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Common Elements (common + element)
Selected AbstractsMad scenes in early 19th-century operaACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 4 2000A. Erfurth Objective: It is our objective to examine the phenomenon of mad scenes in bel canto opera from a modern perspective. Method: The development of psychiatry and music at the beginning of the 19th century is described. Common elements of romantic music and mental disorders are discussed. It is shown how bel canto composers represent psychiatric illness by musical means. The psychopathology depicted in a prototypical mad scene is evaluated. Results: Early romantic music is characterized by imagination, illusion and loss of structure; characteristics which can be well expressed in mad scenes. While madness (withdrawal into a utopian world) gained a certain attraction in society, clinical psychiatry increasingly focused on emotional causes of illness and on drug-induction of mental disorders. Conclusion: Mad scenes in bel canto opera can be understood as expression of an increasing interest in emotional aspects in music and society as well as in clinical psychiatry. [source] Understanding Consciousness Using Systems Approaches and Lexical UniversalsANTHROPOLOGY OF CONSCIOUSNESS, Issue 2 2004Michael Winkelman Ph.D. The numerous perspectives offered on consciousness reflect a multifaceted phenomenon that results from a system of relations. An etymological approach identifies linguistic roots of the meanings of consciousness and illustrates their concern with self-referenced informational relationships of an organism with its environment, a "knowing system" formed in the epistemological relations between knower and known. Common elements of contemporary models suggest that consciousness involves interacting components of a system, including: attention-awareness; phenomenal experiences; self reference; action-behavior, including representations and learning; use of information; interpretation of meaning; goal-directed behavior; and systems of social reference. It is suggested that manifestations of consciousness through the physical properties of the brain are universally represented in language. A preliminary systems model of consciousness is outlined with widespread lexical roots proposed as a culture-neutral framework for constructing theories of consciousness and identifying cognitive constructs which reveal the epistemological roots of consciousness within Indo-European traditions. [source] Ontogenetic differences in the expression of conditioned visual aversionsDEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2003Joyce A. Jagielo Abstract We examined ontogenetic differences in the expression of conditioned visual aversions. Sprague-Dawley-derived rats, 16 or 21 days of age, were conditioned with either an element (brightness) or compound (brightness/odor) CS+ and tested for their aversion to the common element (brightness). Aversions to the brightness cue were assessed by either a traditional test of preference between the CS+ brightness and a contrasting brightness or by assessment of freezing in the presence of either brightness cue. The results indicated that strength of conditioning as well as the expression of overshadowing/potentiation was dependent on the age of the animal and on the technique used to assess conditioning. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 42: 123,130, 2003 [source] Gastroesophageal reflux disease and non-small cell lung cancer.DISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS, Issue 5 2008Results of a pilot study SUMMARY., The sharp rise in the frequency of adenocarcinoma and relative decrease of squamous cell carcinoma of the respiratory and digestive systems, raises suspicion of a common element in their carcinogenetic cascade, which could result in similar trends in cell,type distribution changes of esophageal and lung cancers. The possible role of chemical irritation caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients was investigated. There was no significant difference between the adenocarcinoma and the squamous cell carcinoma groups, neither in the composite DeMeester scores nor in any of the separate parameters of the complex score investigated. However, the ratio of detected gastroesophageal reflux cases was considerably higher than in the average population. This factor may be one element of a multifactorial cancer promotion. [source] Decentralization, Local Government, and the Welfare StateGOVERNANCE, Issue 4 2007JEFFEREY M. SELLERS Despite growing interest in decentralized governance, the local government systems that comprise the most common element of decentralization around the world have received little systematic attention. This article, drawing on the first systematic index of decentralization to local government in 21 countries, demonstrates a close relation between Social Democratic welfare states and an intergovernmental infrastructure that in important respects ranks as the most decentralized among advanced industrial countries. This empowerment of local government in these countries was less an outgrowth of Social Democratic welfare state development than a preexisting condition that helped make this type of welfare state possible. [source] A model for intervention research in late-life depressionINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY, Issue 12 2009George S. Alexopoulos Abstract Objective To serve as a conceptual map of the role of new interventions designed to reduce the burden of late-life depression. Methods We identified three needs to be addressed by intervention research: (1) the need for novel interventions given that the existing treatments leave many older adults depressed and disabled; (2) the need for procedures enabling community-based agencies to offer interventions of known efficacy with fidelity; and (3) the need to increase access of depressed older adults to care. Results Our model orders novel interventions according to their role in serving depressed older adults and according to their position in the efficacy, effectiveness, implementation, and dissemination testing continuum. We describe three interventions designed by our institute to exemplify intervention research at different level of the model. A common element is that each intervention personalizes care both at the level of the individuals served and the level of community agencies providing care. To this end, each intervention is designed to accommodate the strengths and limitations of both patients and agencies and introduces changes in the patients' environment and community agencies needed in order to assimilate the new intervention. Conclusions We suggest that this model provides conceptual guidance on how to shorten the testing cycle and bring urgently needed novel treatments and implementation approaches to the community. While replication studies are important, propose that most of the support should be directed to those projects that take rational risks, and after adequate preliminary evidence, make the next step along the testing continuum. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Malfunction due to Mechanical Failure of the Header ConnectionJOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 9 2004R. ANDREW PICKETT III M.D. Four cases of ICD system malfunction occurring within the Medtronic Marquis family over a limited time frame are reported. These cases shared a common element of defective connections between the header post and the right ventricular pace/sense terminal pin that required intervention and reconnection. Inappropriate shocks occurred in two cases. The circumstances of these cases provide important information about the potential difficulties with these devices and highlight the deficiencies of the current system in tracking and analyzing device-related problems. [source] Mitochondrial DNA differentiation between two forms of trout Salmo letnica, endemic to the Balkan Lake Ohrid, reflects their reproductive isolationMOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 12 2004J. SELL Abstract Mitochondrial haplotype diversity in sympatric populations of Ohrid trout, Salmo letnica was investigated by polymerase chain reaction,restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the mtDNA control region and ND1, ND3/4, ND5/6 segments. A 310 bp fragment at the 5, end, and a 340,572 bp fragment at the 3, end of the control region were sequenced from representatives of the populations studied. Based on pairwise comparison of the sequences, five new haplotypes were identified plus one identical with the brown trout Andalusian haplotype from the southern Iberian Peninsula. The combination of both RFLP and sequence data sets yielded a total of 10 composite haplotypes. A high degree of genetic subdivision between S. letnica typicus and S. letnica aestivalis populations was observed. The notion of a sympatric origin for the two morphs is discussed. Length variation of the mtDNA control region due to the presence of an 82 bp unit, tandemly repeated one to four times, in the region between the conserved sequence block-3 (CSB-3) and the gene for phenylalanine tRNA is reported. Further, we demonstrate that a single duplication of the approximately 82 bp repeat unit is a common element of the salmonid mitochondrial control region. The unique genetic structure of Ohrid trout represents a highly valuable genetic resource that deserves appropriate management and conservation. [source] Functional foods: An Australian perspectiveNUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 2008Linda TAPSELL Abstract There are many definitions of functional foods, although with a common element of providing some functional advantage to consumers, and they are almost universally associated with food innovation. In Australia, the National Centre of Excellence in Functional Foods (NCEFF) was established with five-year federal innovation funding to help build capability in functional food research and development. This review sets the context for the NCEFF science program, by first outlining global concepts of functional foods and the nature of the scientific enterprise associated with it. The review provides a working definition of functional foods, describes the types of research reported in Medline in the last year and compares this with the NCEFF program of research. The ,working space' for functional foods was found to relate to the nutritional and food sciences, regulatory conditions, consumer/market and health concerns and industry opportunity. The term is appearing increasingly in Medline, mostly under review articles, but also with respect to in vitro and animal model studies, human clinical trials and consumer research. The spectrum of research undertaken in the NCEFF science program was consistent with this pattern. The review found that Australian researchers and practitioners have the capacity to deliver on major fronts in the functional foods domain and to be part of the challenges for food and nutrition research that have been exposed through the functional food phenomenon. [source] Dealing with uncertainty: adaptive approaches to sustainable river managementAQUATIC CONSERVATION: MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS, Issue 4 2002M.J. CLARKArticle first published online: 5 AUG 200 Abstract 1.Sustainable river management is the proclaimed aim of many agencies and institutions, but it remains challenging to bring this worthy ideal from the level of political rhetoric to that of practical river management. 2.Amongst the many drivers that already pressure the river manager, from internal institutional goals, through political aspirations to systemic change within the biophysical process system, one common element emerges, that of prevailing uncertainty. 3.Once it has been accepted that conventional science and engineering approaches to uncertainty (risk) minimization may be sub-optimal in a truly holistic (biophysical, socio-economic, political) system, the challenge emerges of developing a more appropriate framework without destroying over-burdened managers and management systems in the process. 4.It is argued that the necessary components are often already in place or under consideration. A linked model is proposed comprising practical measures of sustainability, robust approaches to uncertainty (if necessary, involving attitude change), responsive (adaptive) management frameworks, and an important underpinning of fuzzy decision support. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of Est-Y29: a novel oligomeric ,-lactamaseACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F (ELECTRONIC), Issue 3 2009SeungBum Kim ,-Lactam antibiotics such as penicillins and cephalosporins have a four-atom ring as a common element in their structure. The ,-lactamases, which catalyze the inactivation of these antibiotics, are of great interest because of their high incidence in pathogenic bacteria. A novel oligomeric class C ,-lactamase (Est-Y29) from a metagenomic library was expressed, purified and crystallized. The recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli with an N-terminal 6×His tag and purified to homogeneity. EstY-29 was crystallized and X-ray intensity data were collected to 1.49,Å resolution using synchrotron radiation. [source] Cash Flows and Discount Rates, Industry and Country Effects and Co-Movement in Stock ReturnsFINANCIAL REVIEW, Issue 2 2007John Ammer F36; G15 Abstract We apply the Campbell decomposition to industry-by-country, national, global industry, and world stock index returns using 1995,2003 data. World, global industry, and country factors are all important for each of the two key components of stock returns: news about future dividends and news about future discount rates. Furthermore, the world component of future discount rates is more important than the idiosyncratic component, while the reverse is true for news about future dividends. Our results are broadly consistent with co-movement in future discount rates arising from perceptions of common elements of risk in international equity markets. [source] The retrieval of learned sequences engages the hippocampus: Evidence from fMRIHIPPOCAMPUS, Issue 9 2009Robert S. Ross Abstract Computational models suggest that the hippocampus plays an important role in the retrieval of sequences. However, empirical evidence supporting hippocampal involvement during sequence retrieval is lacking. The current study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the role of the human hippocampus during the learning and retrieval of sequences. Participants were asked to learn four sequences comprised of six faces each. An overlapping condition, where sequences shared common elements, was comprised of two sequences in which two identical faces were shown as the middle images of both sequences. A nonoverlapping condition contained two sequences that did not share any faces between them. A third random condition contained two sets of six faces that were always presented in a random order. The fMRI data were split into a learning phase and an experienced phase based upon each individual's behavioral performance. Patterns of hippocampal activity during presentation, delay, and choice periods were assessed both during learning (learning phase) and after subjects learned the sequences to criteria (experienced phase). The results revealed hippocampal activation during sequence learning, consistent with previous findings in rats and humans. Critically, the current results revealed hippocampal activation during the retrieval of learned sequences. No difference in hippocampal activation was seen between the overlapping and nonoverlapping sequences during either sequence learning or retrieval of sequences. The results extend our current knowledge by providing evidence that the hippocampus is active during the retrieval of learned sequences, consistent with current computational models of sequence learning and retrieval. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Spirituality and Religiousness: Differentiating the Diagnoses Through a Review of the Nursing LiteratureINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING TERMINOLOGIES AND CLASSIFICATION, Issue 2 2001Lisa Burkhart PhD(c) PURPOSE. To differentiate the definitions of spirituality and religiousness as used in nursing literature. DATA SOURCES. Journal articles, books, book chapters. DATA SYNTHESIS. The nursing literature has been inconsistent in defining spirituality and religiousness. The spirituality literature defines spirituality as the broader concept, with religiousness as a subconcept, while the religiousness literature defines religiousness as the broader concept, with spirituality as a subconcept. CONCLUSIONS. Spirituality and religiousness are two separate nursing diagnoses with some common elements to both. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. The growth of parish nursing as an ANA-recognized specialty practice has heightened the awareness of caring for the human spirit. Clarity is needed in the terms used to define this specialty. [source] Relative Fitness and Frailty of Elderly Men and Women in Developed Countries and Their Relationship with MortalityJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 12 2005Arnold Mitnitski PhD Objectives: To investigate the relationship between accumulated health-related problems (deficits), which define a frailty index in older adults, and mortality in population-based and clinical/institutional-based samples. Design: Cross-sectional and cohort studies. Setting: Seven population-based and four clinical/institutional surveys in four developed countries. Participants: Thirty-six thousand four hundred twenty-four people (58.5% women) aged 65 and older. Measurements: A frailty index was constructed as a proportion of all potential deficits (symptoms, signs, laboratory abnormalities, disabilities) expressed in a given individual. Relative frailty is defined as a proportion of deficits greater than average for age. Measures of deficits differed across the countries but included common elements. Results: In each country, community-dwelling elderly people accumulated deficits at about 3% per year. By contrast, people from clinical/institutional samples showed no relationship between frailty and age. Relative fitness/frailty in both sexes was highly correlated (correlation coefficient >0.95, P<.001) with mortality, although women, at any given age, were frailer and had lower mortality. On average, each unit increase in deficits increased by 4% the hazard rate for mortality (95% confidence interval=0.02,0.06). Conclusion: Relative fitness and frailty can be defined in relation to deficit accumulation. In population studies from developed countries, deficit accumulation is robustly associated with mortality and with age. In samples (e.g., clinical/institutional) in which most people are frail, there is no relationship with age, suggesting that there are maximal values of deficit accumulation beyond which survival is unlikely. [source] Elucidating the higher-order structure of biopolymers by structural probing and mass spectrometry: MS3DJOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (INCORP BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY), Issue 8 2010Daniele Fabris Abstract Chemical probing represents a very versatile alternative for studying the structure and dynamics of substrates that are intractable by established high-resolution techniques. The implementation of MS-based strategies for the characterization of probing products has not only extended the range of applicability to virtually all types of biopolymers but has also paved the way for the introduction of new reagents that would not have been viable with traditional analytical platforms. As the availability of probing data is steadily increasing on the wings of the development of dedicated interpretation aids, powerful computational approaches have been explored to enable the effective utilization of such information to generate valid molecular models. This combination of factors has contributed to making the possibility of obtaining actual 3D structures by MS-based technologies (MS3D) a reality. Although approaches for achieving structure determination of unknown targets or assessing the dynamics of known structures may share similar reagents and development trajectories, they clearly involve distinctive experimental strategies, analytical concerns and interpretation paradigms. This Perspective offers a commentary on methods aimed at obtaining distance constraints for the modeling of full-fledged structures while highlighting common elements, salient distinctions and complementary capabilities exhibited by methods used in dynamics studies. We discuss critical factors to be addressed for completing effective structural determinations and expose possible pitfalls of chemical methods. We survey programs developed for facilitating the interpretation of experimental data and discuss possible computational strategies for translating sparse spatial constraints into all-atom models. Examples are provided to illustrate how the concerted application of very diverse probing techniques can lead to the solution of actual biological systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Menopause Experience: A Woman's PerspectiveJOURNAL OF OBSTETRIC, GYNECOLOGIC & NEONATAL NURSING, Issue 1 2002Sharon A. George PhD Objective: To understand the complexities of the experience of menopause in American women from diverse ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. The specific aims of this phenomenologic study were to (a) examine and interpret the reality of the menopausal transition as experienced by American women and (b) identify common elements and themes that occur as a result of the complexities of this experience. Design: Data for this qualitative study were gathered through semistructured interviews with 15 women who experienced natural menopause. Participants: A multiethnic sample of 15 menopausal American women in Massachusetts was selected from a pool of voluntary participants from the Boston area. Data Analysis: The interviews were analyzed to identify themes pertinent to the personal experience of menopause. Those themes, extracted from the similarities and differences described, represent broad aspects of these women's experiences. Results: Three major themes or phases were identified: expectations and realization, sorting things out, and a new life phase. Although some women expressed similar thoughts in particular categories, no two women had the same experience of menopause. Conclusions: The data support the premise that the experience of menopause in American women is unique to each individual and that the meaning or perspective differs among women. The data revealed the complexities of this human experience by explicating personal meanings related to experiences, expectations, attitudes, and beliefs about menopause. [source] Sequencing over 13 000 expressed sequence tags from six subtractive cDNA libraries of wild and modern wheats following slow drought stressPLANT CELL & ENVIRONMENT, Issue 3 2009NESLIHAN Z. ERGEN ABSTRACT A deeper understanding of the drought response and genetic improvement of the cultivated crops for better tolerance requires attention because of the complexity of the drought response syndrome and the loss of genetic diversity during domestication. We initially screened about 200 wild emmer wheat genotypes and then focused on 26 of these lines, which led to the selection of two genotypes with contrasting responses to water deficiency. Six subtractive cDNA libraries were constructed, and over 13 000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were sequenced using leaf and root tissues of wild emmer wheat genotypes TR39477 (tolerant) and TTD-22 (sensitive), and modern wheat variety Kiziltan drought stressed for 7 d. Clustering and assembly of ESTs resulted in 2376 unique sequences (1159 without hypothetical proteins and no hits), 75% of which were represented only once. At this level of EST sampling, each tissue shared a very low percentage of transcripts (13,26%). The data obtained indicated that the genotypes shared common elements of drought stress as well as distinctly differential expression patterns that might be illustrative of their contrasting ability to tolerate water deficiencies. The new EST data generated here provide a highly diverse and rich source for gene discovery in wheat and other grasses. [source] Project management practice, generic or contextual: A reality checkPROJECT MANAGEMENT JOURNAL, Issue 1 2008Claude Besner Abstract The purpose of this research is to contribute to a better understanding of project management practice by investigating the use of project management tools and techniques and the levels of support provided by organizations for their use. The study examines both general levels of use and variations among project types and contexts. Many aspects of project management practice are common to most projects in most contexts, while others vary significantly among different types of projects and among projects in different contexts. The purpose of this paper is to present empirical results that show both the common elements and the significant variations. The paper is based on a survey of 750 project management practitioners. The use of tools and techniques is seen here as an indicator of the realities of practice. The study found some aspects of practice to be common across all types of projects and all contexts, but on this background of similar patterns of practice, several statistically significant differences have also been identified. The primary focus of this paper is on these variations in practice. [source] A Synthesis of Qualitative Home Visiting ResearchPUBLIC HEALTH NURSING, Issue 6 2000Diane B McNaughton M.N. Over the past decade, a body of qualitative research has been developed which describes the home visiting practice of public health nurses (PHNs) to maternal-child clients. This article reports a synthesis of these studies. The purpose of the synthesis was to identify common elements and differences between the research reports that would lead to theory development or support of existing theories. Methods were based on Miles and Huberman's (1994) text on qualitative data analysis. Results of the synthesis indicated that building and preserving relationships with the client is the central focus of home visiting and provides a foundation for problem identification and problem solving. Clients control access to their homes as well as the information they are willing to share with the nurse. The goals of home visiting relate to empowering mothers, supporting their independence and decision making. Similarities to Peplau's theory of Interpersonal Relations and Cox's Interaction Model of Client Health Behavior (IMCHB) are noted. [source] 100 Years On: Who are the Inheritors of the ,New Liberal' Mantle?THE POLITICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 1 2007ALISON HOLMES The ,great divorce' of progressive politics at the end of the nineteenth century permanently altered British politics. While the philosophies of the Labour movement and the Liberal Party had many common elements, ideologically they diverged on issues of the role of liberty and the state in relation to the individual and the community to the point that they became irreconcilable. New Liberalism was one result of that debate. Contemporary political debate reflects many of the same features as the turmoil present a century ago, and the Labour Party and the Liberal Democrats are again contesting much of the same ground. This article seeks to draw out the salient aspects of this debate to conclude which, if either, party is the inheritor of the New Liberal tradition. [source] Institutional perspectives: The challenges of e-learning diffusionBRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY, Issue 4 2008Mark Nichols There has been significant recent interest in the dynamics of institutional change and e-learning. This paper reports on the findings from a series of discussions about e-learning diffusion held with institutional e-learning representatives from across the globe. In the course of discussion it became clear that in some institutions e-learning was an accepted part of everyday activity, while in others it struggled to gain traction. There were identifiable common elements in those institutions that had appeared to have successfully engaged with e-learning across their teaching and learning functions. The findings of this exploratory study indicate that institutions have either achieved a state of sustainable embedding for e-learning, or else need to. Unless a state of institutional sustainability is achieved, it is likely that e-learning activity will in the long term be limited to enthusiasts. [source] Common gene expression signatures in t(8;21)- and inv(16)-acute myeloid leukaemiaBRITISH JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 3 2006Hitoshi Ichikawa Summary Human acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) involving a core-binding factor (CBF) transcription factor is called CBF leukaemia. In these leukaemias, AML1 (RUNX1, PEBP2,B, CBF,2)-MTG8 (ETO) and CBF, (PEBP2,)-MYH11 chimaeric proteins are generated by t(8;21) and inv(16) respectively. We analysed gene expression profiles of leukaemic cells by microarray, and selected genes whose expression appeared to be modulated in association with t(8;21) and inv(16). In a pair-wise comparison, 15% of t(8;21)-associated transcripts exhibited high or low expression in inv(16)-AML, and 26% of inv(16)-associated transcripts did so equivalently in t(8;21)-AML. These common elements in gene expression profiles between t(8;21)- and inv(16)-AML probably reflect the situation that AML1-MTG8 and CBF, -MYH11 chimaeric proteins affect a common set of target genes in CBF leukaemic cells. On the other hand, 38% of t(8;21)-associated and 24% of inv(16)-associated transcripts were regulated in t(8;21)- and inv(16)-specific manners. These distinct features of t(8;21)- and inv(16)-associated genes correlate with the bimodular structures of the chimaeric proteins (CBF-related AML1 and CBF, portions, and CBF-unrelated MTG8 and MYH11 portions). [source] Some Theoretical Underpinnings of Knowledge TranslationACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 11 2007Ian D. Graham PhD A careful analysis of the definition of knowledge translation highlights the importance of the judicious translation of research into practice and policy. There is, however, a considerable gap between research and practice. Closing the research-to-practice gap involves changing clinical practice, a complex and challenging endeavor. There is increasing recognition that efforts to change practice should be guided by conceptual models or frameworks to better understand the process of change. The authors conducted a focused literature search, developed inclusion criteria to identify planned action theories, and then extracted data from each theory to determine the origins, examine the meaning, judge the logical consistency, and define the degree of generalizability, parsimony, and testability. An analysis was conducted of the concepts found in each theory, and a set of action categories was developed that form the phases of planned action. Thirty-one planned action theories were identified that formed the basis of the analyses. An Access database was created, as well as a KT Theories User's Guide that synthesizes all the planned change models and theories, identifies common elements of each, and provides information on their use. There are many planned change models and frameworks with many common elements and action categories. Whenever any planned change model is used, change agents should consider documenting their experiences with the model so as to advance understanding of how useful the model is and to provide information to others who are attempting a similar project. [source] Contemporary Brief Experiential PsychotherapyCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE, Issue 1 2001Robert Elliott Contemporary experiential therapies are the focus of a revival involving new theory, practice, and research, all of which support their use as brief treatments. These humanistic therapies have evolved substantially since their origins in the 1950s and have emerged as an approach to working with clients that is process directive but not authoritarian, emotion focused yet systematic, and empowerment oriented while still research informed. In this article, I provide an overview of the main common elements of contemporary experiential therapy theory and practice, with special reference to its application as a brief therapy. I then review several types of meta-analytic outcome data, including randomized clinical trials, that support the effectiveness of brief, outpatient, individual experiential therapies. I conclude with a discussion of continuing developments. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||