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Common Errors (common + error)
Selected AbstractsLOPA misapplied: Common errors can lead to incorrect conclusions,,PROCESS SAFETY PROGRESS, Issue 4 2009Karen A. Study Abstract Layer of Protection Analysis is a powerful tool for quantitative risk assessments. If applied correctly, it can provide quick and efficient guidance on what additional safeguards are needed, if any, to protect against a given scenario. If misapplied, an overly conservative calculation of risk may result in over-instrumentation, additional life-cycle costs, and spurious trips. A nonconservative calculation of risk could result in an under-protected system and unacceptable risk of an undesired consequence occurring. This article describes several categories of common errors, some overly conservative and some nonconservative. Case studies of actual plant scenarios are used to illustrate. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 2009 [source] The role of perseveration in children's symbolic understanding and skillDEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2003Tanya Sharon In the first few years of life, children become increasingly sensitive to the significance of a variety of symbolic artifacts. An extensive body of research has explored very young children's ability to use symbol-based information as a guide to current reality. In one common task, for example, children watch as a miniature toy is hidden in a scale model, and are then asked to retrieve a larger version of the toy from the corresponding place in the room itself. Two-and-a-half-year-old children perform very poorly in most versions of this task. Their most common error is to perseverate; that is, they search again at the location where the toy was last hidden. Two studies examined the degree to which 21/2 -year-olds' high rate of perseveration and poor performance stem from problems with inhibitory control. Results showed that problems with inhibitory control contribute very little to 21/2 -year-old children's difficulty with the task. Instead, the results confirm young children's great difficulty appreciating and exploiting symbol,referent relations. [source] Out-of-hospital medication errors: a 6-year analysis of the national poison data systemPHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY, Issue 11 2009Kanan Shah PharmD Abstract Purpose Previous research and reporting has focused on the incidence and prevention of medication errors in the hospital setting; however, no previous study has reported the frequencies, characteristics and outcomes of out-of-hospital medication (OHME) errors. Method Data from the National Poison Data System (NPDS) was collected for 2000,2005 and information regarding out-of-hospital medication errors reported to Poison Control Centers (PCC) was collected by a trained investigator. Results From 2000,2005 there were 1,166,116 OHME reported to PCC. Of these patients, 88,451 (7.5%) received medical evaluation by a healthcare provided and 229 (0.01%) deaths reported. The most common drug classes involved included cough/cold medications, analgesics, cardiovascular agents, antihistamines, antidepressants and antimicrobial agents. The most common error reported in both children and adults was taking or giving medication twice. Conclusions OHME occur frequently and the NPDS may be a useful resource for data collection and evaluation in this previously overlooked population. The majority of OHME reported did not result in any significant morbidity or mortality and were managed at home without need for healthcare referrral. Further study of OHME is needed, and in particular whether healthcare professionals can target educational instruction to patients so as to effectively reduce the frequency of the most common or injurious errors. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Benefiting from mistakes: The impact of guided errors on learning, performance, and self-efficacyHUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY, Issue 3 2005Steven J. Lorenzet We conducted an experiment using training in a software package for presentations. Ninety undergraduate students with no previous experience received either training that guided them to commit common errors or alternatively training that sought to prevent errors from occurring. From previous research and relevant theory, a typology for manipulating errors is presented. In addition, we offer and test a new way of using errors in training, based on guided errors. Before training, a subject matter expert identified common errors that occur when first learning the software package. Trainees in the guided-errors condition were then guided into and out of mistakes during training. Findings revealed superior performance (accuracy and speed) and self-efficacy associated with using guided errors during training. Study limitations and implications for research and practice are also discussed. [source] A 3-year study of medication incidents in an acute general hospitalJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 2 2008L. Song MPhil Summary Background and objective:, Inappropriate medication use may harm patients. We analysed medication incident reports (MIRs) as part of the feedback loop for quality assurance. Methods:, From all MIRs in a university-affiliated acute general hospital in Hong Kong in the period January 2004,December 2006, we analysed the time, nature, source and severity of medication errors. Results:, There were 1278 MIRs with 36 (range 15,107) MIRs per month on average. The number of MIRs fell from 649 in 2004, to 353 in 2005, and to 276 in 2006. The most common type was wrong strength/dosage (36·5%), followed by wrong drug (16·7%), wrong frequency (7·7%), wrong formulation (7·0%), wrong patient (6·9%) and wrong instruction (3·1%). 60·9%, 53·7% and 84·0% of MIRs arose from handwritten prescription (HP) rather than the computerized medication order entry in 2004, 2005 and 2006 respectively. In 43·1% of MIRs, preregistration house officers were involved. Most errors (80·2%) were detected before any drug was wrongly administered. The medications were administered in 212 cases (19·7%), which resulted in an untoward effect in nine cases (0·8%). Conclusions:, The most common errors were wrong dosage and wrong drug. Many incidents involved preregistration house officers and HPs. Our computerized systems appeared to reduce medication incidents. [source] Under the microscope: doctors, lawyers, and melanocytic neoplasmsJOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS PATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2003Earl J. Glusac Misdiagnosed melanoma remains one of the most common causes of lawsuits in histopathology. Reasons for this are discussed in conjunction with relevant literature, common errors in diagnosis, and strategies to avoid them. [source] Direct Dentin Bonding Technique Sensitivity When Using Air/Suction Drying StepsJOURNAL OF ESTHETIC AND RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY, Issue 2 2008PASCAL MAGNE DMD ABSTRACT Statement of Problem:, Moisture control before and after application of the primer/adhesive components of etch-and-rinse dentin bonding agents is usually achieved using a stream of air delivered by an air syringe. Suction drying with a suction tip is a common alternative for moisture control, but data about the use of suction drying instead of the air syringe is scarce or nonexistent. Purpose:, The purpose of this study was to compare the dentin microtensile bond strength (MTBS) using either the air syringe or the suction tip to control the amount of moisture. Materials and Methods:, Fifteen freshly extracted human molars were divided randomly into three groups of five. A three-step etch-and-rinse dentin bonding agent (OptiBond FL) was used. Group 1 was the control group and utilized air drying alone (with an air syringe) during the placement of the dentin adhesive on the ground-flat occlusal dentin surface. Group 2 also used air drying alone, but teeth were prepared with a standardized MOD cavity. Group 3 utilized suction drying alone in the standardized MOD cavity. All teeth were restored with 1.5-mm-thick horizontal increments of composite resin (Filtek Z100). Specimens were stored in water for 24 hours, then prepared for a nontrimming MTBS test. Bond strength data were analyzed with a Kruskal,Wallis test at p < 0.05. Specimens were also evaluated for mode of fracture and interface characterization using scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. Results:, The mean MTBSs were not statistically different from one another (p = 0.54) at 54.0 MPa (air-drying, flat dentin), 53.4 MPa (air-drying, MOD), and 49.2 MPa (suction drying, MOD). Microscopic evaluation of failure modes indicated that most failures were interfacial. Failed interfaces, when analyzed under SEM, appeared typically mixed with areas of failed adhesive resin and areas of cohesively failed dentin. Conclusions:, There are no differences in MTBS to human dentin using either the air syringe or the suction tip to control the amount of moisture. The conventional three-step dentin bonding agent used in the present study not only proved insensitive to the moisture-control method but also to the effect of increased polymerization shrinkage stress (ground-flat versus MOD preparation). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Although the effect of common errors on the performance of total-etch adhesives has been investigated, data about the use of suction drying instead of an air syringe is scarce or nonexistent. The present study demonstrated that both the air syringe and the suction tip can be used to control moisture when using etch-and-rinse dentin bonding agents. The conventional three-step dentin bonding agent tested, OptiBond FL, demonstrated low technique sensitivity. [source] LOPA misapplied: Common errors can lead to incorrect conclusions,,PROCESS SAFETY PROGRESS, Issue 4 2009Karen A. Study Abstract Layer of Protection Analysis is a powerful tool for quantitative risk assessments. If applied correctly, it can provide quick and efficient guidance on what additional safeguards are needed, if any, to protect against a given scenario. If misapplied, an overly conservative calculation of risk may result in over-instrumentation, additional life-cycle costs, and spurious trips. A nonconservative calculation of risk could result in an under-protected system and unacceptable risk of an undesired consequence occurring. This article describes several categories of common errors, some overly conservative and some nonconservative. Case studies of actual plant scenarios are used to illustrate. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 2009 [source] Lack of statistical significancePSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS, Issue 5 2007Thomas J. Kehle Criticism has been leveled against the use of statistical significance testing (SST) in many disciplines. However, the field of school psychology has been largely devoid of critiques of SST. Inspection of the primary journals in school psychology indicated numerous examples of SST with nonrandom samples and/or samples of convenience. In this article we present an argument against SST and its consequent p values in favor of the use of confidence intervals and effect sizes. Further, we present instances of common errors that impede cumulative knowledge in the literature related to school psychology. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 417,422, 2007. [source] 1241: Failure of pattern recognitionACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2010V PURVIN Purpose This course focuses on areas of frequent diagnostic confusion in neuro-ophthalmic diagnosis. Methods The course uses a case-based format. Cases are presented as unknowns, each illustrating the specific clinical feature or features that should point to the correct diagnosis. Results We hope that highlighting common errors in this way will help inspire the clinician to master the material so that such "pitfalls" can be avoided. Conclusion The common theme among the cases is that most neuro-ophthalmic diagnoses derive from the history and careful examination rather than the results of ancillary testing. [source] | ||||||||||