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Action Patterns (action + pattern)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Psychology44%
Medical Sciences22%

Selected Abstracts

Investigation of hatching and early post-embryonic life of freshwater crayfish by in vitro culture, behavioral analysis, and light and electron microscopy

JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY, Issue 7 2008
Günter Vogt
Abstract The late embryonic and early post-embryonic life period of freshwater crayfish, which is the main time period of organogenesis, is poorly investigated because of the protective brooding behavior of crayfish mothers. A combination of in vitro culture, behavioral observations, and microscopic investigations of organs involved in hatching, attachment, exploration of the environment, and searching and processing of food yielded deeper insights in this important period of life. Experiments were performed with the robust parthenogenetic marbled crayfish. The following results were obtained: (1) Marbled crayfish can be raised in simple in vitro systems from 80% embryonic development to juvenile Stage 4 with up to 100% survival; (2) Hatching is prepared by chemical weakening of the egg shell and completed by levering actions of the hatchling's appendages; (3) The telson thread, a safety line that keeps the hatchling secured to the mother, is formed by secretions from the telson and the detaching inner layer of the egg case; (4) Molting Stage-1 juveniles are secured by an anal thread that results from delayed molting of the hindgut; (5) Active attachment of the hatchlings to the maternal pleopods with their 1st pereiopods is achieved by an innate fixed action pattern; (6) In vitro, juveniles are motile from Stage 2 despite incomplete development of their balance controlling statocysts. Movement pattern and social behavior vary greatly among individuals; and (7) Feeding starts in Stage 3, when the mouthparts and the gastric mill are fully developed. Onset of feeding is innate and does not require maternal contributions. In vitro culture of the isogenic marbled crayfish is recommended for broader use in research because it enables not only time and stage-specific sampling but also precisely timed experimental manipulations. J. Morphol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Archetypes as action patterns,

THE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2009
George B. Hogenson
Abstract:, The discovery of mirror neurons by researchers at the University of Parma promises to radically alter our understanding of fundamental cognitive and affective states. This paper explores the relationship of mirror neurons to Jung's theory of archetypes and proposes that archetypes may be viewed as elementary action patterns. The paper begins with a review of a proposed interpretation of the fainting spells of S. Freud in his relationship with Jung as an example of an action pattern that also defines an archetypal image. The challenge that mirror neurons present to traditional views in analytical psychology and psychoanalysis, however, is that they operate without recourse to a cognitive processing element. This is a position that is gaining increasing acceptance in other fields as well. The paper therefore reviews the most recent claims made by the Boston Process of Change Study Group as well as conclusions drawn from dynamic systems views of development and theoretical robotics to underline the conclusion that unconscious agency is not a requirement for coherent action. It concludes with the suggestion that this entire body of research may lead to the conclusion that the dynamic unconscious is an unnecessary hypothesis in psychoanalysis and analytical psychology. Translations of Abstract La découverte de neurones miroirs par des chercheurs de l'université de Parme promet une altération radicale de notre compréhension des états cognitifs et affectifs fondamentaux. Cet article analyse le rapport entre les neurones miroirs et la théorie des archétypes de Jung. Il pose l'éventualité que les archétypes puissent être envisagés comme des «patterns»élémentaires d'action. Il part d'une interprétation des évanouissements de Freud aux temps de sa relation avec Jung, comme exemple de «pattern» d'action définissant également une image archétypique. Le défi posé par les neurones miroirs aux conceptions traditionnelles de la psychologie analytique et de la psychanalyse, réside dans une modalité de fonctionnement qui exclut le recours aux processus cognitifs. Une telle conception est de plus en plus répandue et ce, dans des champs divers. L'article passe en revue les dernières avancées du Boston Process of Change Study Group, de même que les conclusions des théories dynamiques du développement et de la robotique théorique, pour appuyer l'idée que les agents inconscients ne sont pas la condition absolue d'une action cohérente. L'article s'achève en évoquant la probabilité que l'ensemble de ces recherches ne parviennent à la conclusion que l'inconscient dynamique constitue une hypothèse superflue en psychanalyse et en psychologie analytique. Die Entdeckung der Spiegelneuronen durch Forscher an der Universität von Parma verspricht eine radikale Änderung unseres Verständnisses von Kognitiven und affektiven Zuständen. Dieser Aufsatz untersucht die Beziehung zwischen Spiegelneuronen und Jungs Theorie der Archetypen und kommt zu dem Vorschlag, daß Archetypen als elementare Verhaltensmuster zu betrachten seien. Begonnen wird mit einer Rückschau auf eine angenommene Interpretation der Ohnmachtsanfälle S. Freuds im Kontakt mit Jung als eines Beispiels für ein Verhaltensmuster, das gleichzeitig ein archetypisches Bild definiert. Die Herausforderung aber, die Entdeckung der Spiegelneuronen für die traditionellen Sichtweisen der Analytischen Psychologie und Psychoanalyse darstellt besteht darin, daß sie ohne Rückgriff auf kognitive Prozeßelemente funktionieren. Dies ist eine Position, die auch auf anderen Gebieten zunehmend an Akzeptanz gewinnt. Der Aufsatz resümiert deswegen die neuesten diesbezüglichen Theorien, die von der Bostoner Forschungsgruppe ,Prozeß des Wandels' aufgestellt wurden sowie die Schlüsse, die aus der Untersuchung von dynamischen Systemen, aus Erkenntnissen der praktischen und theoretischen Roboterentwicklung gewonnen wurden um die Folgerung zu stützen, daß die Existenz einer Ebene des Unbewußten zur Ausführung kohärenter Aktionen nicht erforderlich ist. Der Text schließt mit der Annahme, daß der gesamte Fundus dieser Forschung zu der Folgerung führen könnte, daß das dynamische Unbewußte eine unnötige Hypothese der Psychoanalyse und der Analytischen Psychologie sei. La scoperta dei neuroni specchio fatta dai ricercatori dell'Università di Parma ci permette di cambiare radicalmente il nostro modo di intendere gli stati fondamentali cognitivi e affettivi. In questo lavoro viene presa in esame la relazione tra i neuroni specchio e la teoria degli archetipi e si propone di considerare gli archetipi come schemi di azione elementari. Si inizia riesaminando una interpretazione degli svenimenti di Freud nella sua relazione con Jung considerandola come un esempio di uno schema di azione che definisce anche un'immagine archetipica. La sfida che i neuroni specchio presentano al punto di vista tradizionale della psicologia analitica e della psicoanalisi è che essi operano senza ricorrere a un elemento procedurale cognitivo. Tale posizione viene sempre più accettata anche in altri campi. In questo scritto si analizzano poi sia le più recenti affermazioni fatte dal Boston Process of Change Study Group sia le conclusioni raggiunte dal punto di vista dei sistemi dinamici di sviluppo e dalla teoria robotica per giungere alla conclusione che l'agentività dell'inconscio non è un requisito necessario per un'azione coerente. Il lavoro si conclude con la considerazione che questo intero corpo di ricerca può condurre alla conclusione che un inconscio dinamico non rappresenta un'ipotesi necessaria né nella psicoanalisi né nella psicologia analitica. El descubrimiento de las neuronas de espejo por las investigadores en la Universidad de Parma prometen alterar radicalmente nuestra comprensión de estados cognoscitivos y afectivos fundamentales. Este trabajo explora la relación de las neuronas de espejo con la teoría del Jung de los arquetipos y propone que los arquetipos puedan ser vistos como pautas elementales de acción. Se inicia con una revisión de la interpretación propuesta a los desvanecimientos de S. Freud en su relación con Jung como ejemplo de una pauta de acción que define una imagen arquetípica. El desafío que las neuronas espejo presenta a los conceptos tradicionales en la psicología analítica y el psicoanálisis, sin embargo, es que ellos operan sin el recurso de un elemento de procesamiento cognoscitivo. Es esta una posición que ha ganado aceptación también en otros campos. El trabajo por lo tanto revisa las reflexiones más recientes del Grupo de Estudio del Proceso de Cambio de Boston así como las conclusiones descritas por las dinámicas de los sistemas del desarrollo y la robótica teórica para subrayar la conclusión de que el control inconsciente no es un requisito para la acción coherente. El papel concluye con la sugerencia según la cual estas investigaciones pueden llevar a la conclusión de que el inconsciente dinámico es una hipótesis innecesaria en el psicoanálisis y la psicología analítica. [source]

Dysregulation of the Cytokine Network in the Uterus of the Diabetic Rat

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 6 2001
SERGE PAMPFER
Insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes is an auto-immune disorder that produces secondary complications in numerous non-immunological systems. Changes in the synthesis and action pattern of several cytokines have been associated with the development of these alterations. Based on the clinical facts that the pregnant and non-pregnant functions of the reproductive system are also disrupted by diabetes, our laboratory has decided to concentrate its research activities on the hypothesis that cytokines may be implicated in the uteropathy and embryopathy associated with the metabolic disorder. This review article summarizes our major findings concerning the synthesis of TNF-, and IL-1, in the uterus of diabetic rats, and in cultures of rodent uterine cells upon their exposure to high concentrations of glucose. The paper also reviews evidence that both the peri-implanting embryo and the epithelial cell layer lining the uterine lumen are targets for the deleterious influence of excess TNF-,. If confirmed in the uterus of diabetic patients, these observations may explain how cytokines contribute to the dysregulation of crucial reproductive events like menstruation and embryo implantation in humans. [source]

Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT): Pediatric applications

DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEW, Issue 2 2009
Kathleen Brady
Abstract The purpose of this article is to describe theoretical and research bases for constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT), to discuss key features and variations in protocols currently in use with children, and to review the results of studies of efficacy. CIMT has been found to be an effective intervention for increasing functional use of the hemiparetic upper extremity in adults with chronic disability from stroke. CIMT developed out of behavioral research on the phenomenon of "learned nonuse" of an upper extremity, commonly observed following sensory and/or motor CNS injury, in which failure to regain use persists even after a period of partial recovery. CIMT includes three key elements: (1) constraining the use of the less-impaired upper extremity (UE); (2) intensive, repetitive daily therapist-directed practice of motor movements with the impaired UE for an extended period (2,3 weeks); and (3) shaping of more complex action patterns through a process of rewarding successive approximations to the target action. Mechanisms responsible for success are thought to be separate but complementary, that is, operant conditioning (reversal of learned nonuse) and experience-driven cortical reorganization. CIMT has recently been extended to children with hemiparesis secondary to perinatal stroke or other CNS pathology. Numerous case studies, as well as a small number of randomized controlled or controlled clinical trials have reported substantial gains in functional use of the hemiplegic UE following CIMT with children. Protocols vary widely in terms of type of constraint used, intensity and duration of training, and outcome measures. In general, all report gains in functional use, with minimal or no adverse effects. Continued research is needed, to clarify optimal protocol parameters and to further understand mechanisms of efficacy. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2009;15:102,111. [source]

An Action Pattern Model of Inter-firm Cooperation*

JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, Issue 6 2005
Steven S. Lui
abstract An action pattern model was developed and applied to the examination of inter-firm cooperative processes. The model considered cooperation as a continuous cycle of actions and reactions between cooperating partners. The building blocks of the model include cooperative equilibrium, disruptive events, action types and action patterns. Three action pattern variables were proposed to describe the interactions. It was hypothesized that action patterns are contingent on partner relationships and the transaction cost characteristics of a partnership. The hypotheses were tested on a sample of 263 partnerships in the construction industry in Hong Kong. The quantitative study was supplemented by four in-depth case studies. The results show that: (1) trust was an important antecedent of action patterns; and (2) transaction cost variables moderate the relationships between partner relationships and action patterns. These findings suggest that future research should give more attention to the interaction of partners during cooperation. [source]

Defensive Copers Show a Deficit in Passive Avoidance Learning on Newman's Go/No-Go Task: Implications for Self-Deception and Socialization

JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 5 2004
Matthew S. Shane
High-anxious individuals, low-anxious individuals, and defensive copers completed a computerized go/no-go task, in which they learned when to press or not to press a button, in response to contingent positive and negative feedback. The duration that feedback remained onscreen was self-regulated. Defensive copers showed preferential reflection away from negative feedback, committed more passive-avoidance errors, and were characterized by impaired learning, overall. Further, the ratio of reflection on negative feedback to reflection on positive feedback directly mediated both passive-avoidance errors and overall learning. Defensive coping strategies, therefore, appear to interfere with passive avoidance learning, thereby fostering perseverative, dysfunctional action patterns by reducing knowledge gained from previous mistakes. Implications for the learning of effective socialization strategies, and for psychopathy,which is commonly characterized by similar passive-avoidance deficits,are subsequently considered. [source]

ESP-102, a combined extract of Angelica gigas, Saururus chinensis and Schizandra chinensis, protects against glutamate-induced toxicity in primary cultures of rat cortical cells

PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 11 2009
Choong Je Ma
Abstract It was reported previously that ESP-102, a combined extract of Angelica gigas, Saururus chinensis and Schizandra chinensis, significantly improved scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice and protected primary cultured rat cortical cells against glutamate-induced toxicity. To corroborate this effect, the action patterns of ESP-102 were elucidated using the same in vitro system. ESP-102 decreased the cellular calcium concentration increased by glutamate, and inhibited the subsequent overproduction of cellular nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species to the level of control cells. It also preserved cellular activities of antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase reduced in the glutamate-injured neuronal cells. While a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was observed in glutamate treated cells, the mitochondrial membrane potential was maintained by ESP-102. These results support that the actual mechanism of neuroprotective activity of ESP-102 against glutamate-induced oxidative stress might be its antioxidative activity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Archetypes as action patterns,

THE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2009
George B. Hogenson
Abstract:, The discovery of mirror neurons by researchers at the University of Parma promises to radically alter our understanding of fundamental cognitive and affective states. This paper explores the relationship of mirror neurons to Jung's theory of archetypes and proposes that archetypes may be viewed as elementary action patterns. The paper begins with a review of a proposed interpretation of the fainting spells of S. Freud in his relationship with Jung as an example of an action pattern that also defines an archetypal image. The challenge that mirror neurons present to traditional views in analytical psychology and psychoanalysis, however, is that they operate without recourse to a cognitive processing element. This is a position that is gaining increasing acceptance in other fields as well. The paper therefore reviews the most recent claims made by the Boston Process of Change Study Group as well as conclusions drawn from dynamic systems views of development and theoretical robotics to underline the conclusion that unconscious agency is not a requirement for coherent action. It concludes with the suggestion that this entire body of research may lead to the conclusion that the dynamic unconscious is an unnecessary hypothesis in psychoanalysis and analytical psychology. Translations of Abstract La découverte de neurones miroirs par des chercheurs de l'université de Parme promet une altération radicale de notre compréhension des états cognitifs et affectifs fondamentaux. Cet article analyse le rapport entre les neurones miroirs et la théorie des archétypes de Jung. Il pose l'éventualité que les archétypes puissent être envisagés comme des «patterns»élémentaires d'action. Il part d'une interprétation des évanouissements de Freud aux temps de sa relation avec Jung, comme exemple de «pattern» d'action définissant également une image archétypique. Le défi posé par les neurones miroirs aux conceptions traditionnelles de la psychologie analytique et de la psychanalyse, réside dans une modalité de fonctionnement qui exclut le recours aux processus cognitifs. Une telle conception est de plus en plus répandue et ce, dans des champs divers. L'article passe en revue les dernières avancées du Boston Process of Change Study Group, de même que les conclusions des théories dynamiques du développement et de la robotique théorique, pour appuyer l'idée que les agents inconscients ne sont pas la condition absolue d'une action cohérente. L'article s'achève en évoquant la probabilité que l'ensemble de ces recherches ne parviennent à la conclusion que l'inconscient dynamique constitue une hypothèse superflue en psychanalyse et en psychologie analytique. Die Entdeckung der Spiegelneuronen durch Forscher an der Universität von Parma verspricht eine radikale Änderung unseres Verständnisses von Kognitiven und affektiven Zuständen. Dieser Aufsatz untersucht die Beziehung zwischen Spiegelneuronen und Jungs Theorie der Archetypen und kommt zu dem Vorschlag, daß Archetypen als elementare Verhaltensmuster zu betrachten seien. Begonnen wird mit einer Rückschau auf eine angenommene Interpretation der Ohnmachtsanfälle S. Freuds im Kontakt mit Jung als eines Beispiels für ein Verhaltensmuster, das gleichzeitig ein archetypisches Bild definiert. Die Herausforderung aber, die Entdeckung der Spiegelneuronen für die traditionellen Sichtweisen der Analytischen Psychologie und Psychoanalyse darstellt besteht darin, daß sie ohne Rückgriff auf kognitive Prozeßelemente funktionieren. Dies ist eine Position, die auch auf anderen Gebieten zunehmend an Akzeptanz gewinnt. Der Aufsatz resümiert deswegen die neuesten diesbezüglichen Theorien, die von der Bostoner Forschungsgruppe ,Prozeß des Wandels' aufgestellt wurden sowie die Schlüsse, die aus der Untersuchung von dynamischen Systemen, aus Erkenntnissen der praktischen und theoretischen Roboterentwicklung gewonnen wurden um die Folgerung zu stützen, daß die Existenz einer Ebene des Unbewußten zur Ausführung kohärenter Aktionen nicht erforderlich ist. Der Text schließt mit der Annahme, daß der gesamte Fundus dieser Forschung zu der Folgerung führen könnte, daß das dynamische Unbewußte eine unnötige Hypothese der Psychoanalyse und der Analytischen Psychologie sei. La scoperta dei neuroni specchio fatta dai ricercatori dell'Università di Parma ci permette di cambiare radicalmente il nostro modo di intendere gli stati fondamentali cognitivi e affettivi. In questo lavoro viene presa in esame la relazione tra i neuroni specchio e la teoria degli archetipi e si propone di considerare gli archetipi come schemi di azione elementari. Si inizia riesaminando una interpretazione degli svenimenti di Freud nella sua relazione con Jung considerandola come un esempio di uno schema di azione che definisce anche un'immagine archetipica. La sfida che i neuroni specchio presentano al punto di vista tradizionale della psicologia analitica e della psicoanalisi è che essi operano senza ricorrere a un elemento procedurale cognitivo. Tale posizione viene sempre più accettata anche in altri campi. In questo scritto si analizzano poi sia le più recenti affermazioni fatte dal Boston Process of Change Study Group sia le conclusioni raggiunte dal punto di vista dei sistemi dinamici di sviluppo e dalla teoria robotica per giungere alla conclusione che l'agentività dell'inconscio non è un requisito necessario per un'azione coerente. Il lavoro si conclude con la considerazione che questo intero corpo di ricerca può condurre alla conclusione che un inconscio dinamico non rappresenta un'ipotesi necessaria né nella psicoanalisi né nella psicologia analitica. El descubrimiento de las neuronas de espejo por las investigadores en la Universidad de Parma prometen alterar radicalmente nuestra comprensión de estados cognoscitivos y afectivos fundamentales. Este trabajo explora la relación de las neuronas de espejo con la teoría del Jung de los arquetipos y propone que los arquetipos puedan ser vistos como pautas elementales de acción. Se inicia con una revisión de la interpretación propuesta a los desvanecimientos de S. Freud en su relación con Jung como ejemplo de una pauta de acción que define una imagen arquetípica. El desafío que las neuronas espejo presenta a los conceptos tradicionales en la psicología analítica y el psicoanálisis, sin embargo, es que ellos operan sin el recurso de un elemento de procesamiento cognoscitivo. Es esta una posición que ha ganado aceptación también en otros campos. El trabajo por lo tanto revisa las reflexiones más recientes del Grupo de Estudio del Proceso de Cambio de Boston así como las conclusiones descritas por las dinámicas de los sistemas del desarrollo y la robótica teórica para subrayar la conclusión de que el control inconsciente no es un requisito para la acción coherente. El papel concluye con la sugerencia según la cual estas investigaciones pueden llevar a la conclusión de que el inconsciente dinámico es una hipótesis innecesaria en el psicoanálisis y la psicología analítica. [source]