background:, Many population studies find that alcohol prices are inversely related to alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems, including among college students and young adults. Yet, little is known about the "micro-level" effects of alcohol price on the behavior of individual consumers in natural drinking settings such as college bars. Therefore, we assessed patron's cost per gram of ethanol consumed at on-premise drinking establishments and its association with intoxication upon leaving an establishment. Methods:, On 4 consecutive nights during April 2008, data were collected from 804 patrons exiting 7 on-premise establishments in a bar district located adjacent to a large university campus in the southeastern United States. Anonymous interview and survey data were collected as well as breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) readings. We calculated each patron's expenditures per unit of ethanol consumed based on self-reported information regarding the type, size, number, and cost of consumed drinks. Results:, A multivariable model revealed that a 10-cent increase in cost per gram of ethanol at on-premise establishments was associated with a 30% reduction in the risk of exiting an establishment intoxicated (i.e., BrAC , 0.08 g/210 l). Conclusions:, The results are consistent with economic theory and population-level research regarding the price elasticity of alcoholic beverages, which show that increases in alcohol prices are accompanied by less alcohol consumption. These findings suggest that stricter regulation of the drink discounting practices of on-premise drinking establishments would be an effective strategy for reducing the intoxication levels of exiting patrons. [source] Effects of Alcohol on Polysomnographically Recorded Sleep in Healthy SubjectsALCOHOLISM, Issue 9 2006Bernd Feige Background: After studying the sleep of alcohol-dependent patients at the beginning and over the course of abstinence in earlier studies, our interest in the current study focused on the direct effect of 2 doses of alcohol [0.03 and 0.1% blood alcohol level (BAL)] on healthy sleep. This is the first polysomnographic study testing the impact of 2 doses of alcohol ingestion (thus reflecting "normal" social drinking and alcohol abuse) in a single-blind randomized design in healthy volunteers. The study evaluated a short-term acute drinking period for 3 and 2 days of withdrawal from alcohol not only for polysomnographic variables but also for subjective estimates of sleep quality. Methods: In a crossover design with a 1-week interval, healthy subjects received alcohol to raise their blood alcohol to either 0.03 or 0.1% BAL at bedtime for 3 consecutive nights after an alcohol-free baseline night. Objective (polysomnography) and subjective sleep (questionnaires) was recorded each night. During the following 2 days, alcohol was discontinued with simultaneous measurements of sleep to gauge withdrawal effects. Results: At a dose of alcohol leading to BAL of 0.03%, no clear effects could be detected. Following an evening BAL of 0.1%, a hypnotic-like effect (shortened sleep latency, reduced number of wake periods, decreased stage 1 sleep) occurred primarily during the first half of the night with signs of rebound effects being already present during the second half of the night (increased stage 1 sleep). At this dose, alcohol significantly increased slow-wave sleep (SWS) in the first half of the night and reduced REM density in the beginning of the night. After discontinuation of the higher alcohol dose, REM sleep amount increased. No significant withdrawal or rebound effects could be observed for parameters of sleep continuity during the 2 nights after discontinuation from alcohol at a BAL of 0.1%. Conclusions: Owing to the small sample size, the results of this study need to be interpreted with caution. Short-term moderate alcohol consumption (BAL 0.03%) did not significantly alter objective or subjective parameters of sleep. Higher doses of alcohol resulting in a BAL level of 0.10% immediately before going to bed mainly influenced sleep in the first half of the night, resembling the effects of a short-acting hypnotic drug, including a suppression of phasic aspects of REM sleep (REM density). Interestingly, analysis of the latter part of these nights indicated the immediate presence of withdrawal effects (increased light sleep). No statistically significant effects on sleep parameters were observable during the 2 nights of withdrawal from alcohol at the higher BAL. Interpreted carefully, our data indicate that negative effects on sleep occur already with short-term use of alcohol at doses of BAL of 0.10%, despite hypnotic-like effects during the first hours of sleep, especially during the latter part of the night. [source] Effects of Alcohol on Sleep and the Sleep Electroencephalogram in Healthy Young WomenALCOHOLISM, Issue 6 2006Eliza Van Reen Background: Although the association between sleep and alcohol has been of interest to scientists for decades, the effects of alcohol on sleep and sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) have not been extensively studied in women. Our specific aim was to determine whether sleep stage variables and/or spectral characteristics of the sleep EEG are altered by alcohol administration in women. Methods: Changes of sleep and the sleep EEG were investigated after administration of a moderate dose of alcohol (0.49 g/kg) in the hour before bedtime compared with placebo in young healthy women. After approximately 2 weeks at home on a fixed 8.5- or 9-hour stabilization sleep schedule, sleep was continuously recorded by polysomnography for 3 consecutive nights [adaptation, placebo, alcohol (mean breath alcohol concentration 0.043 g/% before bedtime)] in the laboratory in 7 women (ages 22,25, mean=23.5, SD=1 year). Sleep stages were scored according to conventional criteria. Electroencephalogram power spectra of the bipolar derivations Fz/Cz (anterior) and Pz/Oz (posterior) were calculated using a fast Fourier transform routine. Results: Only few changes in sleep and the sleep EEG were observed. Across the entire night rapid eye movement (REM) sleep decreased, while minutes of stage 4 sleep were increased in the first 2-hour interval on alcohol nights compared with placebo nights. Spectral analysis of the EEG showed increased power in the , range (9,11 Hz) during all-night non-REM (NREM) sleep in anterior derivations after alcohol compared with placebo. Differences in spectral EEG power were also present in 2-hour intervals of NREM sleep; in particular, EEG power was increased on the alcohol night for frequency bins within the , range in anterior derivations and within the , range (3,4 Hz) in posterior derivations during the initial part of the night. Conclusions: A moderate dose of alcohol just before bedtime resulted in a short-lived increase in sleep intensity. A limitation of the study, however, was that only a single dose of alcohol was used to examine the effects of alcohol on sleep. [source] No persisting effect of partial sleep curtailment on cognitive performance and declarative memory recall in adolescentsJOURNAL OF SLEEP RESEARCH, Issue 1-Part-I 2010MARTA KOPASZ Summary Growing evidence indicates that sleep facilitates learning and memory processing. Sleep curtailment is increasingly common in adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of short-term sleep curtailment on declarative memory consolidation in adolescents. A randomized, cross-over study design was chosen. Twenty-two healthy subjects, aged 14,16 years, spent three consecutive nights in the sleep laboratory with a bedtime of 9 h during the first night (adaptation), 4 h during the second (partial sleep curtailment) and 9 h during the third night (recovery). The control condition consisted of three consecutive nights with bedtimes of 9 h. Both experimental conditions were separated by at least 3 weeks. The acquisition phase for the declarative tests was between 16:00 and 18:00 hours before the second night. Memory performance was examined in the morning after the recovery night. Executive function, attention and concentration were also assessed to control for any possible effects of tiredness. During the 4-h night, we observed a curtailment of 50% of non-rapid eye movement (non-REM), 5% of slow wave sleep (SWS) and 70% of REM sleep compared with the control night. Partial sleep curtailment of one night did not influence declarative memory retrieval significantly. Recall in the paired-associate word list task was correlated positively with percentage of non-REM sleep in the recovery night. Declarative memory consolidation does not appear to be influenced by short-term sleep curtailment in adolescents. This may be explained by the high ability of adolescents to compensate for acute sleep loss. The correlation between non-REM sleep and declarative memory performance supports earlier findings. [source] Disagreement between subjective and actigraphic measures of sleep duration in a population-based study of elderly persons,JOURNAL OF SLEEP RESEARCH, Issue 3 2008JULIA F. VAN DEN BERG Summary Sleep duration is an important concept in epidemiological studies. It characterizes a night's sleep or a person's sleep pattern, and is associated with numerous health outcomes. In most large studies, sleep duration is assessed with questionnaires or sleep diaries. As an alternative, actigraphy may be used, as it objectively measures sleep parameters and is feasible in large studies. However, actigraphy and sleep diaries may not measure exactly the same phenomenon. Our study aims to determine disagreement between actigraphic and diary estimates of sleep duration, and to investigate possible determinants of this disagreement. This investigation was embedded in the population-based Rotterdam Study. The study population consisted of 969 community-dwelling participants aged 57,97 years. Participants wore an actigraph and kept a sleep diary for, on average, six consecutive nights. Both measures were used to determine total sleep time (TST). In 34% of the participants, the estimated TST in the sleep diaries deviated more than 1 h from actigraphically measured TST. The level of disagreement between diary and actigraphic measures decreased with subjective and actigraphic measures of sleep quality, and increased with male gender, poor cognitive function and functional disability. Actigraphically measured poor sleep was often accompanied by longer subjective estimates of TST, whereas subjectively poor sleepers tended to report shorter TST in their diaries than was measured with actigraphy. We recommend, whenever possible, to use multiple measures of sleep duration, to perform analyses with both, and to examine the consistency of the results over assessment methods. [source] The highly spotted photosphere of the young rapid rotator Speedy MicMONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Issue 1 2005J. R. Barnes ABSTRACT We present high-resolution images of the young rapidly rotating K3 dwarf Speedy Mic (BO Mic, HD 197890). The photospheric spot maps reveal a heavily and uniformly spotted surface from equatorial to high-latitude regions. Contrary to many images of similar objects, Speedy Mic does not possess a uniform filling at high latitudes, but exhibits structure in the polar regions showing greatest concentration in a particular longitude range. The asymmetric rotation profile of Speedy Mic indicates the presence of a companion or nearby star which shows radial velocity shifts over a time-scale of several years. Using a simple dynamical argument, we show that Speedy Mic is unlikely to be a binary system, and conclude that the feature must be the result of a chance alignment with a background binary. Complete phase coverage on two consecutive nights in addition to 60 per cent phase coverage after a three-night gap has enabled us to track the evolution of spots with time. By incorporating a solar-like differential rotation model into the image reconstruction process, we find that the equator laps the polar regions once every 191 ± 17 d. This finding is in close agreement with measurements for other late-type rapid rotators. [source] Polysomnography in patients with post-traumatic stress disorderPSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES, Issue 3 2010Sinan Yetkin MD Aims:, The purpose of the present study was to investigate sleep structure in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients with and without any psychiatric comorbidities. The relationship between sleep variables and measurements of clinical symptom severity were also investigated. Methods:, Sleep patterns of 24 non-medicated male PTSD patients and 16 age- and sex-matched normal controls were investigated on polysomnography on two consecutive nights. Six PTSD-only patients and 15 PTSD patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) were also compared to normal controls. Sleep variables were correlated with PTSD symptoms. Results:, Compared to the normal controls, the PTSD patients with MDD had difficulty initiating sleep, poor sleep efficiency, decreased total sleep time, decreased slow wave sleep (SWS), and a reduced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep latency. The PTSD patients without any comorbid psychiatric disorders had moderately significant disturbances of sleep continuity, and decreased SWS, but no abnormalities of REM sleep. REM sleep latency was inversely proportional to the severity of startle response. SWS was found to be inversely correlated with the severity of psychogenic amnesia. Conclusions:, PTSD patients have disturbance of sleep continuity, and SWS deficit, without the impact of comorbid depression on sleep. The relationship between SWS and the inability to recall an important aspect of trauma may indicate the role of sleep in the consolidation of traumatic memories. The relationship between the severity of the startle response and REM latency may suggest that REM sleep physiology shares common substrates with the symptoms of PTSD. [source] Variability of sleep parameters across multiple laboratory sessions in healthy young subjects: The "very first night effect"PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 4 2002José-Luis Lorenzo Many studies have been carried out to assess the variability of sleep parameters. The first night effect is one of the most important factors in this variability and has been extensively studied. However, the readaptation phenomenon when subjects returned to the sleep laboratory after spending a certain period of time at home has been not systematically evaluated. To investigate this phenomenon across multiple sleep laboratory sessions, polysomnographic data from 12 healthy young subjects for 12 nights (three periods each of 4 consecutive nights, with a minimum of 1 month between them) were collected. The first night effect was present only in the first night of the first period ("very first night") and was significant only for REM sleep-related variables. We conclude that the results from the first nights of consecutive periods within a specific protocol with healthy young subjects need not be discarded in subsequent analyses. [source] A simple method for computer quantification of stage REM eye movement potentialsPSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 3 2001Xin Tan We describe a simple method for computer quantification of eye movement (EM) potentials during REM sleep. This method can be applied by investigators using either period-amplitude (PA) or Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) spectral EEG analysis without special hardware or computer programming. It provides good correlations with visual ratings of EM in baseline sleep and after administration of GABAergic hypnotics. We present baseline data for both PA and FFT measures for 16 normal subjects, studied for 5 consecutive nights. Both visually rated and computer-measured EM density (EMD) showed high night-to-night correlations across baseline and drug nights and the computer measures detected the EMD suppression that is produced by GABAergic drugs. Measurement of EM in addition to stage REM provides biologically significant information and application of this simple computer method, which does not require pattern recognition algorithms or special hardware, could provide reliable data that can be compared across laboratories. [source] Role of nocturnal turbulence and advection in the formation of shallow cumulus over landTHE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY, Issue 628 2007Jordi Vilą-Guerau de Arellano Abstract Shallow cumuli over land are normally studied from a diurnal perspective. However, the thermodynamic vertical profiles of the morning transition may play an important role in setting up favourable conditions for the formation of shallow cumuli. In turn, these profiles are highly dependent on the evolution of the nocturnal boundary characteristics and of their layer aloft. By analysing thermodynamic profiles measured by radiosondes launched every three hours at four different stations, we are able to determine how horizontal advection and turbulent mixing modify the atmospheric stability and the differences in potential temperature and specific humidity at the interface between the atmospheric boundary layer and the layer above it. Two consecutive nights are studied. They show very similar boundary-layer development; but variations in the layer aloft by a low-level-jet advection event during the second night, and intense turbulent mechanical mixing, lead to the development of two diurnal boundary layers with very different characteristics: the first one clear, the second cloudy. To complete the observational study, we perform a sensitivity analysis using a mixed-layer model to examine the role of the morning initial conditions in the formation of shallow cumuli over land. The complexity and subtlety of the observed situation,namely, the interaction of a strongly-mixed nocturnal boundary layer and horizontal advection,make this case suitable for testing the capacity of mesoscale models to reproduce cloudy boundary layers that are largely dependent on conditions during the previous night. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society [source] Desmopressin in elderly patients with nocturia: short-term safety and effects on urine output, sleep and voiding patternsBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 7 2003A. Rembratt OBJECTIVE To investigate the short-term safety of desmopressin in elderly patients with nocturia, with special focus on the risk of hyponatraemia, and to assess the short-term effects on urine output, sleep and voiding patterns. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients (72) were recruited from a study using frequency-volume charts, which in turn was preceded by a questionnaire study. Each patient took one 0.2 mg desmopressin tablet at bedtime for three consecutive nights and kept a frequency-volume chart. Serum sodium was assessed in the morning after the first and the third dose. Patients with a mean serum sodium level during treatment deviating more than five units from baseline were considered sensitive to change in serum sodium. Potential predictors for sodium sensitivity and response were investigated with logistic and multiple regression. RESULTS All 72 enrolled patients completed the trial; no serious adverse events occurred and no adverse events of severe intensity were recorded. Six patients were sensitive to change in serum sodium. The risk (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval) increased with increasing age (1.3, 1.1,1.6), concomitant cardiac disease (10.0, 0.9,105.8) and increasing baseline 24-h urine output (1.2, 1.0,1.5). Patients sensitive to change in serum sodium were pharmacological responders and desmopressin had a greater effect on their 24-h diuresis, indicating that the drug effect was not limited to the night only. CONCLUSION Desmopressin was well tolerated in elderly patients with nocturia, but the results suggest that serum sodium should be measured before and after a few days of treatment. [source] Marital Conflict and Disruption of Children's SleepCHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 1 2006Mona El-Sheikh Marital conflict was examined as a predictor of the quality and quantity of sleep in a sample of healthy 8- to 9-year-olds. Parents and children reported on marital conflict, the quantity and quality of children's sleep were examined through an actigraph worn for 7 consecutive nights, and child sleepiness was derived from child and mother reports. Increased marital conflict was associated with disruptions in the quantity and quality of children's sleep as well as subjective sleepiness, even after controlling for child age, ethnic group membership, socioeconomic status, sex, and body mass index. The results support the sensitization hypothesis in that exposure to marital conflict may influence an important facet of children's biological regulation, namely sleep. [source] | ||||||||||||||||