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Common Activity (common + activity)
Selected AbstractsSTRUCTURING GLOBAL DEMOCRACY: POLITICAL COMMUNITIES, UNIVERSAL HUMAN RIGHTS, AND TRANSNATIONAL REPRESENTATIONMETAPHILOSOPHY, Issue 1 2009CAROL C. GOULD Abstract: The emergence of cross-border communities and transnational associations requires new ways of thinking about the norms involved in democracy in a globalized world. Given the significance of human rights fulfillment, including social and economic rights, I argue here for giving weight to the claims of political communities while also recognizing the need for input by distant others into the decisions of global governance institutions that affect them. I develop two criteria for addressing the scope of democratization in transnational contexts,common activities and impact on basic human rights,and argue for their compatibility. I then consider some practical implications for institutional transformation and design, including new forms of transnational representation. [source] Semantic integration in videos of real,world events: An electrophysiological investigationPSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 1 2003Tatiana Sitnikova Event,related potentials (ERPs) discriminated between contextually appropriate and inappropriate objects appearing in video film clips of common activities. Incongruent objects elicited a larger negative,going deflection, which was similar to the N400 component described previously in association with words and static pictures and which has been argued to reflect the integration of semantic information into a mental representation of the preceding context. The onset of this potential occurred shortly after object presentation, indicating that semantic integration is a rapid online component of real,world perception. In addition, the anomalies in movies evoked a large late positive potential at posterior regions, suggesting that in event perception, semantic incongruity may trigger cognitive processes other than those mediating pure semantic integration. [source] Stream Restoration in the Upper Midwest, U.S.A.RESTORATION ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2006Gretchen G. Alexander Abstract Restoration activities intended to improve the condition of streams and rivers are widespread throughout the Upper Midwest, U.S.A. As with other regions, however, little information exists regarding types of activities and their effectiveness. We developed a database of 1,345 stream restoration projects implemented from the years 1970 to 2004 for the states of Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin in order to analyze regional trends in goals, presence of monitoring, spatial distribution, size, and cost of river restoration projects. We found that data on individual projects were fragmented across multiple federal, state, and county agencies, as well as nonprofit groups and consulting firms. The most common restoration goals reported for this region were in-stream habitat improvement, bank stabilization, water-quality management, and dam removal. The former two were most common in Michigan and Wisconsin, where salmonid fisheries enhancement appeared to be an important concern, whereas water-quality management was most frequent in Ohio. The most common restoration activities were the use of sand traps and riprap, and other common activities were related to the improvement of fish habitat. The median cost was $12,957 for projects with cost data, and total expenditures since 1990 were estimated at $444 million. Over time, the cost of individual projects has increased, whereas the median size has decreased, suggesting that restoration resources are being spent on smaller, more localized, and more expensive projects. Only 11% of data records indicated that monitoring was performed, and more expensive projects were more likely to be monitored. Standardization of monitoring and record keeping and dissemination of findings are urgently needed to ensure that dollars are well spent and restoration effectiveness is maximized. [source] N -Phenyl- N,-pyridylureas: stereochemical basis for anticonvulsant activityACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C, Issue 4 2006Arthur Camerman 4-[N -(2-Chloro-6-methylphenyl)ureido]pyridinium chloride, C13H13ClN3O+·Cl, (CI-953 hydrochloride), crystallizes with Z, = 2 in P. In both molecules, the methyl groups and Cl atoms on the benzene rings are disordered. The benzene rings of molecules A and B adopt two conformations, differing by a rotation of 180° about the C,N bond to the ureido group, in an approximate 1:1 ratio. This disorder is further enhanced by the rotation of the methyl groups in both adopted positions. The pyridine and benzene rings intersect at angles of 102.1,(1) and 111.3,(1)° for A and B, respectively. Hydrogen bonding is mediated by Cl, anions, resulting in indirect connectivity between the molecules. Superposition of the molecular structure, after 180° rotation about an amide bond, with that of phenytoin shows that the chemically different molecules possess stereochemical features in common, which may explain their common activities. [source] Patient perceptions of the burden of coeliac disease and its treatment in the UKALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 10 2009J. K. H. WHITAKER Summary Background, Coeliac disease affects about 1% of the population, with the majority being undetected. As a consequence, there have been calls for the introduction of screening. Before screening is given serious consideration, it is important to assess how acceptable early diagnoses and treatment would be. Aim To assess patients' views as to the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Methods, Coeliac disease patients who had taken a gluten-free diet for at least 12 months (mean 60 months) were mailed a questionnaire. Coeliac patients presenting with typical classical symptoms were compared with those diagnosed without such symptoms. Results, Overall, 83% (147/177) of coeliac patients returned the questionnaires. Two-thirds (68%, 101/147) reported that their dietary restrictions reduced their enjoyment of food; 46% (68/147) believed their food cost them more and estimated this to be an extra £10 (,16) per week. Of those reporting greater cost, 31 (21%) said this was a problem for them. Half (54%, 80/147) reported doing things they enjoyed less often because of their diet, with the most common activity sacrificed being dining out (n = 65). In spite of these findings, 81% (119/147) reported being pleased that they were diagnosed, with 66% (59/89) of cases with classical symptoms wishing they had been diagnosed earlier compared with 45% (23/51) of those without such symptoms (,2 = 6.0, P < .05). In contrast, 27% (14/51) of coeliacs diagnosed without classical symptoms regretted being diagnosed with their condition compared with 10% (9/89) of those with classical symptoms (,2 = 7.1, P < .01). Conclusions, Even after several years of a gluten-free diet, many patients with coeliac disease regard it as a substantial burden, with a quarter of screen detected patients reporting regret at being diagnosed. Our findings question how acceptable screening for coeliac disease would be in people with minimal or no symptoms. [source] Weight monitoring of breastfed babies in the United Kingdom , interpreting, explaining and interveningMATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION, Issue 1 2006MA (Cantab), Magda Sachs BA Abstract Weighing infants in their first 6 months is an important aspect of growth monitoring and a common activity of child health care services worldwide. During the same 6 months, support for establishing breastfeeding and the promotion of continued exclusive breastfeeding are important activities of health professionals. Parents and health professionals may perceive conflicts between achieving both robust growth and continuing breastfeeding. In this narrative review, the literature on weighing breastfed babies in the United Kingdom is examined. A companion paper examined issues of growth charts, scales and weighing frequency and accuracy. This paper considers issues of interpretation of the plotted weight values for individual breastfed babies, noting the complexities of growth patterns, which may lead to difficulties of accurate identification of those individuals whose growth merits further investigation. Little attention has been given to issues of explaining the interpreted growth curves to parents and this issue is explored and noted as of importance for further study. Research evidence on choosing appropriate interventions to improve the growth of breastfed babies is reviewed. The paucity of such evidence leads to suggestions for future study. This review gathers together a wide range of literature from many different perspectives, with the hope of informing weight monitoring practice so that this can both identify infants whose weight may be of concern, and who may need appropriate intervention, and support continued breastfeeding. [source] Weight monitoring of breastfed babies in the UK , centile charts, scales and weighing frequencyMATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION, Issue 2 2005Magda Sachs ba, ma (cantab) Abstract Weighing infants during their first 6 months is an important focus of growth monitoring and a common activity of child health care services worldwide. In these same months, health workers provide support for breastfeeding and promote continued exclusive breastfeeding. The literature on the practice of weighing breastfed babies is reviewed, as it applies to the United Kingdom. The shape of the growth curves for breastfed babies differs from that of formula-fed infants and also from centile charts previously in use. The World Health Organization commitment to the production of a new growth reference has generated discussion of the implications of charts in use. The country-specific charts in use in the UK are examined and the data used to construct them discussed with reference to clinical use for breastfed infants. Recent UK discussions on charts, as well as on the frequency of routine weighing for babies in the community are considered, and the available evidence on the accuracy of weighing in practice is noted. The choices made in constructing different charts; the physical condition of scales and their use in practice have implications for plotted growth. This paper aims to present a wide range of evidence available in this area in order to encourage debate on practice. A companion paper will discuss issues of interpretation, conveying information to parents, and interventions. [source] Epidemiology and Impact of Childhood Molluscum Contagiosum: A Case Series and Critical Review of the LiteraturePEDIATRIC DERMATOLOGY, Issue 4 2005Anna Braue M.B.B.S. Among parents, 82% reported that molluscum contagiosum concerned them moderately or greatly. Concerns focused on physical issues associated with the infection, such as scarring, itching, chance of spread to peers, pain, and the effects of treatments. Quality of life was not affected. Molluscum contagiosum was most common among school-age children. Eighteen of 29 respondents swam in public pools, a common activity in children of this age. All epidemiologic studies of molluscum contagiosum in otherwise healthy individuals, published since 1966, have been critically reviewed herein. The review confirms an association between swimming pool use and molluscum contagiosum. Age, living in close proximity, skin-to-skin contact, sharing of fomites, and residence in tropical climates were also associated with higher rates of infection while sex, seasonality, and hygiene showed no such association. [source] An in vitro enzymatic assay coupled to proteomics analysis reveals a new DNA processing activity for Ewing sarcoma and TAF(II)68 proteinsPROTEINS: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS, Issue 22 2006Olivier Guipaud Abstract Based on structural and functional similarities, translocated in liposarcoma/fusion (TLS/FUS) protein, Ewing sarcoma,(EWS) protein and human TATA binding protein-associated factor (hTAF(II)68) have been grouped in the TLS-EWS-TAF(II)68 (TET) protein family. Translocations involving their genes lead to sarcomas. Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein-associated splicing factor,(PSF), although not grouped in this family, presents structural and functional similarities with TET proteins and is involved in translocation leading to carcinoma. Beside their role in RNA metabolism, the precise cellular functions of these multifunctional proteins are not yet fully elucidated. We previously showed that both TLS/FUS and PSF display activities able to pair homologous DNA on membrane in an in,vitro assay. In the present study, we address the question whether EWS and hTAF(II)68 also display pairing on membrane activities, and to a larger extent whether other proteins also exhibit such activity. We applied the pairing on membrane assay to 2-DE coupled to MS analysis for a global screening of DNA pairing on membrane activities. In addition to TLS/FUS and PSF, this test allowed us to identify EWS and hTAF(II)68, but no other proteins, indicating a feature specific to a protein family whose members share extensive structural similarities. This common activity suggests a role for TET proteins and PSF in genome plasticity control. [source] Crystallization to obtain protein,ligand complexes for structure-aided drug designACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D, Issue 6 2006Dennis E. Danley The use of X-ray crystallography to derive three-dimensional structures for structure-aided drug design (SADD) is a common activity in drug discovery today. In this process, the structures of inhibitors or other ligands of interest complexed with their macromolecular target are solved and the structural information is used iteratively to design new molecules. The ability to form cocrystal complexes between a target protein and a ligand is essential to this process and therefore is of considerable interest to anyone practicing in this field. In the course of obtaining the necessary ligand,protein crystals, even with crystallization conditions well established for a protein of interest, obtaining co-structures with inhibitors either through cocrystallization or soaking is too often not successful. There are numerous potential reasons for this lack of success and this article outlines a number of possible factors that may be involved and discusses considerations that should be taken into account when designing successful experiments to obtain iterative costructures. [source] Representation, Interaction, and IntersubjectivityCOGNITIVE SCIENCE - A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL, Issue 5 2007Richard Alterman Abstract What the participants share, their common "sense" of the world, creates a foundation, a framing, an orientation that enables human actors to see and act in coordination with one another. For recurrent activities, the methods the participants use to understand each other as they act change, making the intersubjective space in which actors operate richer and easier to produce. This article works through some of the issues that emerge from a close examination of intersubjectivity as it is managed through representation and interaction. The data that are presented document, in detail, a sequence of related interactions, within and across episodes of cooperation, where continuity and change can be observed. The emergence of conversational structure and coordinating representations are significant milestones in the long-term development of a representational practice that support the runtime co-construction of intersubjective space. Conversational structures emerge interactively to mediate recurrent points of coordination in the domain activity, and only secondarily the conversation itself. Coordinating representations change the representational practice of the participants by making it easier to manage their "shared view" of the collective work, enabling the participants to make progress, expand the field of the common activity, while exhibiting more control of if and when explicit grounding occurs. [source] | ||||||||||||||||