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Kinds of Companies Terms modified by Companies Selected AbstractsTHE LONG-TERM ECONOMIC GAIN FROM NEW MODELS OF HEALTHCARE PROVISION: THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIESECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 3 2006Nick Bosanquet The case for competition in healthcare has become much stronqer. Health economists have failed to notice the erosion of the old arguments for state monopoly. [source] FINANCIAL STRATEGY FOR MIDDLE MARKET COMPANIES: a ROUNDTABLE DISCUSSIONJOURNAL OF APPLIED CORPORATE FINANCE, Issue 4 2000Article first published online: 5 APR 200 Dennis Soter begins with the provocative observation that "U.S. companies, private as well as public, are systematically underleveraged," and goes on to suggest that debt-financed stock repurchases may help address the current valuation problems faced by many middle market companies (and by many larger firms in basic industries as well). Soter makes his case by presenting two case histories. In the first, Equifax, the Atlanta-based provider of credit information services, combined a leveraged Dutch auction stock repurchase with a multi-year series of open market repurchase programs and an EVA incentive plan to produce large increases in operating efficiency and shareholder value. In the second, FPL Group (the parent of Florida Power and Light) became the first profitable utility to cut its dividend, substituting a policy of ongoing stock repurchase for its 33% reduction in dividend payments. Following Soter, John Brehm, the CFO of IPALCO Enterprises (the parent of Indianapolis Power and Light), explains the rationale for his company's decision to become the first utility to do a leveraged recap (while also cutting its dividend by a third). As in the case of Equifax, IPALCO's dramatic change in capital structure (also combined with an EVA incentive plan) was associated with major operating improvements and a positive stock market response. But, of course, high leverage is not right for all companies. And, to reinforce that point, James Perry, CEO of Argosy Gaming, recounts his harrowing experience of having to raise new equity shortly after taking charge of his overleveraged company. By arranging an infusion of convertible preferred, Argosy was able not only to stave off bankruptcy, but to fund major new investment and engineer a remarkable turnaround of its operations. Finally, William Dutmers, Chairman of Knape & Vogt, a small midwestern manufacturing company, discusses the role of debt-financed stock repurchases and an EVA management approach in his company's recent operating improvements. [source] Novel Approach to the Treatment of Hyperpigmented Photodamaged Skin: 4% Hydroquinone/0.3% Retinol versus Tretinoin 0.05% Emollient CreamDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 2005Zoe Diana Draelos MD Background. Mild to moderately photodamaged skin is characterized by dyspigmentation, fine wrinkles, and tactile roughness. An optimal approach to the topical treatment of photoaging would simultaneously address all appearance issues. Objective. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of 4% hydroquinone and 0.3% retinol in photoaging. Materials and Methods. A 16-week study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of a single cream containing prescription topical 4% hydroquinone for dyspigmentation and the cosmeceutical 0.3% retinol for fine wrinkles in an emollient vehicle for tactile roughness. This novel formulation was compared with 0.05% tretinoin emollient cream, the standard against which all other topical photoaging treatments are compared. Investigator assessments, subject assessments, and photography represented the evaluation end points. Results. The cosmeceutical emollient 4% hydroquinone/0.3% retinol cream more effectively diminished the collective signs of photodamage than 0.05% tretinoin emollient cream in terms of dyspigmentation, fine wrinkles, and tactile roughness in 16 weeks. Conclusion. Combination therapy of hydroquinone and retinol may improve photoaging-associated hyperpigmentation. THIS STUDY WAS CONDUCTED AS PART OF A RESEARCH GRANT FROM MEDICIS THE DERMATOLOGY COMPANY, PHOENIX, ARIZONA. DR. DRAELOS HAS NO FINANCIAL INTEREST IN ANY OF THE MEDICATIONS DISCUSSED IN THIS RESEARCH. [source] WORKERS SHOULD HOLD SHARES IN THE COMPANY THEY WORK FORECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 2 2002Geoffrey E. Wood No abstract is available for this article. [source] FRAMING ROBERT AGGAS: THE PAINTER,STAINERS' COMPANY AND THE ,ENGLISH SCHOOL OF PAINTERS'ART HISTORY, Issue 3 2008RICHARD JOHNS Drawing on unpublished archival material, this essay offers a new understanding of London's Painter,Stainers' Company during the second half of the seventeenth century. Beginning and ending with a discussion of the English painter Robert Aggas, whose Landscape at Sunset became the centrepiece of an ambitious display of paintings within the Painter,Stainers' Hall, the essay identifies the Company as a vital presence within the cultural economy of the early modern capital. A reassessment of the Company's attitude towards overseas painters during the later 1600s points to the cosmopolitan make-up of the self-styled ,English school' of painting, first chronicled in Bainbrigg Buckeridge's influential An Essay towards an English School of Painters (1706). [source] Sensory, clinical and physiological factors in sensitive skin: a reviewCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 1 2006Miranda A. Farage Certain individuals experience more intense and frequent adverse sensory effects than the normal population after topical use of personal care products, a phenomenon known in popular usage as sensitive skin. Consumer reports of sensitive skin are self-diagnosed and often not verifiable by objective signs of physical irritation. Companies who manufacture cosmetic and personal care products are challenged to provide safe products to an audience with tremendous differences in skin type, culture and habits. This review examines the still incomplete understanding of this phenomenon with respect to aetiology, diagnosis, appropriate testing methods, possible contributing host factors such as, sex, ethnicity, age, anatomical site, cultural and environmental factors, and the future directions needed for research. [source] Accounting Choices and Risk Management: SFAS No. 115 and U.S. Bank Holding Companies,CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNTING RESEARCH, Issue 2 2002Leslie Hodder Abstract This paper provides evidence that regulatory contracts affect firms' accounting choices and risk-management decisions. Specifically, we investigate whether an exogenous shock to regulatory risk induced by Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 115, "Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities" (SFAS 1993), encouraged U.S. banks to deviate from portfolio and risk benchmarks when they adopted the standard. Because we cannot observe relevant benchmarks, we model portfolio and risk decisions as functions of macroeconomic and firm-specific factors using data from a period when regulatory capital was immune to SFAS No. 115 accounting. We examine a sample of 230 publicly traded banks and find that (1) irrespective of adoption timing, banks classified too few securities available for sale (AFS) relative to estimated benchmarks; (2) weaker banks that adopted the standard early classified far more securities as AFS relative to benchmarks; (3) banks altered the size of their securities portfolios along with the levels of interest-rate risk and credit risk as regulatory capital decreased; and (4) the level of interest-rate risk on banks' loan portfolios increased at the time of SFAS No. 115 adoption. We also explore the 1995 Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) amnesty when firms could "readopt" SFAS No. 115. We find that banks used the 1995 FASB amnesty to undo strategic initial SFAS No. 115 adoption decisions. Taken together, our findings suggest that SFAS No. 115 caused some of the accounting and economic consequences predicted by bankers, analysts, and academics. [source] Optimal Board Monitoring in Family-owned Companies: Evidence from AsiaCORPORATE GOVERNANCE, Issue 1 2010En-Te Chen ABSTRACT Manuscript Type: Empirical Research Question/Issue: We propose that high levels of monitoring are not always in the best interests of minority shareholders. In family-owned companies the optimal level of board monitoring required by minority shareholders is expected to be lower than that of other companies. This is because the relative benefits and costs of monitoring are different in family-owned companies. Research Findings/Insights: At moderate levels of board monitoring, we find concave relationships between board monitoring variables and firm performance for family-owned companies but not for other companies. The optimal level of board monitoring for our sample of Asian family-owned companies equates to board independence of 38 per cent, separation of the chairman and CEO positions, and establishment of audit and remuneration committees. Additional testing shows that the optimal level of board monitoring is sensitive to the magnitude of the agency conflict between the family group and minority shareholders and the presence of substitute monitoring. Theoretical/Academic Implications: This study shows that the effect of additional monitoring on agency costs and firm performance differs across firms with different ownership structures. Practitioner/Policy Implications: For policymakers, the results show that more monitoring is not always in the best interests of minority shareholders. Therefore, it may be inappropriate for regulators to advise all companies to follow the same set of corporate governance guidelines. However, our results also indicate that the board governance practices of family-owned companies are still well below the identified optimal levels. [source] Sarbanes Oxley Section 404 Costs of Compliance: a case studyCORPORATE GOVERNANCE, Issue 2 2007Lineke Sneller In 2002 US Congress approved the Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX). Section 404 requires companies to assess their internal controls and acquire an attestation of this assessment from their external auditor. In this paper, we investigate the costs of compliance of this assessment and attestation. The European division of a US listed company is used as a case study. The divisional project approach is described, and costs of compliance for this division are presented in two categories: assessment costs, mainly hours spent by internal staff; and attestation costs, mainly audit fees. The case study shows that the internal hours spent on assessment are approximately 12 times higher than the initial estimate made by the SEC in 2002, and that the realised other expenses are approximately 1.4 times higher than this estimate. Furthermore, a year on year increase of 50 per cent of the company's audit fee in the first year of Section 404 compliance is found. Companies can reduce the costs of compliance by implementing programmed controls, using auditors from countries with lower rates, remediating material weaknesses only, focusing on the internal control system rather than on individual controls, and by encouraging the auditor to rely on the company's assessment. [source] Corporate social responsibility in Malaysia , experts' views and perspectivesCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2009Jye Y. Lu Abstract The field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has grown exponentially in the last decade and is gradually becoming a global trend. Companies are now expected to take explicitly into account all aspects of their performance, i.e., not just their financial results, but also their social and environmental performance. Therefore more organizations are now engaged in serious efforts to define and integrate CSR into all aspects of their businesses. The aim of our study is to understand this trend in Malaysia and specifically to investigate (i) The status of CSR in Malaysia; (ii) Different CSR practices in Malaysia; and (iii) Future diffusion of CSR in Malaysia. To answer these questions, we have conducted interviews with Malaysian leading experts in CSR. Our results suggests that the key issues in the journey toward wider diffusion and acceptance of CSR in Malaysia include current confusion over the meaning of CSR, the prevalent use of CSR as a PR tool, mandatory versus voluntary CSR and the role the National Mirror Committee of ISO/TMB/WG SR in this process. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] From CR-psychopaths to responsible corporations: waking up the inner Sleeping Beauty of companiesCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2006Tarja Ketola Many large companies seem to fulfil the psychiatric criteria for psychopaths in their corporate responsibility (CR) practices. Are they really incurable psychopaths, or is it possible that they could be counselled into accepting their responsibilities? CR studies have so far paid little attention to the variations in the CR emphases between different companies. This article, based on a conference paper (Ketola, 2005b), presents a CR emphasis model, pinpointing eight different approaches to corporate responsibility. Some companies do not voluntarily take any responsibilities. Companies acting like psychopaths need a Prince of Virtues to kiss awake their inner Sleeping Beauty from its 100-year irresponsibility sleep. All companies could take advantage of virtue ethics, which present the values shared by all humans, and hence exemplify the natural law (lex naturae). Counselling top managers and key individuals on their personal and professional values enables all personnel to integrate virtues into the company's CR practices. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] Examining the role of the forest industry in collaborative ecosystem management: implications for corporate strategyCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2005Jennifer Dyke Abstract The North American timber industry owns or controls a substantial amount of commercial timberland, and it is within this privately held acreage that major portions of critical natural habitat and areas of biodiversity are found. Because significant ecosystem components and processes lie within the ownership of forestry operations, industry participation in collaborative ecosystem management initiatives is vital to protect the integrity of ecological units at the landscape scale. This article analyzes and identifies the role of industry in ecosystem management projects, industry's willingness to participate in collaborative ecosystem management and the motivations behind company participation. Companies indicated active involvement in collaborative ecosystem management as both project initiators and collaborators. Motivations for participating in collaborative ecosystem management initiatives include the desires to decrease governmental regulations, collect data, develop relationships and improve current practices. Many companies also feel that participation is financially beneficial because it positively impacts corporate public relations. We discuss the implications of these results for developing an effective corporate environmental strategy associated with resource-based industries. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] Corporate social responsibility and the mining industry: conflicts and constructsCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2004Heledd Jenkins In response to widespread and increasing criticism, the mining industry has started to pay serious attention to its environmental and social impacts. This has recently manifested itself in the formulation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies and strategies and a proliferation of CSR, environmental, sustainability and community reporting. Several brief case studies are used to illustrate the issues and conflicts that arise between mining company operations and the environment and community, and how these have led to the development of corporate strategies to deal with environment and community issues. The paper then examines mining company reports, revealing the language and constructs used by the mining industry to frame its responsibility to the environment and community and role in possible conflicts. Companies need to better understand the complex nature of the communities in which they operate in order that suitably tailored strategies are developed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] An environment for prosperity and quality living accommodating growth in the Thames ValleyCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2004Hugh Howes The Thames Valley is seen as the powerhouse of the British economy, and one of the best performing regions in Europe. This economic base offers opportunities for expansion with the potential for it to become the knowledge capital of Europe. Business interests view the area as a highly desirable location, not only because of its markets, skills and proximity to the City and Heathrow but also because of its high quality environment. Companies, however, complain of skills shortages, traffic congestion, lack of suitable premises and housing that is affordable to the workforce. Much of the Thames Valley is either Green Belt or Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Furthermore, the availability of future water supplies, the maintenance of the quality of water in the rivers and managing flood risk are also likely to act as constraints on development in the future. How economic growth is to be achieved with minimal additional development and without detriment to the environment is the central question that is likely to dominate planning in the this region over the next few years. Is it possible to achieve more with existing resources? Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] The Product Piracy Conflict Matrix , Finding Solutions to Prevent Product PiracyCREATIVITY AND INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2009Günther Schuh Product and brand piracy has developed into a worldwide mass phenomenon. Affected companies are not only burdened with commercial losses such as lost sales volume and lower sales prices, but also by decreasing brand value and company reputation, lower licence revenues and, finally, costs for counteracting product piracy. Companies are gradually facing up to the challenge and taking action. Besides legal measures, an increasing number of firms are also willing to implement strategic and technical measures in their organizations or products respectively. A number of non-legal mechanisms have recently been identified, and efforts to structure these mechanisms are in progress. However, so far systematic, methodological guidance in matching mechanisms with specific products and corporate boundary conditions is basically non-existent. Focusing on this issue, the paper introduces a new TRIZ-based method to create solutions concerning product piracy. The so-called Product Piracy Conflict matrix (PPC matrix) resembles the well-established TRIZ contradiction table and has been designed to help companies create powerful protection concepts while avoiding undesired or harmful effects within their own value chains. [source] Educating Designers for Broad Roles in OrganizationsDESIGN MANAGEMENT REVIEW, Issue 3 2007Chris Conley Professor Companies are looking to designers for talent in such fields as marketing, strategy, product management, and research and development. Chris Conley posits a five-part framework for applying design expertise across the spectrum of issues related to managing a business. He also offers a curriculum structure and course content that cultivate the skills needed to succeed in these broader roles. [source] Sustainable Responsible Design: Insights from Wales (UK)DESIGN MANAGEMENT REVIEW, Issue 3 2005Frank O'Connor As Frank O'Connor and Iain Cox share two cases to illustrate what Design Wales is doing to promote responsible design among SMEs, it is evident that several elements are needed to implement what turns out to be a complex mandate. Governments must support the agenda with appropriate policy. Companies must make the commitment to value-based brands. Designers have to contribute relevant expertise, and consumers must to be willing to buy. [source] Trend Analysis: An Approach for Companies that ListenDESIGN MANAGEMENT REVIEW, Issue 1 2005Justien Marseille Trend Analyst First page of article [source] Design differentiation for global companies: Value exporters and value collectorsDESIGN MANAGEMENT REVIEW, Issue 4 2001Clive Grinyer In the global marketplace, should companies maintain uniform product profiles,some with strong national characteristics,or adapt regionally? Most companies tend toward one end or the other, concludes Clive Grinyer. Clearly distinguishing between "value exporters" and "value collectors," he articulates the advantages and disadvantages of each. Companies must strike their own strategic balance, hopefully without diluting the regional diversity that makes life and consumer choices so interesting. [source] Correlates of Board Empowerment in Small CompaniesENTREPRENEURSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE, Issue 5 2007Jonas Gabrielsson This study seeks to advance the understanding of board empowerment in small companies. Predictions based on agency and resource dependency theories were used to examine how contingency factors correlate with board empowerment, in this study conceptualized as a larger number of board members, a higher representation of outside directors, and separate CEO and board chair positions. Statistical analyses on a sample of 135 small companies gave ample support for the agency-theoretic prediction that board empowerment in small companies is a response to satisfy the demands from owners not directly involved in managing the company. Other factors influencing board empowerment were younger CEOs, high degree of exports, and past poor company performance. The influence of these contingency factors, however, was not as strong and extensive as the presence of outside owners. The article ends with a discussion of the findings and their implications for understanding boards and governance in small companies. [source] Quantifying the Impact of Option-Based Compensation on Earnings for the 50 Largest U.S.Technology CompaniesFINANCIAL MARKETS, INSTITUTIONS & INSTRUMENTS, Issue 4 2002Noah E. Butensky First page of article [source] Political Views and Corporate Decision Making: The Case of Corporate Social ResponsibilityFINANCIAL REVIEW, Issue 3 2008Amir Rubin G30; P16 Abstract This paper conducts an empirical analysis of the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and political beliefs in the United States. By analyzing the 2004 presidential election results of communities in which corporate headquarters are located, we establish a correlation between the political beliefs of corporate stakeholders and the CSR ratings of their firms. Companies with a high CSR rating tend to be located in Democratic, or "blue" states and counties, while companies with a low CSR rating tend to be located in Republican, or "red" states and counties. [source] Rational Pricing of Internet Companies RevisitedFINANCIAL REVIEW, Issue 4 2001Eduardo S. Schwartz G12 Abstract In this article we expand and improve the Internet company valuation model of Schwartz and Moon (2000) in numerous ways. By using techniques from real options theory and modern capital budgeting, the earlier paper demonstrated that uncertainty about key variables plays a major role in the valuation of high growth Internet companies. Presently, we make the model more realistic by providing for stochastic costs and future financing, and also by including capital expenditures and depreciation in the analysis. Perhaps more importantly, we offer insights into the practical implementation the model. An important challenge to implementing the original model was estimating the various parameters of the model. Here, we improve the procedure by setting the speed of adjustment parameters equal to one another, by tying the implied half-life of the revenue growth process to analyst forecasts, and by inferring the risk-adjustment parameter from the observed beta of the company's stock price. We illustrate these extensions in a valuation of the company eBay. [source] Tax-Aided Financial Services Companies and the Cost of CapitalFISCAL STUDIES, Issue 3 2000Annick Hespel Abstract Over the past two decades, the governments of several European countries have implemented special tax devices to attract the finance centres of multinational companies. This paper determines how the cost of capital for investments made by multinationals is affected by the tax regimes, bringing into play the Irish financial services company, the Belgian co-ordination centre, the Dutch finance company and the Luxemburg company coupled with a Swiss finance branch. It gives evidence that intermediation of a tax-aided services company in the financing scheme of a foreign subsidiary provides an important tax saving. However, the home and source countries' tax regimes influence the hierarchy of the less heavily taxed treasury and finance centres. The methodology relies on the marginal effective tax rates theory and consists of an extension of Alworth's (1988) model to include treasury centres. [source] Keeping your globally mobile employees healthy, safe, and secureGLOBAL BUSINESS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EXCELLENCE, Issue 1 2009Myles Druckman Companies are sending higher numbers of older employees to difficult or dangerous locations, which increases the chances of a medical event where healthcare services are least available. Business travelers and international assignees and their employers need to adequately assess and prepare for such possibilities. The author describes five key processes that will help companies perform duty of care and minimize risks to the employee and company alike; the elements of a best-practice international preassignment health program to ensure assignees are fit for work in locations with high medical risk; and the five responsibilities of globally mobile employees for protecting their health and getting medical help if they need it. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Companies rehearse a very different future: Connecting leadership capability and strategy execution through simulationGLOBAL BUSINESS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EXCELLENCE, Issue 5 2009Ron Carucci How can an organization's leaders best learn the behaviors and competencies required in a very different future? "Rehearsing the future" simulations immerse leaders in a fictitious business context strategically similar to their company's desired future to solve critical issues as a leadership team. The author differentiates future rehearsal simulation from computer simulation; describes when, where, and why these simulations are effective; and details the process for building a simulation that integrates multiple leadership development tools. Two actual cases, a global technology corporation seeking a horizontally integrated platform of products and services and a biotech company determined to shorten its product development timelines, illustrate the benefits of simulation technology for leaders and the business. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Why some companies excel at conducting business globallyGLOBAL BUSINESS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EXCELLENCE, Issue 4 2006Mark A. Royal Operating on the global stage presents a formidable set of challenges to even the World's Most Admired Companies. Recent research by Hay Group reveals that the companies most effective in conducting business globally excel in five key areas of strategic, operational, and people management,capabilities important for any company that aims to be a global player. © 2006 Hay Group [source] Portfolios of mobility: the movement of expertise in transnational corporations in two sectors , aerospace and extractive industriesGLOBAL NETWORKS, Issue 1 2008JANE MILLAR Abstract This article is about how UK-based transnational corporations source expertise and move highly skilled people among their sites. TNCs rely heavily on their internal labour markets for skills. We examine patterns and trends in the ways that TNCs in two sectors, aerospace and extractives, dynamically orchestrate and deploy their networks of expertise internationally to address the demands of different markets. We chart the types of mobility that exist, identify how and why they are used, and explore some of the institutional, industrial, organizational and technological factors that influence these trends. We show that different types of mobility play distinct roles in organizations. Companies respond to mobility calls from diverse stimuli by linking together mobility options into portfolios of moves that represent negotiated responses to industrial and individual requirements. [source] Show Us the Money: Lessons in Transparency from State Pharmaceutical Marketing Disclosure LawsHEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH, Issue 1 2010Susan Chimonas Objective. To assess legislation requiring drug companies to report gifts to providers, and to evaluate the information obtained. Data Sources. Data included legislation in Vermont, Minnesota, Maine, Massachusetts, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia, and company disclosure data from Vermont. Study Design. We evaluated the strengths and weaknesses of state legislation. We also analyzed 4 years of company disclosures from Vermont, assessing the value and distribution of industry,provider exchanges and identifying emerging trends in companies' practices. Data Collection Methods. State legislation is publically available. We obtained Vermont's data through requests to the state's Attorney General's office. Principal Findings. Of the state laws, only Vermont's yielded robust, publically available data. These data show gifting was dominated by a few major corporations, and <2 percent of Vermont's prescribers received 69 percent of gifts and payments. Companies were especially generous to specialists in psychiatry, endocrinology/diabetes/metabolism, internal medicine, and neurology. Companies increasingly used loopholes in the law to avoid public scrutiny. Conclusions. Disclosure laws are an important first step in bringing greater transparency to physician,industry relationships. But flaws and weaknesses limit the states' ability to render physician,industry exchanges fully transparent. Future efforts should build on these lessons to render physician,industry relationships fully transparent. [source] The 550th Anniversary of the Universität Basel, 1460,,,2010: Paracelsian Beginnings and ChemistryHELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 9 2010G. Wayne Craig Abstract This year marks the 550th anniversary of the founding of the Universität Basel. After its inception, the development of chemistry has played a major role in its evolution as an academic institution to meet the needs of industry and the educational community. Chemistry evolved in Basel as a dominant industry because of its central location and connection to the Rhine. The dyestuff industry and later the pharmaceutical industry established the Basel location as a major center of distribution. Companies like Sandoz AG, Ciba AG, J.,R. Geigy AG, and F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG influenced the defining role of chemistry not only in Europe but throughout the world. This article highlights some of the academic personalities that contributed to the development of chemistry in the remarkable history of the Universität Basel since the time of Paracelsus. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||