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Contour Maps (contour + map)
Selected AbstractsMultiwavelength study of the nuclei of a volume-limited sample of galaxies , I. X-ray observationsMONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Issue 1 2000P. Lira We discuss ROSAT HRI X-ray observations of 33 very nearby galaxies, sensitive to X-ray sources down to a luminosity of approximately 1038 erg s,1. The galaxies are selected from a complete, volume-limited sample of 46 galaxies with for which we have extensive multiwavelength data. For an almost complete subsample with (29/31 objects) we have HRI images. Contour maps and source lists are presented within the central region of each galaxy, together with nuclear upper limits where no nuclear source was detected. Nuclear X-ray sources are found to be very common, occurring in ,35 per cent of the sample. Nuclear X-ray luminosity is statistically connected to host galaxy luminosity , there is not a tight correlation, but the probability of a nuclear source being detected increases strongly with galaxy luminosity, and the distribution of nuclear luminosities seems to show an upper envelope that is roughly proportional to galaxy luminosity. While these sources do seem to be a genuinely nuclear phenomenon rather than nuclear examples of the general X-ray source population, it is far from obvious that they are miniature Seyfert nuclei. The more luminous nuclei are very often spatially extended, and H ii region nuclei are detected just as often as LINERs. Finally, we also note the presence of fairly common superluminous X-ray sources in the off-nuclear population , out of 29 galaxies we find nine sources with a luminosity greater than 1039 erg s,1. These show no particular preference for more luminous galaxies. One is already known to be a multiple SNR system, but most have no obvious optical counterpart and their nature remains a mystery. [source] Deep into the Shinnyo Spiritual WorldINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY, Issue 1 2001Akira Kawabata "Shinnyo-en" (Garden of the Truth) is one of the most famous religious groups in Japan today. But outside Shinnyo-en it is difficult to understand Shinnyo teaching. By focusing on the words from interviews, this article depicts its spiritual world and analyzes the function of its spiritual power on interviewees. The believers' narrative is interpreted from a sociological perspective using computer-aided qualitative data analysis and a life history approach. The computer-aided coding method is found to be an effectual means to discover significant factors in Shinnyo teachings. This method has four steps: (1) interview transcripts are input in ASCII format in several groups according to the time we interviewed; (2) KT2 system, a set of programs for computerized content analysis, disaggregates the transcripts into words to which I assign codes; (3) the codes are integrated into several meaningful categories for a cross-tabular examination of two variables, times and categories; (4) a contour map made from the cross-table helps to grasp the significance of the categories and their relations in a life history. This procedure enables us to understand the significance of the "self", and the transformation of the "self" according to the time flows. The contour map of the belief commands a panoramic view of Shinnyo teaching. From this point of view we can scrutinize the interview data and describe the Shinnyo spiritual world as it is understood. [source] Quaternary vertical offset and average slip rate of the Nojima Fault on Awaji Island, JapanISLAND ARC, Issue 3-4 2001Akihiro Murata Abstract Drilling was carried out to penetrate the Nojima Fault where the surface rupture occurred associated with the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake. Two 500 m boreholes were successfully drilled through the fault zone at a depth of 389.4 m. The drilling data show that the relative uplift of the south-east side of the Nojima Fault (south-west segment) was approximately 230 m. The Nojima branch fault, which branches from the Nojima Fault, is inferred to extend to the Asano Fault. From the structural contour map of basal unconformity of the Kobe Group, the vertical component of displacement of the Nojima branch,Asano Fault is estimated to be 260,310 m. Because the vertical component of displacement on the Nojima Fault of the north-east segment is a total of those of the Nojima Fault of the south-west segment and of the Nojima branch,Asano Fault, it is estimated to total to 490,540 m. From this, the average vertical component of the slip rate on the Nojima Fault is estimated to be 0.4,0.45 m/103 years for the past 1.2 million years. [source] DETERMINATION OF FAULT SLIP COMPONENTS USING SUBSURFACE STRUCTURAL CONTOURS: METHODS AND EXAMPLESJOURNAL OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, Issue 3 2004S-S. Xu Problems with measuring fault slip in the subsurface can sometimes be overcome by using subsurface structural contour maps constructed from well logs and seismic information. These maps are useful for estimating fault slip since fault motion commonly causes the dislocation of structural contours. The dislocation of a contour is defined here as the distance in the direction of fault strike between two contours which have the same value on both sides of a fault. This dislocation can be estimated for tilted beds and folded beds as follows: (i),If a dip-slip fault offsets a tilted bed, the dislocation (Sc) of contours can be estimated from the vertical component (Sv) of the fault slip and the dip (,) of the bedding according to the following relationship: Sc= Sv/tan ,. Since Sc and , can be measured from a contour map, the vertical component of fault slip can be obtained from this equation. If a strike-slip fault offsets a tilted bed, the dislocation (Scs) of contours is equal to the strike-slip of the fault (Sc), that is, Scs= Ss. (ii),If a fault offsets a symmetric fold, the strike component (Scs) of fault slip and the dislocation of the contours (Sc) can be calculated, respectively, from the equations Scs= (Smax+ Smin) / 2 and Sc= (Smax - Smin) / 2. Smax is the greater total dislocation (Sc+ Scs) of a contour line between the two limbs of the fold and Smin is the smaller total dislocation (Sc - Scs) for the same contour line. In this case, Sv can be also calculated using the obtained value of Sc and the equation Sv= Sc tan ,. Similarly, for an asymmetric fold, the dislocation of contours due to the vertical slip component is Scb= (Smax - Smin)/(n + 1), and the strike-slip component is Ss= Scs= (nSmin+ Smax/(n + 1), where n is the ratio between the values of interlines of the two limbs, and Scb is the dislocation of contours due to the vertical slip component for either of the two limbs (here it is for limb b). In all cases, three conditions are required for the calculation of contour dislocation: (i),the contour lines must be approximately perpendicular to the fault strike; the intersection angle between the fault strike and the strike of bedding should be greater than 65°; (ii),the bed must not be dip more than 35°; and (iii),folding or flexure of the stratigraphic horizons must have occurred before faulting. These methods for determining fault slip from the dislocation of structural contours are discussed using case studies from the Cantarell oilfield complex, Campeche Sound (southern Gulf of Mexico), the Jordan-Penwell Ellenburger oilfield in Texas, and the Wilmington oilfield in California. [source] Testing a model for predicting the timing and location of shallow landslide initiation in soil-mantled landscapesEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 9 2003M. Casadei Abstract The growing availability of digital topographic data and the increased reliability of precipitation forecasts invite modelling efforts to predict the timing and location of shallow landslides in hilly and mountainous areas in order to reduce risk to an ever-expanding human population. Here, we exploit a rare data set to develop and test such a model. In a 1·7 km2 catchment a near-annual aerial photographic coverage records just three single storm events over a 45 year period that produced multiple landslides. Such data enable us to test model performance by running the entire rainfall time series and determine whether just those three storms are correctly detected. To do this, we link a dynamic and spatially distributed shallow subsurface runoff model (similar to TOPMODEL) to an in,nite slope model to predict the spatial distribution of shallow landsliding. The spatial distribution of soil depth, a strong control on local landsliding, is predicted from a process-based model. Because of its common availability, daily rainfall data were used to drive the model. Topographic data were derived from digitized 1 : 24 000 US Geological Survey contour maps. Analysis of the landslides shows that 97 occurred in 1955, 37 in 1982 and ,ve in 1998, although the heaviest rainfall was in 1982. Furthermore, intensity,duration analysis of available daily and hourly rainfall from the closest raingauges does not discriminate those three storms from others that did not generate failures. We explore the question of whether a mechanistic modelling approach is better able to identify landslide-producing storms. Landslide and soil production parameters were ,xed from studies elsewhere. Four hydrologic parameters characterizing the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil and underlying bedrock and its decline with depth were ,rst calibrated on the 1955 landslide record. Success was characterized as the most number of actual landslides predicted with the least amount of total area predicted to be unstable. Because landslide area was consistently overpredicted, a threshold catchment area of predicted slope instability was used to de,ne whether a rainstorm was a signi,cant landslide producer. Many combinations of the four hydrological parameters performed equally well for the 1955 event, but only one combination successfully identi,ed the 1982 storm as the only landslide-producing storm during the period 1980,86. Application of this parameter combination to the entire 45 year record successfully identi,ed the three events, but also predicted that two other landslide-producing events should have occurred. This performance is signi,cantly better than the empirical intensity,duration threshold approach, but requires considerable calibration effort. Overprediction of instability, both for storms that produced landslides and for non-producing storms, appears to arise from at least four causes: (1) coarse rainfall data time scale and inability to document short rainfall bursts and predict pressure wave response; (2) absence of local rainfall data; (3) legacy effect of previous landslides; and (4) inaccurate topographic and soil property data. Greater resolution of spatial and rainfall data, as well as topographic data, coupled with systematic documentation of landslides to create time series to test models, should lead to signi,cant improvements in shallow landslides forecasting. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Neutron Activation Analysis Applied to the Determination of Heavy Metals and Other Trace Elements in Sediments from Sepetiba Bay (RJ), BrazilGEOSTANDARDS & GEOANALYTICAL RESEARCH, Issue 2-3 2001Fàbio Pellegatti analyse par activation neutronique; métaux lourds; éléments en traces; sédiments marins In this work, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was applied to the determination of the elements As, Ba, Br, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hf, La, Lu, Nd, Rb, Sc, Sm, Ta, Tb, Th, U, Yb, Zn in twenty eight bottom sediment samples from Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. With the concentration data obtained, contour maps were prepared, by using Kriging method, to show the spatial distribution of the studied elements in the Bay. The elements Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, Sc, Ta and Zn showed similar behaviour in the sediments, with higher concentrations along the northern coast of the bay, where the fluvial water inputs are concentrated. The distribution of U, rare earth elements and Ba in the Bay indicates that these elements are not deposited as contaminants. Dans ce travail, les éléments suivants, As, Ba, Br, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hf, La Lu, Nd, Rb, Sc, Sm, Ta, Tb, Th, U, Yb et Zn ont été analysés par activation neutronique instrumentale dans vingt huit sédiments de fond de la baie de Sepetiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brésil. Par krigeage et à partir des concentrations obtenues, nous avons établi des cartes de la répartition spatiale des éléments étudiés dans la baie. Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, Sc, Ta et Zn ont des comportements similaires dans les sédiments, avec des concentrations plus importantes le long de la côte nord de la baie, oú les apports en eau fluviale sont concentrés. La distribution en U, Terres Rares et Ba indique que ces éléments ne sont pas déposés comme polluants dans la baie. [source] EM 3D contour maps provide protein assembly at the nanoscale within the neuronal porosome complexJOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY, Issue 1 2008W.J. CHO Summary The neuronal porosome complex, the secretory machinery at the plasma membrane of nerve terminals, is a 12,17-nm cup-shaped lipoprotein structure possessing a central plug. Since the porosome is a membrane associated, multi-protein complex measuring >650 kD, it has precluded generation of 3D crystals for x-ray diffraction studies, nor structural analysis at the atomic level using solution magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These limitations were partially overcome in the current studies, furthering our understanding of the porosome structure. Using atomic force microscopy, electron microscopy and electron density and 3D contour mapping, finally provides at the nanoscale, the structure and assembly of proteins within the neuronal porosome complex. Results from this study demonstrate a set of eight protein units lining the porosome cup, each connected via spoke-like elements to a central plug region within the structure. The isolation of intact porosomes for near-atomic resolution using cryo-electron diffraction measurements, is finally possible. [source] DETERMINATION OF FAULT SLIP COMPONENTS USING SUBSURFACE STRUCTURAL CONTOURS: METHODS AND EXAMPLESJOURNAL OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, Issue 3 2004S-S. Xu Problems with measuring fault slip in the subsurface can sometimes be overcome by using subsurface structural contour maps constructed from well logs and seismic information. These maps are useful for estimating fault slip since fault motion commonly causes the dislocation of structural contours. The dislocation of a contour is defined here as the distance in the direction of fault strike between two contours which have the same value on both sides of a fault. This dislocation can be estimated for tilted beds and folded beds as follows: (i),If a dip-slip fault offsets a tilted bed, the dislocation (Sc) of contours can be estimated from the vertical component (Sv) of the fault slip and the dip (,) of the bedding according to the following relationship: Sc= Sv/tan ,. Since Sc and , can be measured from a contour map, the vertical component of fault slip can be obtained from this equation. If a strike-slip fault offsets a tilted bed, the dislocation (Scs) of contours is equal to the strike-slip of the fault (Sc), that is, Scs= Ss. (ii),If a fault offsets a symmetric fold, the strike component (Scs) of fault slip and the dislocation of the contours (Sc) can be calculated, respectively, from the equations Scs= (Smax+ Smin) / 2 and Sc= (Smax - Smin) / 2. Smax is the greater total dislocation (Sc+ Scs) of a contour line between the two limbs of the fold and Smin is the smaller total dislocation (Sc - Scs) for the same contour line. In this case, Sv can be also calculated using the obtained value of Sc and the equation Sv= Sc tan ,. Similarly, for an asymmetric fold, the dislocation of contours due to the vertical slip component is Scb= (Smax - Smin)/(n + 1), and the strike-slip component is Ss= Scs= (nSmin+ Smax/(n + 1), where n is the ratio between the values of interlines of the two limbs, and Scb is the dislocation of contours due to the vertical slip component for either of the two limbs (here it is for limb b). In all cases, three conditions are required for the calculation of contour dislocation: (i),the contour lines must be approximately perpendicular to the fault strike; the intersection angle between the fault strike and the strike of bedding should be greater than 65°; (ii),the bed must not be dip more than 35°; and (iii),folding or flexure of the stratigraphic horizons must have occurred before faulting. These methods for determining fault slip from the dislocation of structural contours are discussed using case studies from the Cantarell oilfield complex, Campeche Sound (southern Gulf of Mexico), the Jordan-Penwell Ellenburger oilfield in Texas, and the Wilmington oilfield in California. [source] Nonstoichiometry in A2B2O7 PyrochloresJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 11 2002Christopher R. Stanek Energies associated with deviations from stoichiometry for an extensive series of A2B2O7 pyrochlores have been predicted. A3+ cations range in size from Lu to La and B4+ cations from Ti to Pb. Results are presented in the form of contour maps as a means of conveying large quantities of data as well as predicting characteristics for pyrochlore compounds not explicitly modeled. These contour maps indicate that the BO2 excess nonstoichiometry in the pyrochlore structure is distinct from solid-solution fluorite. Within the limitations of this methodology, the contour maps provide a means to understand and predict distinct compositional variations. Defect cluster formation is discussed. [source] 3D-QSAR Studies on C24-Monoalkylated Vitamin D3 26,23-Lactones and their C2, -Modified Derivatives with Inhibitory Activity to Vitamin D ReceptorMOLECULAR INFORMATICS, Issue 8-9 2010Jinhu Wang Abstract The ligand-based three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) for 82 inhibitors of 25-dehydro-1, -hydroxyvitamin D3 -26,23-lactone analogs has been studied by using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) models. The established CoMFA model in training set gives a cross-validated q2 value of 0.516 and a non-cross-validated rncv2 value of 0.667, while the CoMSIA model results in q2=0.517 and rncv2=0.632. In general, the predictive ability of the CoMFA model is superior to that of the CoMSIA model, with rpred2=0.639 for the CoMFA and rpred2=0.619 for the CoMSIA model. Based on the CoMFA contour maps, some key structural characters of vitamin D3 analogs responsible for inhibitory activity are identified, and some new C2, -modified 24-alkylvitamin D3 lactone analogs with high predicted pIC50 values are designed. The ligand functional group mutations by FEP simulation and docking studies reveal the rationality of the molecular design. [source] Inbreeding Coefficients for X-linked and Autosomal Genes in Consanguineous Marriages in Spanish Populations: The Case of Guipúzcoa (Basque Country)ANNALS OF HUMAN GENETICS, Issue 2 2009R. Calderón Summary Inbreeding patterns over the past two centuries have been studied more extensively in Spain and Italy than anywhere else in Europe. Consanguinity studies in mainland Spain have shown that populations settled along the Cantabrian cornice share inbreeding patterns that distinguish them from other populations further south. A visual representation of spatial variations of two key inbreeding variables is presented here for the first time via contour maps. This paper also analyzes time trends of mean inbreeding coefficients for X-linked (Fx) and autosomal genes (F) (1862,1995) together with variations in Fx/F ratios in Guipúzcoa, the most autochthonous Spanish Basque province. Because close cousin marriages are a mark of identity of the study population, we evaluated the contribution of uncle-niece/aunt-nephew (M12) and first cousin (M22) marriages to Fx and F values and compared the frequencies of M12 and M22 pedigree subtypes and their corresponding Fx/F ratios to those found in other Spanish populations. The mean Fx and F inbreeding levels in Guipúzcoa for the 134-year period analyzed were 1.51 × 10,3 and 1.04 × 10,3, respectively, and the Fx/F ratio was seen to be very stable over time. Our findings show that major similarities exist for close consanguineous marriage subtypes between Basque and non-Basque Spanish populations, despite significant geographic variability in terms of first cousin pedigrees. The distortion seems to be caused by Guipúzcoa. The Fx/F ratios for first cousins in Spanish populations were higher than expected (1.25), with values ranging from 1.34 to 1.48. The findings of the present study may be useful for advancing knowledge on the effects of the interaction between biology and culture and for exploring associations between mating patterns and the prevalence of certain diseases. [source] | ||||||||||