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Contour Diagrams (contour + diagram)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Earth and Environmental Science	50%
Chemistry	50%

Selected Abstracts

Colonization by barnacles on fossil Clypeaster: an exceptional example of larval settlement

LETHAIA, Issue 4 2008
ANA G. SANTOS
The presence of c. 1450 individuals of the balanid barnacle Balanus crenatus Bruguière encrusting the test of a clypeasteroid sea urchin from the Late Miocene of the Guadalquivir Basin (southwestern Spain) allows proposing a settlement pattern linked to the growth of the encrusting organism. The possible influence of dip angle was controlled by dividing the test into four concentric zones ranging from lowest margin to apex (0,15°, 15,30°, 30,50° and 0°). Contour diagrams were prepared to identify areas of highest barnacle density as well as size categories distribution in relationship to the pitch of the sea urchin test. The orientation of balanid tests was recorded and plotted on rose diagrams from 0° to 180°. Four size categories of barnacles were distinguished: (1) < 1 mm, (2) 1,2 mm, (3) 2,3 mm and (4) 3,4 mm; these correspond to a growth sequence ranging from post-larval forms to juveniles. Two areas of maximum settlement density are situated on the posterior margin of the test, on aboral as well as oral surfaces. The aboral surface shows the maximum number of barnacles. Two groups of individuals are defined on the basis of their location, that is, those encrusting the posterior medium part of the urchin, and those located on the anterior half. The results suggest that larval settlement was initially controlled by the availability of free space and afterwards by an intensification effect. Orientation and dip of the test may have played a secondary role in the settlement of the larvae. Substrate colonization seems to have been closely related to the biostratinomic history of the sea urchin test and although several scenarios are possible, our data are congruent with a synchronous settlement of both surfaces (aboral and oral) by one spat or several. [source]

A novel photochromic time,temperature indicator to support cold chain management

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2010
Judith Kreyenschmidt
Summary A detailed investigation of the behaviour of a new printable photochromic time,temperature indicator (TTI) was conducted to characterise its properties under specific temperature conditions and to analyse the influence of ultra violet (UV) light irradiation (activation) on the discolouration process. The reproducibility of the charging process and the discolouration process of the TTI were analysed. For different charging times the calculated activation energies based on the Arrhenius model ranged from 23.2 to 25.3 kcal mol,1 depending on the UV light irradiation (charging time). A quality contour diagram was established to define the appropriate charging time for different kinds of products. Due to the possibility of defining the shelf life of a TTI by different charging times, this novel TTI constitutes a reliable tool to monitor the cold chains of a broad range of food products on their way from production to consumption. [source]

Wigner function of the rotating Morse oscillator

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY, Issue 1 2005
Jerzy Stanek
Abstract We present an analytical expression of the Wigner distribution function (WDF) for the bound eigenstates of the rotating Morse oscillator (RMO). The effect of rotational excitation on the WDF on the quantum phase space has been demonstrated. This effect has been visualized by a series of contour diagrams for given rovibrational quantum states. Rotations of the molecule have been proved to qualitatively and quantitatively change the Wigner function. As a result, the most probable distance between atoms in a rotating molecule changes, and depends on the parity of the vibrational quantum number. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005 [source]

The influence of algal ration and larval density on growth and survival of blacklip pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera (L.) larvae

AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 8-9 2000
M S Doroudi
This paper reports on two factorial design experiments conducted to examine the combined effects of algal ration and larval density on growth and survival of black lip pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera (L.) larvae. In the first experiment, 1-day-old larvae were cultured for 7 days at densities of 1, 2 and 5 mL,1 and fed algal rations of 0, 2.5, 5 or 12.5 × 103 cells mL,1. In the second experiment, 13-day-old larvae were cultured for 7 days at the above densities and fed algal rations of 0, 7.5, 15 and 37.5 × 103 cells mL,1. Algal rations in both experiments were composed of a 1:1 mixture of the flagellates Isochrysis aff. galbana clone T.ISO and Pavlova salina. Response surface contour diagrams were generated from growth and survival data to estimate optimal culture conditions. Results showed that, within a suitable larval density range, growth of P. margaritifera larvae was significantly (P <,0.01) influenced by algal ration. At the end of the first experiment, greatest survival occurred at a ration of 4.5,11.5 × 103 cells mL,1 and at a larval density of ,,3 mL,1. Greatest antero-posterior shell length was shown by larvae fed between 4.5 × 103 and 11.5 × 103 algal cells mL,1. In the second experiment, greatest antero-posterior shell length occurred within an algal ration range of 15,32 × 103 cells mL,1. The greatest survival occurred below an algal ration of <,2.5 × 103 cells mL,1; however, this algal ration supported poor algal growth. The results indicate that, to maximize growth and survival, P. margaritifera larvae should be fed at an algal ration of ,,8 × 103 cells mL,1 and cultured at a density of three larvae mL,1 up to 8 days of age. Older (13- to 20-day-old) larvae should be cultured at a density of <,2 mL,1 and fed an algal ration of ,,25 × 103 cells mL,1. [source]