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Selected AbstractsAn Update on the Long-Acting Insulin Analogue GlargineBASIC AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY, Issue 1 2006Henriette Thisted However, this must be achieved with minimal risk of hypoglycaemia. Glargine is a new long-acting insulin analogue with an action profile designed to overcome this and has now been in clinical use for a number of years. In many countries glargine is widely used. Here we present an update on the clinical information available on glargine with respect to glycaemic control, the risk of hypoglycaemia and quality of life in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. [source] A review of basal insulinsDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 11 2003Anthony H. Barnett Abstract Tight glycaemic control (ideally, HbA1c < 7%) is central to reducing the risk of long-term complications of diabetes. This approach, for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, commonly involves the use of basal insulin, and must be achieved with minimal risk of hypoglycaemia (particularly nocturnal episodes). Indeed, concern around hypoglycaemia is a major barrier to achieving tight glycaemic control, and is a common problem with those protracted-acting insulins most frequently used in clinical practice for basal insulin supply. Other drawbacks include inter- and intra-patient variability that compromises dosing reproducibility and unsuitability for single daily dosing. New long-acting human insulin analogues with action profiles designed to overcome these problems are now available in clinical practice or are under evaluation in clinical trials. Clinical evidence suggests efficacy and safety advantages for these analogues over NPH insulin (the most commonly used basal insulin), and may bring closer the goal of tight glycaemic control in patients with diabetes. [source] New Glaucoma Medications in the Geriatric Population: Efficacy and SafetyJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 5 2002Gary D. Novack PhD Glaucoma can be considered a disease of the aging eye. Most medications used to treat glaucoma are in topical eyedrop form and may cause numerous untoward systemic effects in older persons. In recent years, several new ocular hypotensive medications have become available. These medications are being used more commonly because there is a growing trend by ophthalmologists to aggressively lower intraocular pressure. Therefore, geriatricians require a comprehensive knowledge of medications used to treat glaucoma, in addition to an understanding of their mechanism of action profiles of untoward effects and possible interactions with other diseases or medications. Therefore, we performed a review of the medications recently introduced into clinical practice. We selected drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration between 1996 and September 2001. The safety profiles of these agents and their untoward side effects were reviewed by class: topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (brinzolamide: ocular tolerance, taste perversion), ,-adrenoceptor antagonists (timolol: bradycardia and bronchospasm), ,-adrenergic agonists (brimonidine: oral dryness, headache, and fatigue), and prostaglandin analogs (latanoprost, bimatoprost, travoprost, and unoprostone isopropyl: ocular hyperemia, iris color changes). The function of this review is to make geriatricians more aware of the efficacy and untoward effects of medications recently introduced into clinical practice. We recommend that geriatricians perform a medication review on all medications their patients use, including eye drops. [source] Insulins in equine urine: qualitative analysis by immunoaffinity purification and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for doping control purposes in horse-racingRAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 3 2008Tiia Kuuranne Insulin is a peptide hormone consisting of two peptide chains (A- and B-chain) that are cross-linked by two disulfide bonds. To obtain improved pharmacokinetic onset of action profiles of insulin treatment in diabetic patients, recombinant long-, intermediate-, and rapid-acting insulin analogs are produced, in which the C-terminal end of the B-chain plays an especially important role. A review of the veterinary literature reveals the low prevalence of equine type I diabetes mellitus, which indicates that the therapeutic use of insulin in racing horses is unlikely. Although there is no unequivocal evidence of an overall performance-enhancing effect of insulin, in human sports the misuse of insulin preparations is reported among elite athletes. The desired effects of insulin include the increase of muscular glycogen prior to sports event or during the recovery phase, in addition to a chalonic action, which increases the muscle size by inhibiting protein breakdown. In the present study urinary insulin was detected in equine samples and differences between equine insulin, human insulin, as well as rapidly acting recombinant insulin variants were examined. The method was based on sample purification by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC), and subsequent analysis by microbore liquid chromatography (LC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) using top-down sequencing for the determination of various insulins. Product ion scan experiments of intact proteins and B-chains enabled the differentiation between endogenously produced equine insulin, its DesB30 metabolite, human insulin and recombinant insulin analogs, and the assay allowed the assignment of individual product ions, especially those originating from modified C-termini of B-chains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||