Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Community Population (community + population)
Selected AbstractsPrevalence of Dementia Among the Elderly in a Japanese Community Population,Comparative Study on the 1983 and 1996 Survey: The Aichi StudyPSYCHOGERIATRICS, Issue 4 2001Hiroto Shibayama Background:An epidemiological survey of dementia among community residents over 65 years of age in Aichi Prefecture (Japan) was conducted in 1983 and 1996. We compared the prevalence rates of dementia in 1996, with the previously published rates of 1983. Methods:The study employed a two-stage design. First stage: A test based on the DSM-III-R criteria for dementia was administered to all participating residents, who were randomly drawn from the resident register (856,879) of Aichi Prefecture in 1995 (495,923 in 1983). Second stage: A detailed clinical and cognitive evaluation (including MMSE and neurological examination) of the subjects identified in the first stage was carried out by trained psychiatrists. Results:The prevalence rate for dementia in 1996 was 4.8% (moderate and severe 2.1%) compared with 5.8% (2.2%) in 1983; for senile dementia of Alzheimer type (SDAT) it was 2.8% in 1996 and 2.4% in 1983; for cerebrovascular dementia (CVD), 1.8% in 1996 and 2.8% in 1983. Conclusion:Up to this time, the cases of CVD have been more frequent than those of SDAT in Japan, especially in the urban areas. However, the relationship between CVD and SDAT has now reversed. These data suggest that SDAT is a common condition and that its public health impact will continue to increase with the increasing longevity of the population in Japan. [source] Social integration in young adulthood and the subsequent onset of substance use and disorders among a community population of urban African AmericansADDICTION, Issue 3 2010Kerry M. Green ABSTRACT Aims This paper examines the association between social integration in young adulthood and the later onset of substance use and disorders through mid-adulthood. Design Data come from a community cohort of African Americans followed longitudinally from age 6,42 years with four assessment periods. Setting The cohort all lived in the Woodlawn neighborhood of Chicago in 1966, an urban disadvantaged setting. Participants All Woodlawn first graders in 1966 were asked to participate; 13 families declined (n = 1242). Measurement Substance use was measured via interview at age 42 and includes the onset of alcohol and drug use disorders and the onset of cocaine/heroin use between ages 32 and 42 years. Social integration measures were assessed via interview at age 32 and include social roles (employee, spouse, parent), participation in religious and social organizations and a measure of overall social integration. Control variables were measured in childhood and later in the life course. Findings Multivariate regression analyses suggest that unemployment, being unmarried, infrequent religious service attendance and lower overall social integration in young adulthood predict later adult-onset drug use disorders, but not alcohol use disorders once confounders are taken into consideration. Unemployment and lower overall social integration predict onset of cocaine/heroin use later in adulthood. Conclusions Results show meaningful onset of drug use and substance use disorders during mid-adulthood and that social integration in young adulthood seems to play a role in later onset of drug use and drug disorders, but not alcohol disorders. [source] Child and adolescent predictors for eating disorders in a community population of young adult womenINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EATING DISORDERS, Issue 1 2003Debra J. Moorhead Abstract Objective This study investigated early predictors for developing eating disorders by young adulthood in a community sample of women participating in a 22-year longitudinal study. Method Twenty-one women were identified at age 27 with lifetime full or partial eating disorders. These women were compared with 47 women with no history of eating disorders on predictive factors from three broad domains. Results The women with eating disorders had more serious health problems before age 5 and mother-reported anxiety-depression at age 9. At 15, mothers described them as having more behavior problems. Before age 15, families of the eating disorder group had more histories of depression, eating problems and changes in family financial circumstances. Discussion This study identifies early predictors distinguishing girls who develop eating disorders. Findings point to the need for continued research in the area of early health to comprehensively examine the biologic, behavioral, and environmental risks for eating disorders. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 1,9, 2003. [source] Neurological signs and late-life depressive symptoms in a community population: the ESPRIT studyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY, Issue 7 2010Mishael Soremekun Abstract Objective Depression in the elderly is common and often resistant to treatment. It has been suggested that late-life depression may be related to underlying neurobiological changes. However, these observations are derived from diverse clinical samples and as yet have not been confirmed in a more representative population study. Our aim was to investigate associations between neurological signs as markers of underlying brain dysfunction and caseness for depression in an elderly community sample, controlling for physical health and comorbid/past neurological disorders. Method A cross-sectional analysis of 2102 older people without dementia from the ESPRIT project. Depressive symptomatology was ascertained using the CES-D and abnormal neurological signs/comorbidity from a full neurological examination according to ICD-10 criteria. Results Pyramidal, extrapyramidal, cranial nerve and sensory deficit signs were significantly associated with case-level depressive symptoms. However, all odds ratios were close to null values in participants who did not have previous neurological disorder. Conclusions We confirmed previous findings of an association between neurological signs and case-level depressive symptoms in late life. However, this association may simply reflect the impact of more severe comorbid neurological disorder. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The incidence of dementia in an Australian community population: the Sydney older persons studyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY, Issue 7 2001Louise M. Waite Abstract Objectives Limited Australian dementia incidence data are available. This study aimed to identify the incidence of dementia and its subtypes in an Australian community dwelling population. Method A community dwelling sample of 647 subjects aged ,75 years at recruitment were followed for a mean period of 3.2 years (range 2.6,4.5 years). The incidence of dementia (measured in person years at risk) was identified for different levels of severity of dementia, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Results Incidence figures were slightly higher than those previously reported. The incidence of dementia and of Alzheimer's disease increased with age but was not affected by gender. The incidence of vascular dementia was not affected by age. Conclusion This study provides the largest body of data on the incidence of dementia in Australia, indicating a slightly higher incidence of dementia than previous reports. Further Australian data are required to confirm these findings. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Re-estimating the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a nationally representative sample of persons receiving care for HIV: results from the HIV cost and services utilization studyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF METHODS IN PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH, Issue 2 2002PhD Maria Orlando Abstract The objective of this study was to obtain accurate estimates of the prevalence of psychiatric disorder in the population represented by the HIV Costs and Services Utilization Study cohort. We constructed logistic regression models to predict DSM-IV diagnoses of depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic, and dysthymia among a subsample of the HCSUS cohort who in separate interviews completed the CIDI-SF and the full CIDI diagnostic interview. Diagnoses were predicted using responses to the CIDI-SF as well as other variables contained in the baseline and first follow-up interviews. Resulting regression equations were applied to the entire baseline and first follow-up samples to obtain new estimates of the prevalence of disorder. Compared to estimates based on the CIDI-SF alone, estimates obtained from this procedure provide a more accurate representation of the prevalence of the presence of any one of these four psychiatric disorders in this population, yielding more correct classifications and a lower false-positive rate. Prevalence rates reported in this study are as much as 16% lower than rates estimated using the CIDI-SF alone, but are still considerably higher than estimates for the general community population. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd. [source] Gingival crevicular fluid interleukin-1,, prostaglandin E2 and periodontal status in a community populationJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 4 2007Y. Zhong Abstract Aim: Interleukin-1 , (IL-1,) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) are key inflammatory mediators involved in periodontal disease. The purposes of this molecular cross-sectional epidemiological study were to investigate relationships in a community sample between mean concentrations of IL-1, and PGE2 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and (1) clinical periodontal signs and (2) risk factors of host inflammatory response and/or periodontal disease. Material and Methods: The sample comprised 6277 community-dwelling adults aged 52,74 years enrolled in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. IL-1, and PGE2 concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Person-level summary variables were computed for maximum pocket depth (MaxPD), maximum clinical attachment level (MaxCAL) and presence/absence of bleeding on probing (BOP). Mean GCF IL-1, and PGE2 concentrations were dependent variables in multiple linear regression models with periodontal measures and covariates as explanatory variables. Results: Both GCF IL-1, and PGE2 were positively related to MaxPD and BOP in multiple regression models (p<0.01). Increased levels of IL-1, and PGE2 were associated with body mass index 30 kg/m2. Conclusion: Higher levels of GCF IL-1, and PGE2 were significantly associated with clinical signs of periodontal disease and independently related to patient-based anthropomorphic measures, behaviours and exposures in community-dwelling adults. [source] The association of psychosocial factors and smoking with periodontal health in a community populationJOURNAL OF PERIODONTAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2010L.-J. Chiou Chiou L-J, Yang Y-H, Hung H-C, Tsai C-C, Shieh T-Y, Wu Y-M, Wang W-C, Hsu T-C. The association of psychosocial factors and smoking with periodontal health in a community population. J Periodont Res 2009; doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01194.x. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background and Objective:, The association between psychosocial factors and periodontal disease has been widely reported and might be modified by smoking status. This study investigated the association of periodontal status with psychosocial factors and smoking in a community population. Material and Methods:, A structured questionnaire was administered to a total of 1764 civilian noninstitutional (general population excluding from nursing homes, sanitariums and hospitals) Taiwanese individuals to assess the presence and severity of psychosocial factors [using the 12-item Chinese health questionnaire (CHQ-12)], smoking habits and other related factors. Periodontal status was established using the community periodontal index and by measuring clinical loss of attachment. Results:, Psychological factors and smoking were significantly associated with loss of attachment (odds ratio = 1.69, 95% confidence interval = 1.01,2.77, comparing the CHQ-12 score of , 6 with the CHQ-12 score of 0,2 and p = 0.032 for linear trend; odds ratio = 2.21, 95% confidence interval = 1.45,3.37, comparing smokers with nonsmokers) but not with community periodontal index. The association was found to be stronger among smokers than among nonsmokers. Smokers with a CHQ-12 score of , 6 had a higher odds ratio of loss of attachment (odds ratio = 2.49, 95% confidence interval = 0.91,6.49) than nonsmokers (odds ratio = 1.43, 95% confidence interval = 0.76,2.58). For periodontal health measured using the community periodontal index, married and divorced/widowed subjects tended to have poorer periodontal health (odds ratio = 3.38, 95% confidence interval = 1.26,10.81 and odds ratio = 3.83, 95% confidence interval = 1.21,13.83, respectively) than single subjects among nonsmokers but not among smokers. Conclusion:, Poor mental health had a stronger association with periodontal disease among smokers than among nonsmokers, especially in accumulative attachment loss. Our findings suggest that mental health and smoking might have a synergistic effect on the risk of developing periodontal disease. [source] Agricultural cycle and the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder: A longitudinal community study in postwar Mozambique,JOURNAL OF TRAUMATIC STRESS, Issue 3 2009Victor Igreja The influence of physical activity on the prevalence and remission of war-related mental disturbances has never been systematically evaluated. This study examined the influence of participation in the agricultural cycle on the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence and correlated symptoms longitudinally in postcivil war Mozambique. Prevalence rates were examined in the end and the outset of the agricultural cycle in a community population (N = 240). The agricultural cycle, which is characterized by fluctuations in physical activities, social connectedness, and the sense of purpose in life influences the PTSD prevalence and correlated symptoms. By studying the influence of the agricultural cycle on PTSD prevalence, severe PTSD cases that fail to respond to the agricultural cycle can be identified, and subsequently evaluated regarding the need for specialized care. [source] The Prevalence, Characteristics of and Risk Factors for Eczema in Belgian SchoolchildrenPEDIATRIC DERMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2009Elke Govaere M.D. In this cross-sectional study we examined the prevalence and characteristics of eczema in an unbiased community population of 2,021 Belgian schoolchildren, aged 3.4 to 14.8 years with skin prick testing and parental questionnaires. Our study identified an eczema prevalence of 23.3% and a considerable allergic co-morbidity, mainly in sensitized children. The reported prevalence of eczema in infancy was 18.5% and for current eczema 11.6%. The overall sensitization rate (33.2%) as well as sensitization rates for the individual allergens were significantly higher in children with "eczema ever." Sensitization to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (19.6%), mixed grass pollen (15.1%), and cat (9.1%) were most common. Until the age of 6 years, boys with eczema were significantly more sensitized than girls (p = 0.007). Children with both eczema in infancy and current eczema show a tendency to be more sensitized than children with eczema in infancy only or current eczema only, but significance was only noted for a few individual allergens. Analysis of factors associated with eczema revealed a predominantly atopic profile characterized by family or personal history of allergy. Breastfeeding and environmental factors seemed to assume little relevance except for a protective effect of prematurity and having a dog at birth. [source] Changes in Health Assessment Questionnaire disability scores over five years in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with the general populationARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 10 2006Tuulikki Sokka Objective To analyze longitudinal data over 5 years for changes in Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) scores in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and age- and sex-matched controls from the general population. Methods In 2000 and 2005, identical self-report questionnaires were mailed to a cohort of patients with RA and control cohort from the community. The questionnaire included the HAQ, which was used to assess functional status. Changes in HAQ scores over 5 years were analyzed. Results In 2000, 73% of 1,495 patients with RA and 77% of 2,000 general population controls responded to the questionnaire. In 2005, 84% of 2,022 patients with RA and 77% of 1,817 controls responded. A total of 863 patients with RA and 1,176 community controls responded in both 2000 and 2005 and were included in the analyses. Mean baseline HAQ scores were significantly higher in patients with RA than in controls (0.71 versus 0.17; P < 0.001). Over 5 years, the HAQ scores increased by 0.01 units per year in both the RA cohort and the community population; in both cohorts, the net change was primarily attributable to individuals over age 70 years. Changes in HAQ scores were similar in patients and controls who had low HAQ scores at baseline. Female patients with baseline HAQ scores of ,0.5 had less potential for improvement than did controls. Among subjects in both groups who had HAQ scores >2, death was a common outcome over the next 5 years. Conclusion Currently, progression of functional disability among patients with RA and among persons in the general population is largely explained by the aging process. Our results showing stable function scores over 5 years in most patients with RA who are younger than age 70 years provide further evidence of improved status of RA patients today compared with the major declines observed in previous decades. [source] Sleep quality and respiratory function in children with severe cerebral palsy using night-time postural equipment: a pilot studyACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 11 2009Catherine M Hill Abstract Background:, Night-time postural equipment (NTPE) prevents contractures and hip subluxation in children with severe physical disabilities. However, impact on sleep quality and respiratory function has not been objectively studied. Methods:, Ten children with severe cerebral palsy (CP), mean age of 10.9 (range: 5.3,16.7) years, were recruited from a community population. Polysomnography was undertaken on two nights, once with the child sleeping in their NTPE and once sleeping unsupported. Randomization to first night condition controlled for first night effects. Results:, Night-time postural equipment use was associated with higher mean overnight oxygen saturation for three children but lower values for six children compared with sleeping unsupported. There were no differences in sleep quality between the conditions. The study group had lower overnight oxyhaemoglobin saturation values, less rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and higher arousal indices compared with typically developing children. Conclusion:, This pilot study indicated that children with severe CP risk respiratory compromise in sleep irrespective of positioning. Further study will determine if the observed trend for mean overnight oxygen saturation to be lower within positioning equipment reflects random night-to-night variation or is related to equipment use. We suggest that respiratory function is assessed when determining optimal positioning for children using night-time positioning equipment. [source] A novel scale for measuring mixed states in bipolar disorderCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY (AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THEORY & PRACTICE), Issue 6 2009Jonathan Cavanagh Abstract Objectives: Conventional descriptions of bipolar disorder tend to treat the mixed state as something of an afterthought. There is no scale that specifically measures the phenomena of the mixed state. This study aimed to test a novel scale for mixed state in a clinical and community population of bipolar patients. Methods: The scale included clinically relevant symptoms of both mania and depression in a bivariate scale. Recovered respondents were asked to recall their last manic episode. The scale allowed endorsement of one or more of the manic and depressive symptoms. Internal consistency analyses were carried out using Cronbach alpha. Factor analysis was carried out using a standard Principal Components Analysis followed by Varimax Rotation. A confirmatory factor analytic method was used to validate the scale structure in a representative clinical sample. Results: The reliability analysis gave a Cronbach alpha value of 0.950, with a range of corrected-item-total-scale correlations from 0.546 (weight change) to 0.830 (mood). The factor analysis revealed a two-factor solution for the manic and depressed items which accounted for 61.2% of the variance in the data. Factor 1 represented physical activity, verbal activity, thought processes and mood. Factor 2 represented eating habits, weight change, passage of time and pain sensitivity. Conclusions: This novel scale appears to capture the key features of mixed states. The two-factor solution fits well with previous models of bipolar disorder and concurs with the view that mixed states may be more than the sum of their parts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioner Message: There is no clinical scale that specifically measures the phenomena of the bipolar mixed state. This new scale includes clinically relevant symptoms of both mania and depression in a bivariate scale. The scale appears to capture key features of the mixed state and endorses the view that mixed states may be more than the sum of their parts. [source] Twelve-month prevalence, severity, and treatment of common mental disorders in communities in Japan: preliminary finding from the World Mental Health Japan Survey 2002,2003PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES, Issue 4 2005NORITO KAWAKAMI md Abstract, To estimate the prevalence, severity, and treatment of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn; DSM-IV) mental disorders in community populations in Japan, face-to-face household surveys were conducted in four community populations in Japan. A total of 1663 community adults responded (overall response rate, 56%). The DSM-IV disorders, severity, and treatment were assessed with the World Mental Health version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI), a fully structured lay-administered psychiatric diagnostic interview. The prevalence of any WMH-CIDI/DSM-IV disorder in the prior year was 8.8%, of which 17% of cases were severe and 47% were moderate. Among specific disorders, major depression (2.9%), specific phobia (2.7%), and alcohol abuse/dependence (2.0%) were the most prevalent. Although disorder severity was correlated with probability of treatment, only 19% of the serious or moderate cases received medical treatment in the 12 months before the interview. Older and not currently married individuals had a greater risk of having more severe DSM-IV disorders if they had experienced any within the previous 12 months. Those who had completed high school or some college were more likely to seek medical treatment than those who had completed college. The study confirmed that the prevalence of DSM-IV mental disorders was equal to that observed in Asian countries but lower than that in Western countries. The percentage of those receiving medical treatment was low even for those who suffered severe or moderate disorders. Possible strategies are discussed. [source] Estimating tobacco consumption in remote Aboriginal communities using retail sales data: some challenges and opportunitiesAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 2010David MacLaren Abstract Objective: To describe and discuss challenges and opportunities encountered when estimating tobacco consumption in six remote Aboriginal communities using tobacco sales data from retail outlets. Approach: We consider tobacco sales data collected from retail outlets selling tobacco to six Aboriginal communities in two similar but separate studies. Despite challenges , including: not all outlets provided data; data not uniform across outlets (sales and invoice data); change in format of data; personnel change or management restructures; and anomalies in data and changes in community populations , tobacco consumption was estimated and returned through project newsletters and community feedback sessions. Amounts of tobacco sold were returned using graphs in newsletters and pictures of items common to the community in community feedback sessions. Conclusions: Despite inherent limitations of estimating tobacco consumption using tobacco sales data, returning the amount of tobacco sold to communities provided an opportunity to discuss tobacco consumption and provide a focal point for individual and community action. Using this method, however, may require large and sustained changes be observed over time to evaluate whether initiatives to reduce tobacco consumption have been effective. Implications: Estimating tobacco consumption in remote Aboriginal communities using tobacco sales data from retail outlets requires careful consideration of many logistical, social, cultural and geographic challenges. [source] Parental mental health: disruptions to parenting and outcomes for childrenCHILD & FAMILY SOCIAL WORK, Issue 1 2004Marjorie Smith ABSTRACT The association between parental mental health problems and negative outcomes for children has been long known. This paper addresses three issues in relation to this. First, the scale of the problem is outlined, in terms of both the prevalence of mental health problems in parents and the likelihood of children exhibiting negative outcomes in these circumstances. Secondly, the specificity, or lack of it, of particular outcomes in the child in relation to different parental mental health problems is explored. Thirdly, the paper focuses on the importance of disruptions to parenting as a mechanism in the transmission of mental health problems to negative impacts on the child. Examples are given of how parenting is disrupted in non-clinical community populations, and the subsequent impacts on the child. The case is made for the preventative importance of parenting and family support in mediating between parental mental health problems and negative impacts on the child. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||