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Complementary Functions (complementary + function)
Selected AbstractsEvolution and phylogenetic relationships of APSES proteins from HemiascomycetesFEMS YEAST RESEARCH, Issue 4 2008Bernardo Ramírez-Zavala Abstract Available complete genomic sequences of hemiascomycetous yeast species were analysed in order to identify the APSES protein family, which belongs to transcriptional factors of the basic helix,loop,helix (bHLH) class. Phylogenetic analyses of the amino acid sequences revealed that a similar set of proteins were present in all yeast species studied. The genome duplication event of Saccharomycetales allows the acquisition of complementary functions between the APSES proteins. Putative ancestors, such as Ashbya gossypii, the Kluyveromyces group and filamentous fungi, only have one APSES protein. Conserved gene order relationships allow the possibility of tracing the evolution of this family and the detection of duplication events. Multiple alignments revealed strict conservation of the APSES motif, although other regions of the APSES proteins were diversified. This review focuses on the evolution of the gene family of APSES proteins in related Hemiascomycetes species; the comparisons could shed light on the functional overlap of these proteins with regard to the regulation of morphogenetic processes and their involvement in the virulence of pathogenic microorganisms. [source] ISOLATING CONNECTIONS , CONNECTING ISOLATIONSGEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES B: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, Issue 4 2009Eric Clark ABSTRACT. The varied and distinct ways we connect can facilitate or impose isolation, our own or someone else's. Different forms of isolation are themselves interconnected and sometimes enrich our connecting. The relation between isolation and connection, we argue, is one of complementarity, like Calvino's ,two inseparable and complementary functions of life ,syntony, or participation in the world around us , [and] focalization or constructive concentration.' Solitude sought can enhance connections. Imposed isolation weakens connections in ways both obvious and subtle. This contrast between sought and imposed underscores the influence of hierarchy and socially produced inequities, excesses of which fragment the social ties that could constrain or diminish these same inequities. Deep inequity degrades the quality of both connections and isolation, at significant costs to our health, ecology, economy, cultural diversity, and political vitality. From this vantage point, we cull ways to improve our syntony and our focalization, fulfilling by expressing those shared egalitarian moral sentiments that motivate connections of solidarity partly in the interest of being "left alone". [source] Expression of Three Gene Families Encoding Cell,Cell Communication Molecules in the Prepubertal Nonhuman Primate HypothalamusJOURNAL OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 4 2005A. E. Mungenast Abstract Transsynaptic and glial,neuronal communication are important components of the mechanism underlying the pubertal activation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) secretion. The molecules required for the architectural organization of these cell,cell interactions have not been identified. We now show that the hypothalamus of the prepubertal female rhesus monkey expresses a multiplicity of genes encoding three families of adhesion/signalling proteins involved in the structural definition of both neurone-to-neurone and bi-directional neurone,glia communication. These include the neurexin/neuroligin (NRX/NRL) and protocadherin-, (PCDH,) families of synaptic specifiers/adhesion molecules, and key components of the contactin-dependent neuronal,glial adhesiveness complex, including contactin/F3 itself, the contactin-associated protein-1 (CASPR1), and the glial receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase ,. Prominently expressed among members of the NRX family is the neurexin isoform involved in the specification of glutamatergic synapses. Although NRXs, PCDH,s and CASPR1 transcripts are mostly detected in neurones, the topography of expression appears different. NRX1 mRNA-containing neurones are scattered throughout the hypothalamus, PCDH, mRNA transcripts appear more abundant in neurones of the arcuate nucleus and periventricular region, and neurones positive for CASPR1 mRNA exhibit a particularly striking distribution pattern that delineates the hypothalamus. Examination of LHRH neurones, using the LHRH-secreting cell line GT1-7, showed that these cells contain transcripts encoding NRXs and one of their ligands (NRL1), at least one PCDH, (CNR-8/PCDH,10), and the CASPR1/contactin complex. The results indicate that the prepubertal female monkey hypothalamus contains a plethora of adhesion/signalling molecules with different but complementary functions, and that an LHRH neuronal cell line expresses key components of this structural complex. The presence of such cell,cell communication machinery in the neuroendocrine brain suggests an integrated participation of their individual components in the central control of female sexual development. [source] The settlement patterns of north-eastern and south-eastern Arabia in late antiquityARABIAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND EPIGRAPHY, Issue 2 2009Michel Mouton The east Arabian settlements in antiquity were never large urban sites. However, they were the main centres of the communities that inhabited that area, interfacing between the nomadic and sedentary societies. A study of the distribution and characteristics of these sites reveals different, complementary functions. They were organized in local networks forming the essential structure of the settlement pattern and delineating the territories of communities having their own political identity. [source] | ||||||||||