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Cone Calorimeter Test (cone + calorimeter_test)
Selected AbstractsEVA Nanocomposites Elaborated with Bentonite Organo-Modified by Wet and Semi-Wet MethodsMACROMOLECULAR MATERIALS & ENGINEERING, Issue 9 2007Miguel Angel Cárdenas Abstract EVA copolymer/organoclay nanocomposites were prepared using melt-compounding. Organoclays were obtained using wet and semi-wet modification methods. These methods enable us to obtain organoclays with adequate modifier incorporation, but organoclays with a homogeneous and narrow agglomeration size distribution were obtained only with the wet method. TS and EB were higher for nanocomposites obtained with organoclays prepared using the wet method. Analysis of Limiting Oxygen Index, UL94 test and Cone Calorimeter test showed that the retardant properties of nanocomposites were also influenced by the kind of modifiers and the modification method. [source] Preparation and investigation of ethylene,vinyl acetate copolymer/silicone rubber/clay nanocompositesJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 3 2009Shoulin Fang Abstract In this article, the combination of silicone rubber (SR) elastomer with synthetic iron montmorillonite (Fe-MMT) to form a kind of new flame-retardant system based on an ethylene,vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer is first reported. Also, the flame retardancy of the EVA/SR/Fe-MMT hybrid are compared with that of EVA/SR/natural sodium montmorillonite. The structures of the nanocomposites were characterized with X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Cone calorimeter tests and thermogravimetric analysis were used to evaluate the flame-retardant properties and thermal stability of the composites, respectively. In addition, tensile tests were carried out with a universal testing machine, and the morphology of the fracture surface was observed with environmental scanning electron microscopy. We found that SR/organophilic montmorillonite (Fe-OMT) was more effective in reducing the primary peak heat release rate of the nanocomposite, and the EVA/SR/Fe-OMT hybrid had a higher thermal stability in the deacetylated polymer than EVA/SR/sodium organophilic montmorillonite. Moreover, the exfoliated EVA/SR/Fe-OMT nanocomposite displayed excellent mechanical properties because of a better dispersion of Fe-OMT in the polymer matrix, and a possible mechanism is discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009 [source] Burning and dripping behaviors of polymers under the UL94 vertical burning test conditionsFIRE AND MATERIALS, Issue 4 2010Yong Wang Abstract An experimental setup was constructed to record the real-time mass data of eight pure polymers under the UL94 vertical burning test conditions. The experiments showed that the flame rises up to the clamp or the dripping occurs soon for the pure polymers. The mass burned before the flame reaching the clamp and the dripping occurrence only accounts for a small fraction of the original mass of the specimen, which differentiates the UL94 test from the cone calorimeter test. The mass loss rate of polymer specimens is in the magnitude order of 0.001,0.01,g/s. It was also found that the flame of thin specimens usually reaches the clamp sooner than that of thick specimens. Apart from the dripping behaviors found in large-scale fires, it is found that the diameter of the first drop for the tested polymers is in the range of 2.0,10.0,mm. The mass of the first drop increases with the first dripping time. The first dripping time and the mass of the first drop increase with the thickness of the specimen, especially for polymers of large-size dripping type. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Prediction of fire classification for wood based products.FIRE AND MATERIALS, Issue 3 2007A multivariate statistical approach based on the cone calorimeter Abstract Wood has long traditions as a building material, and is often used in construction elements, and as interior and exterior surfaces in the Nordic countries. In most applications, there are reaction to fire requirements to products used as surfaces, e.g. in escape routes and larger public spaces. Most wood products will therefore have to be treated with fire retardant (FR) agents to fulfil the strict requirements to properties connected to heat release and flame spread. Unfortunately, FR agents usually also increase the smoke production, as they cause a more incomplete combustion of the wood. The wood product manufacturers seek to find the optimal amount of FR additives where both heat release and smoke production in the classifying test are within the requirements given in the building regulations. This paper describes models for prediction of the European reaction to fire classes of wood products. The models are based on multivariate statistical analysis, and use test results from the cone calorimeter test as input. The presented models are, with very good precision, able to predict which Euroclass and additional smoke class a wood based product would obtain if it were to be tested in the single burning item test. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Prediction of heat release in the single burning item testFIRE AND MATERIALS, Issue 2 2002Anne Steen Hansen This paper presents a modification of an existing mathematical model that uses cone calorimeter test results to predict heat release rate in the single burning item (SBI) test. A method for classification of cases based on multivariate statistical analysis is incorporated in the modified model. This makes it possible to determine the development of the heat release curve in the SBI test with better precision than the original version was able to. The model has been applied to 100 cases of cone calorimeter test results from 33 different products. For most of the products the predicted shape and level of the heat release curves are close to measurements in the SBI test. Using the predicted heat release results as input to calculation of FIGRA0.2MJ and THR600s within the new European system for reaction-to-fire classification, we were able to predict membership of the correct class in 90% of the analysed cases. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Time to ignition, heat release rate and fire endurance time of wood in cone calorimeter testFIRE AND MATERIALS, Issue 4 2001Toshiro HaradaArticle first published online: 15 MAR 200 The combustibility of wood specimens was tested by cone calorimeter. A total of nine wood species (four softwood and five hardwood) were used. The thicknesses of the specimens were 10, 20 and 40 mm. The heated surfaces were radial, tangential, and cross-sections of wood. The irradiance levels were 20, 25, 30, 40 and 50 kWm,2. The effects of wood species, density, specimen thickness, heated surface (radial, tangential or cross-section), and irradiance level on time to ignition, mass loss rate, heat release rate and fire endurance time were studied. Simple formulae were proposed to forecast those indices and their validity was examined. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Application of a one-dimensional thermal flame spread model on predicting the rate of heat release in the SBI testFIRE AND MATERIALS, Issue 2 2001Tuula Hakkarainen A one-dimensional thermal flame spread model was applied to predict the rate of heat release in the single burning item (SBI) test on the basis of the cone calorimeter data. The input parameters were selected according to the features of the SBI test and using particle board as a model tuning material. The features of the measured and calculated rate of heat release curves were compared for a series of 33 building products. The fire growth rate (FIGRA) indices were calculated to predict the classification in the forthcoming Euroclass system. The model gave correct classification for 90% of the products studied. An essential feature of the model is that only one cone calorimeter test at the exposure level of 50 kW m,2 is needed. The model, therefore, provides a practical tool for product development and quality control. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Synthesis of a magnesium/aluminum/iron layered double hydroxide and its flammability characteristics in halogen-free, flame-retardant ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer compositesJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 4 2008Chuan-Mei Jiao Abstract Mg,Al,Fe ternary hydrotalcites were synthesized by a coprecipitation method and characterized with powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The flame-retardant effects of Mg/Al,CO3 layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and Mg/Al/Fe,CO3 LDHs in an ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) were studied with the limited oxygen index (LOI), the UL-94 test, and the cone calorimeter test (CCT), and the thermal degradation behavior of the composites was examined by thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that the LOI values of the EVA/(Mg/Al/Fe,CO3 LDH) composites were basically higher than those of the EVA/(Mg/Al,CO3 LDH) composites at the same additive level. In the UL-94 test, there was no rating for the EVA/(Mg/Al,CO3 LDH) composite at the 50% additive level, and a dripping phenomenon occurred. However, the EVA/(Mg/Al/Fe,CO3 LDH) composites at the same loading level of LDHs containing a suitable amount of Fe3+ ion reached the V-0 rating, the dripping phenomenon disappearing. The CCTs indicated that the heat release rate (HRR) of the EVA composites with Mg/Al/Fe,CO3 LDHs containing a suitable amount of Fe3+ decreased greatly in comparison with that of the composites with Mg/Al,CO3 LDHs. The introduction of a given amount of Fe3+ ion into Mg/Al,CO3 LDHs resulted in an increase in the LOI, a decrease in the HRR, and the achievement of the UL-94 V-0 rating. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 [source] Assessing the performance of intumescent coatings using bench-scaled cone calorimeter and finite difference simulationsFIRE AND MATERIALS, Issue 3 2007M. Bartholmai Abstract A method was developed to assess the heat insulation performance of intumescent coatings. The method consists of temperature measurements using the bench-scaled experimental set-up of a cone calorimeter and finite difference simulation to calculate the effective thermal conductivity dependent on time/temperature. This simulation procedure was also adapted to the small scale test furnace, in which the standard time,temperature curve is applied to a larger sample and thus which provides results relevant for approval. Investigations on temperature and calculated effective thermal conduction were performed on intumescent coatings in both experimental set-ups using various coating thicknesses. The results correspond to each other as well as showing the limits of transferability between both fire tests. It is shown that bench-scaled cone calorimeter tests are a valuable tool for assessing and predicting the performance of intumescent coatings in larger tests relevant for approval. The correlation fails for processes at surface temperatures above 750°C, which are not reached in the cone calorimeter, but are attained in the small scale furnace set-up. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Flame retardant performance of various UL94 classified materials exposed to external ignition sourcesFIRE AND MATERIALS, Issue 1 2004Sanghyun Hong Abstract The flammability of eight halogen-free styrene resins and one halogen-containing styrene resin was characterized by UL 94 VB, LOI and cone calorimeter tests. Their burning behaviour was also measured when exposed to three external ignition sources (methenamine tablet, candle, paper ball). Five resins were used for 19, monitor housings and the others for 25, TV. The LOI values of UL 94 V-2, V-1 and V-0 rated resins were higher than that of HB. The heat release rate decreased as the UL 94 ratings increased from HB to V-0. When these resins were exposed to three external ignition sources, UL 94 V-1 and V-0 rated resins showed a self-extinguishing property after removal of the fire and did not cause fire growth in either 19, monitor or the 25, TV housings in all cases. However, UL 94 V-2 and HB rated resins were easily ignited and spread fire by dripping burning trickles. The burning rate of V-2 resin was slower than that of HB. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Flame retardancy mechanisms of metal phosphinates and metal phosphinates in combination with melamine cyanurate in glass-fiber reinforced poly(1,4-butylene terephthalate): the influence of metal cationPOLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, Issue 6 2008Ulrike Braun Abstract The pyrolysis and fire behavior of glass-fiber reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT/GF) with two different metal phosphinates as flame retardants in combination with and without melamine cyanurate (MC) were analyzed by means of thermogravimetry, thermogravimetry coupled with infrared spectroscopy, flammability, and cone calorimeter tests as well as scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. In PBT/GF, dosages of 13,20% of the halogen-free flame retardant aluminum phosphinate or aluminum phosphinate in combination with MC fulfill the requirements for electrical engineering and electronics applications (UL 94,=,V-0; LOI,>,42%), whereas the use of the same amount of zinc phosphinate or zinc phosphinate in combination with MC does not improve the fire behavior satisfactorily (UL 94,=,HB; LOI,=,27,28%). The performance under forced flaming conditions (cone calorimeter) is quite similar for both of the metal phosphinates. The use of aluminum and zinc salts results in similar flame inhibition predominantly due to the release of the phosphinate compounds in the gas phase. Both metal phosphinates and MC interact with the polymer changing the decomposition characteristics. However, part of the zinc phosphinate vaporizes as a complete molecule. Because of the different decomposition behavior of the metal salts, only the aluminum phosphinate results in a small amount of thermally stable carbonaceous char. In particular, the aluminum phosphinate-terephthalate formed is more stable than the zinc phosphinate-terephthalate. The small amount of char has a crucial effect on the thermal properties and mechanical stability of the residue and thus the flammability. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Effect of Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles and APP on thermal stability and flame retardance of PMMA,POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, Issue 4 2006A. Laachachi Abstract Ammonium polyphosphate (APP)-based additives and Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles have been incorporated separately or combined at a 15,wt% global percentage in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). APP,based additive containing melamine phosphate has led to an intumescent behavior during cone calorimeter tests, whereas thermal stability was particularly improved by the use of the oxide nanoparticles. APP with melamine phosphate and Al2O3 combination allowed significant synergism on flame retardance to be achieved, owing to the catalytic action of alumina well-dispersed nanoparticles, which modified the decomposition pathway of PMMA and the formation of a charred and ceramized structure. Aggregation processes in the case of TiO2 seemed to limit the catalytic action of the surface and did not allow synergism for flame retardance to be observed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||