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Conclusions Interventions (conclusion + intervention)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Medical Sciences75%

Selected Abstracts

1222: Pharmacological overview of the ophthalmic anaesthesia

ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2010
E FISCHER
Purpose Review of the chemical properties, differences between the effectiveness of the ophthalmological used local anaesthetics. Historical overview from 1860, year of the isolation of cocaine, to date. Methods Didactic and substantive summary of the literature. Results Specification of the basicity, lipophilicity, physicochemical properties, and the advantages, and disadvantages of adding adrenalin in different concentrations. Local anaesthetics also have adverse effects. All stimulate central nervous system, therefore it is very important to have a proper anamnesis, especially information about drug hypersensitivity from the patient. Conclusion Interventions must be carried out in the view of drug interactions, with personalized choice of drugs and dose. [source]

Unintentional drug overdose death trends in New Mexico, USA, 1990,2005: combinations of heroin, cocaine, prescription opioids and alcohol

ADDICTION, Issue 1 2008
Nina G. Shah
ABSTRACT Aims To determine the contribution of heroin, prescription opioids, cocaine and alcohol/drug combinations to the total overdose death rate and identify changes in drug overdose patterns among New Mexico subpopulations. Design We analyzed medical examiner data for all unintentional drug overdose deaths in New Mexico during 1990,2005. Age-adjusted drug overdose death rates were calculated by sex and race/ethnicity; we modeled overall drug overdose death adjusting for age and region. Findings The total unintentional drug overdose death rate in New Mexico increased from 5.6 per 100 000 in 1990 to 15.5 per 100 000 in 2005. Deaths caused by heroin, prescription opioids, cocaine and alcohol/drug combinations together ranged from 89% to 98% of the total. Heroin caused the most deaths during 1990,2005, with a notable rate increase in prescription opioid overdose death during 1998,2005 (58%). During 1990,2005, the 196% increase in single drug category overdose death was driven by prescription opioids alone and heroin alone; the 148% increase in multi-drug category overdose death was driven by heroin/alcohol and heroin/cocaine. Hispanic males had the highest overdose death rate, followed by white males, white females, Hispanic females and American Indians. The most common categories causing death were heroin alone and heroin/alcohol among Hispanic males, heroin/alcohol among American Indian males and prescription opioids alone among white males and all female subpopulations. Conclusions Interventions to prevent drug overdose death should be targeted according to use patterns among at-risk subpopulations. A comprehensive approach addressing both illicit and prescription drug users, and people who use these drugs concurrently, is needed to reduce overdose death. [source]

Preschool children with and without developmental delay: behaviour problems, parents' optimism and well-being

JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH, Issue 8 2005
B. L. Baker
Abstract Background Children with intellectual disability are at heightened risk for behaviour problems, and these are known to increase parenting stress. This study explored the relation of behaviour problems to less child-related domains of parent well-being (depression and marital adjustment), as well as the moderating effect of a personality trait, dispositional optimism. Method Participating children (N = 214) were classified as developmentally delayed, borderline, or nondelayed. Mothers' and fathers' well-being and child behaviour problems were assessed at child ages 3 and 4 years. Results Parents of delayed and nondelayed preschoolers generally did not differ on depression or marital adjustment, but child behaviour problems were strongly related to scores on both measures. Optimism moderated this relationship, primarily for mothers. When child behaviour problems were high, mothers who were less optimistic reported lower scores on measures of well-being than did mothers who were more optimistic. Conclusions Interventions for parents that aim to enhance both parenting skills and psycholog- ical well-being should be available in preschool. It may be beneficial for such programmes to focus not only on behaviour management strategies aimed at child behaviour change, but also on parents' belief systems, with the aim of increasing dispositional optimism. [source]

Childhood unintentional injuries: the perceived impact of the environment, lack of supervision and child characteristics

CHILD: CARE, HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2006
S.-A. Munro
Abstract Background Investigations into the context and causation of injury, including injury risks, are an essential part of the injury prevention knowledge base. Caregiver perceptions of childhood injury risks may assist in the design of safety interventions and influence the way in which an intervention is received within a community. Methods Focus groups and individual interviews were conducted in two low-income neighbourhoods in South Africa to collect information on caregiver perceptions of injury risks. The data were analysed via thematic content analysis. Results The results revealed that injury risks are perceived as multifaceted and as contributing synergistically to an injury event. Parents of children also tended to attribute most risks to the environment instead of individual action. Conclusions Interventions including passive strategies and less activity from the parent may be welcomed in communities. Attention should be given to child injury prevention methods specifically for low-income contexts. [source]