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Concepts Underlying (concept + underlying)
Selected AbstractsAddressing complex ethical issues in the treatment of children and adolescents with eating disorders: application of a framework for ethical decision-makingEUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW, Issue 3 2001Ronald S. Manley Abstract Ethically problematic situations frequently arise in the care of children and adolescents with eating disorders. The younger person with anorexia nervosa can often deteriorate quickly, therefore the child who is in denial with respect to the seriousness of her condition and/or markedly ambivalent regarding renourishment is at grave risk. Involuntary treatment is likely to be a consideration during such a medical crisis. In this paper we outline an ethical decision-making framework that can assist the clinician in engaging the young patient and her family well in advance of a crisis, so that decisions can be made at a time when recourse to establishing incompetency or enforcing involuntary treatment are unnecessary. We have adopted a narrative approach in our application of the decision-making framework, and safety is emphasized as the central concept underlying the application of this model. Finally, a number of recommendations are made regarding application of the ethical decision-making framework with younger persons. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. [source] A State-Trait Analysis of Job Satisfaction: On the Effect of Core Self-EvaluationsAPPLIED PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2006Christian Dormann Une recherche récente qui portait sur les fondements caractériels de la satisfaction au travail s'est focalisée sur le rapport entre la satisfaction professionnelle observée et le noyau central des autoévaluations (CSE). Cette étude s'est occupée d'une part de la relation entre la variance-trait de la satisfaction au travail et le CSE et d'autre part de la structure des variables CSE. En faisant le choix d'un modèle de mesure longitudinal, nous avons d'abord recherché si le CSE était suffisamment stable, cela à partir d'une analyse secondaire de quatre périodes successives. Les résultats montrent une forte stabilité du CSE (.87 sur deux ans). Nous avons ensuite opéré une scission état-trait de la satisfaction professionnelle de façon à dissocier la variance-trait de la satisfaction au travail de la variance instable. Le facteur stable de satisfaction professionnelle fut mis en rapport, par régression, avec les variables CSE, en utilisant plusieurs modèles de CSE (une sommation, un facteur latent ou un concept global). D'après les résultats, il vaut mieux traiter les variables CSE comme une sommation, et cette série rend compte de presque toute la variance stable de la satisfaction professionnelle (84%). En outre, seuls l'affectivité négative et le locus of control interne avaient un impact significatif, alors que l'estime de soi et l'efficience personnelle n'en avaient pas. On conclut que la conception actuelle du CSE comme concept supraordonné englobant quatre dimensions est défendable, mais trop générale pour les recherches sur la satisfaction professionnelle; il est plus satisfaisant et suffisant d'analyser à la fois l'affectivité négative et le locus of control. Recent research that looked into the dispositional base of job satisfaction focused on relating observed job satisfaction to core self-evaluations (CSE). This study was concerned with (a) the relation between the trait variance of job satisfaction and CSE and (b) the structure of the CSE-variables. Using a longitudinal measurement model in a secondary analysis of four waves of a longitudinal study we first tested whether CSE are sufficiently stable over time. Results indicate a high stability of CSE (.87 across 2 years). We then performed a state-trait decomposition of job satisfaction in order to separate trait variance of job satisfaction from changing variance. The stable job satisfaction factor was regressed on CSE-variables, using different models of CSE (a collective set, a latent factor, or an aggregate concept). Results were in favor of treating the CSE-variables as a collective set, and this set explained almost all stable variance of job satisfaction (84%). Moreover, only negative affectivity and internal locus of control had a significant impact, whereas self-esteem and self-efficacy had not. It is concluded that current conceptualisations of CSE as a superordinate concept underlying its four dimensions is possible but overly broad in job satisfaction research; collective consideration of LOC and NA is better and sufficient. [source] WHO/EORTC classification of cutaneous lymphomas 2005: histological and molecular aspectsJOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS PATHOLOGY, Issue 10 2005Günter Burg It reflects the unique features of lymphoproliferative diseases of the skin, and at the same time it is as compatible as possible with the concepts underlying the WHO classification for nodal lymphomas and the EORTC classification of cutaneous lymphomas. This article reviews the histological, phenotypical, and molecular genetic features of the various nosological entities included in this new classification. These findings always have to be interpreted in the context of the clinical features and biologic behavior. Aim:, To review the histological, phenotypical and molecular genetic features of the various nosological entities of the new WHO/EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas. Methods:, Extensive review of the literature cited in Medline and own data of the authors. Results:, The WHO/EORTC classification of cutaneous lymphomas comprises mature T-cell and NK-cell neoplasms, mature B-cell neoplasms and immature hematopoietic malignancies. It reflects the unique features of primary cutaneous lymphoproliferative diseases. Conclusion:, This classification is as much as possible compatible with the concept of the WHO classification for nodal lymphomas and the EORTC classification of cutaneous lymphomas. The histological, phenotypical and molecular genetic features always have to be interpreted in the context of the clinical features and biologic behavior. [source] Paradigm Shift for the Alcohol Breath TestJOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, Issue 2 2010Michael P. Hlastala Ph.D. Abstract:, The alcohol breath test (ABT) has been used for quantification of ethyl alcohol in individuals suspected of driving under the influence for more than 50 years. In this time, there has been little change in the concepts underlying this single breath test. The old model, which assumes that end-exhaled breath alcohol concentration is closely related to alveolar air alcohol concentration, is no longer acceptable. This paper reviews experimental research and mathematical modeling which has evaluated the pulmonary exchange processes for ethyl alcohol. Studies have shown that alcohol exchanges dynamically with the airway tissue both during inspiration and expiration. The airway tissue interaction makes it impossible to deliver air with alveolar alcohol concentration to the mouth. It is concluded that the ABT is dependent on physiological factors that need to be assessed for accurate testing. [source] Knowledge-oriented process portal with BPM approach to leverage NPD managementKNOWLEDGE AND PROCESS MANAGEMENT: THE JOURNAL OF CORPORATE TRANSFORMATION, Issue 3 2009Henrique Rozenfeld New product development (NPD) processes can be improved through change projects managed in a context of business process management (BPM). In order to fully characterize and implement NPD process change projects it is necessary to be able to identify and adequately describe "to-be" processes. These "to-be" processes should be based on best practices, which can be structured into NPD reference models and body of knowledge (BOK). Despite the availability of NPD BOKs today, they are not easily applicable to process improvement, since they are published in on- and off-line guidelines that are unsuitable for dynamic updating by a collaborative network such as a community of practice (CoP). A proposal is therefore put forward for the collaborative systematization of best practices through a two-level portal external and internal to an organization, enabling users to participate in creating generic and public NPD reference models and BOKs. The proposal allows for the selection of a specific reference model and an existing BOK as required. This paper presents the main concepts underlying the proposal and its methodology, which focuses on agile project management (APM). It also describes the portal vision and the main deliverables of this research, with emphasis on the concept of the knowledge-oriented process (KOP) portal. Three prototypes based on this concept are shown, which represent the evolutionary development of the KOP portal. Finally, the main results of the application are presented and discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Metrics-based process redesign with the MIT Process HandbookKNOWLEDGE AND PROCESS MANAGEMENT: THE JOURNAL OF CORPORATE TRANSFORMATION, Issue 1 2007Alessandro Margherita This article describes how the business process re-engineering (BPR) concepts, knowledge base and software tools developed as part of the MIT Process Handbook can be extended and improved through the use of a systematic taxonomization of business process metrics. After introducing the key concepts underlying the Handbook, we propose a taxonomy of cost, dimension and value-related process metrics and show how the capture of such measures, combined with a set of special query types, enables more effective BPR. These innovations are illustrated using an example wherein the manager of a travel agency redesigns a booking process to reduce costs and increase customer satisfaction. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Derivatives in Photomedicine: Characteristics, Application and PerspectivesPHOTOCHEMISTRY & PHOTOBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2006Nicolas Fotinos ABSTRACT The introduction of lipophilic derivatives of the naturally occurring heme precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) into photomedicine has led to a true revival of this research area. 5-ALA-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) and fluorescence photodetection (FD) of neoplastic disease is probably one of the most selective cancer treatments currently known in oncology. To date, this method has been assessed experimentally for the treatment of various medical indications. However, the limited local bioavailability of 5-ALA has widely prevented its use in daily clinical practice. Although researchers were already aware of this drawback early during the development of 5-ALA-mediated PDT, only recently have well-established concepts in pharmaceutical science been adapted to investigate ways to overcome this drawback. Recently, two derivatives of 5-ALA, methylaminolevulinate (MAL) and hexylaminolevulinate (HAL), gained marketing authorization from the regulatory offices in Europe and Australia. MAL is marketed under the trade name Metvix for the treatment of actinic keratosis and difficult-to-treat basal cell carcinoma. HAL has recently been launched under the trade name Hexvix to improve the detection of superficial bladder cancer in Europe. This review will first present the fundamental concepts underlying the use of 5-ALA derivatives in PDT and FD from a chemical, biochemical and pharmaceutical point of view. Experimental evidences from preclinical data on the improvements and limits observed with 5-ALA derivatives will then be introduced. The state-of-the-art from clinical studies with 5-ALA esters will be discussed, with special emphasis placed on the process that led to the development of MAL in dermatology and to HAL in urology. Finally, we will discuss promising medical fields in which use of 5-ALA derivatives might potentially lead to further use of this methodology in photomedicine. [source] | ||||||||||