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Common Root (common + root)
Selected AbstractsFocusing failures in competitive environments: explaining decision errors in the Monty Hall game, the Acquiring a Company problem, and multiparty ultimatumsJOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING, Issue 5 2003Avishalom Tor Abstract This paper offers a unifying conceptual explanation for failures in competitive decision making across three seemingly unrelated tasks: the Monty Hall game (Nalebuff, 1987), the Acquiring a Company problem (Samuelson & Bazerman, 1985), and multiparty ultimatums (Messick, Moore, & Bazerman, 1997). We argue that the failures observed in these three tasks have a common root. Specifically, due to a limited focus of attention, competitive decision makers fail properly to consider all of the information needed to solve the problem correctly. Using protocol analyses, we show that competitive decision makers tend to focus on their own goals, often to the exclusion of the decisions of the other parties, the rules of the game, and the interaction among the parties in light of these rules. In addition, we show that the failure to consider these effects explains common decision failures across all three games. Finally, we suggest that this systematic focusing error in competitive contexts can serve to explain and improve our understanding of many additional, seemingly disparate, competitive decision-making failures. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Three transmission-line transformers for phase retrieval from scalar reflection coefficientsMICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 3 2004Ahmed M. Attiya Abstract In this paper, a new approach to obtain the phase angle of an unknown complex load using scalar reflection coefficients is presented. This approach is based on measuring the scalar reflection coefficient using three different transmission-line transformers. The relation between the two scalar reflection coefficients is presented as a nonlinear equation of the unknown phase angle. The value of the unknown phase angle represents a common root of these nonlinear phase equations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 231,235, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11338 [source] Bipolaris sorokiniana, a cereal pathogen of global concern: cytological and molecular approaches towards better control,MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY, Issue 4 2002Jagdish Kumar Summary Bipolaris sorokiniana (teleomorph Cochliobolus sativus ) is the causal agent of common root rot, leaf spot disease, seedling blight, head blight, and black point of wheat and barley. The fungus is one of the most serious foliar disease constraints for both crops in warmer growing areas and causes significant yield losses. High temperature and high relative humidity favour the outbreak of the disease, in particular in South Asia's intensive ,irrigated wheat,rice' production systems. In this article, we review the taxonomy and worldwide distribution, as well as strategies to counteract the disease as an emerging threat to cereal production systems. We also review the current understanding of the cytological and molecular aspects of the interaction of the fungus with its cereal hosts, which makes B. sorokiniana a model organism for studying plant defence responses to hemibiotrophic pathogens. The contrasting roles of cell death and H 2O2 generation in plant defence during biotrophic and necrotrophic fungal growth phases are discussed. [source] In vitro quantification of the reaction of barley to common root rotPLANT BREEDING, Issue 5 2001M. I. Arabi Abstract An in vitro technique was used to quantify the infection level of common root rot. This disease produces a brown to black discoloration of the subcrown internodes of barley. Quantification was based on the percentage of germinated infected pieces (1.5 mm) of subcrown internodes cultured on potato dextrose agar media. The disease severity was apparent among four different visually classified categories and numerical values for each category were applied. The results were highly correlated (r = 0.97, P < 0.01) among the different in vitro experiments, indicating that this testing procedure is repeatable. Highly significant differences (P < 0.001) were found for the length of first leaf and fresh weight between plants inoculated and uninoculated with common root rot. However, the effect of inoculation on fresh weight only differed significantly (P < 0.02) among the genotypes. [source] | ||||||||||