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Comprehensive Report (comprehensive + report)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	50%
Chemistry	50%

Selected Abstracts

A neglected gland: a review of Cowper's gland

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY, Issue 2 2005
BILAL CHUGHTAI
Summary Cowper's glands are pea sized glands present inferior to the prostate gland in the male reproductive system. They produce thick clear mucus prior to ejaculation that drains into the spongy urethra. Though it is well established that the function of the Cowper's gland secretions is to neutralize traces of acidic urine in the urethra, knowledge regarding the various lesions and associated complications of this gland is scarce. This review provides a comprehensive report on the development, function and various lesions associated with Cowper's gland. [source]

HIV-1 integrase inhibitors: 2005,2006 update

MEDICINAL RESEARCH REVIEWS, Issue 1 2008
Raveendra Dayam
Abstract HIV-1 integrase (IN) catalyzes the integration of proviral DNA into the host genome, an essential step for viral replication. Inhibition of IN catalytic activity provides an attractive strategy for antiretroviral drug design. Currently two IN inhibitors, MK-0518 and GS-9137, are in advanced stages of human clinical trials. The IN inhibitors in clinical evaluation demonstrate excellent antiretroviral efficacy alone or in combination regimens as compared to previously used clinical antiretroviral agents in naive and treatment-experienced HIV-1 infected patients. However, the emergence of viral strains resistant to clinically studied IN inhibitors and the dynamic nature of the HIV-1 genome demand a continued effort toward the discovery of novel inhibitors to keep a therapeutic advantage over the virus. Continued efforts in the field have resulted in the discovery of compounds from diverse chemical classes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive report of all IN inhibitors discovered in the years 2005 and 2006. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 28, No. 1, 118,154, 2008 [source]

Analysis of behavioural and physiological parameters for the assessment of postoperative analgesic demand in newborns, infants and young children: a comprehensive report on seven consecutive studies

PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA, Issue 3 2000
W. Büttner
Summary Many different systems for the assessment of pain in newborns and infants have been tested for validity, rarely for reliability but never for sensitivity or specificity. We aimed to determine whether the assessment of an analgesic demand in the lower age group during the postoperative period is possible by observational methods only. In an repetitive and sequential prospective process for identifying observationable behaviour and measurable physiological parameters as indicators of a postoperative analgesic demand, 584 newborns, infants and young children were studied (7 prospective studies, 4238 observations). Twenty-six items were selected as suggested by current literature and for reasons of economy and practicability. The factor analyses resulted in a two-factorial solution with the behavioural items loading on one factor and the physiological parameters on the other (principal component analyses). The physiological parameters blood pressure, respiratory rate and heart rate were found to be unreliable and had no discriminant power to detect an analgesic demand during the postoperative period (discriminant analyses, ROC-curves). In newborns and infants, nine observational items were identified as equally selective, reliable, sensitive and specific to the assessment of postoperative analgesic demand, whereas in young children only five items could be identified (discriminant analyses, ROC-curves). For economic reasons, these five items (crying, facial expression, posture of the trunk, posture of the legs, motor restlessness) were chosen as the basis of an additional pain scale ranging from 0=no pain to 10=maximal (Children's and Infants' Postoperative Pain Scale, CHIPPS). Its internal consistency yielded values for Cronbachs', with 0.92 for toddlers and 0.96 for infants. The coefficient for interrater reliability was 0.93. The scale was validated constructively by the intravenous administration of metamizol, tramadol, nalbuphine, piritramide and ketamine (repeated measures analysis of variance). The Toddler,Preschooler Postoperative Pain Scale and CHIPPS equally identified painfree situations or analgesic demand in 87.4%. In cases with definite pain, the score of CHIPPS was never below 4 points. Seventy-one toddlers gave verbal comments on their pain intensity: in 29 painfree situations the CHIPPS score was 3.0 and in 29 painful situations it was 5.7. The values for sensitivity and specificity of CHIPPS were calculated to be 0.92,0.96 and 0.74,0.95, respectively (discriminant analyses). We conclude that it is possible to determine postoperative analgesic demand in the low age group of children by using an observational system such as CHIPPS alone. [source]

Composition and radical-scavenging activity of Thymus glabrescens Willd. (Lamiaceae) essential oil

JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 11 2008
Zoran Maksimovi
Abstract BACKGROUND: Knowledge about the chemical and therapeutic properties of Thymus glabrescens Willd. (Lamiaceae) is scarce and inconsistent. Therefore the main objectives of this study were to determine the yield and chemical composition of essential oils from wild-growing T. glabrescens populations, to assess their radical scavenging activity and to correlate the results with published data in order to deduce which components are responsible for the activity. RESULTS: The plant material yielded between 4.0 and 8.0 mL kg,1 of essential oil. All samples contained considerable but variable concentrations of thymol (22.3,55.1%), depending on the source. Radical-scavenging activities of the oils were estimated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH) assay against butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and thymol as positive controls. The observed activities (IC50 values ranged from 94 to 230 µg mL,1) were strongly influenced by thymol concentration, as verified by rapid screening for DPPH radical-scavenging activity on thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates and regression analysis. CONCLUSION: These results represent the first report on the free radical-scavenging activity of T. glabrescens essential oil and one of the first comprehensive reports on its composition. Thymus glabrescens could be used in the food industry for seasoning purposes or for preserving processed foods from oxidative degradation. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry [source]