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Selected AbstractsEssential oil composition of Zanthoxylum alatum seeds from northern IndiaFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2001Neetu Jain Abstract The seeds of Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb., on hydrodistillation, gave 1.5% of oil (v/w). GC and GC,MS analysis of the oil resulted in the identification of 56 constituents, representing 99.5% of the oil. Linalool (71%), limonene (8.2%), ,-phellandrene (5.7%) and (Z)-methylcinnamate (4.9%) were the major components. It is suggested that the seeds of Z. alatum can be used as a commercial source for the isolation of linalool. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Dunaliella biotechnology: methods and applicationsJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2009A. Hosseini Tafreshi Summary The microalga Dunaliella salina is the best commercial source of natural ,-carotene. Additionally, different species of Dunaliella can accumulate significant amounts of valuable fine chemicals such as carotenoids, glycerol, lipids, vitamins, minerals and proteins. They also have a large potential for biotechnological processes such as expressing of foreign proteins and treatment of wastewater. In this review, we discussed several biotechnological aspects of the mass cultivation of D. salina like strain selection, carotenoid induction, culture conditions, culture systems and downstream processes. We also discuss several traditional and new applications of the genus. [source] One-pot synthesis of star-block copolymers using double click reactionsJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 21 2008Hakan Durmaz Abstract 3-Arm star-block copolymers, (polystyrene- b -poly(methyl methacrylate))3, (PS- b -PMMA)3, and (polystyrene- b -poly(ethylene glycol))3, (PS- b -PEG)3, are prepared using double-click reactions: Huisgen and Diels,Alder, with a one-pot technique. PS and PMMA blocks with ,-anthracene-,-azide- and ,-maleimide-end-groups, respectively, are achieved using suitable initiators in ATRP of styrene and MMA, respectively. However, PEG obtained from a commercial source is reacted with 3-acetyl- N -(2-hydroxyethyl)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxamide (7) to give furan-protected maleimide-end-functionalized PEG. Finally, PS/PMMA and PS/PEG blocks are linked efficiently with trialkyne functional linking agent 1,1,1-tris[4-(2-propynyloxy)phenyl]-ethane 2 in the presence of CuBr/N,N,N,,N,,N, -pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) at 120 °C for 48 h to give two samples of 3-arm star-block copolymers. The results of the peak splitting using a Gaussian deconvolution of the obtained GPC traces for (PS- b -PMMA)3 and (PS- b -PEG)3 displayed that the yields of target 3-arm star-block copolymers were found to be 88 and 82%, respectively. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 7091,7100, 2008 [source] The phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity assessment of orange peel (Citrus sinensis) cultivated in Greece,Crete indicates a new commercial source of hesperidinBIOMEDICAL CHROMATOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2009Firas I. Kanaze Abstract The flavonoid content of several methanolic extract fractions of Navel orange peel (flavedo and albedo of Citrus sinensis) cultivated in Crete (Greece) was first analysed phytochemically and then assessed for its antioxidant activity in vitro. The chemical structures of the constituents fractionated were originally determined by comparing their retention times and the obtained UV spectral data with the available bibliographic data and further verified by detailed LC-DAD-MS (ESI+) analysis. The main flavonoid groups found within the fractions examined were polymethoxylated flavones, O- glycosylated flavones, C- glycosylated flavones, O- glycosylated flavonols, O- glycosylated flavanones and phenolic acids along with their ester derivatives. In addition, the quantitative HPLC analysis confirmed that hesperidin is the major flavonoid glycoside found in the orange peel. Interestingly enough, its quantity at 48 mg/g of dry peel permits the commercial use of orange peel as a source for the production of hesperidin. The antioxidant activity of the orange peel methanolic extract fractions was evaluated by applying two complementary methodologies, DPPH, assay and the Co(II)/EDTA-induced luminol chemiluminescence approach. Overall, the results have shown that orange peel methanolic extracts possess moderate antioxidant activity as compared with the activity seen in tests where the corresponding aglycones, diosmetin and hesperetin were assessed in different ratios. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] CHARACTERIZING QUALITY OF RENDERED DUCK FAT COMPARED TO OTHER FATS AND OILSJOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 2 2007YUANSHENG GONG ABSTRACT The characteristics of rendered duck fat (RDF) were compared to commercial sources of soybean oil, lard, tallow, butter and olive oil. RDF was highly susceptible to lipid oxidation during storage compared to the other fats and oils. However, 0.005% tert-butyl hydroquinone delayed the onset of lipid oxidation to an extent that was comparable to the lag phase observed in the commercial fats and oils. Positive attributes of RDF included a relatively high oleic acid content and low saturated fat content. Undesirable attributes of RDF included a lack of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and intermediate levels of trans fatty acids (TFA) compared to the other lipid sources. Decreasing the time and temperature of rendering decreased the TFA content in RDF. Around one-half of the TFA content in RDF was vaccenic acid which is converted to CLA after ingestion. [source] Water Vapor Permeability of Mammalian and Fish Gelatin FilmsJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 4 2006R.J. Avena-Bustillos ABSTRACT:, Water vapor permeability of cold- and warm-water fish skin gelatins films was evaluated and compared with different types of mammalian gelatins. Alaskan pollock and salmon gelatins were extracted from frozen skins, others were obtained from commercial sources. Water vapor permeability of gelatin films was determined considering differences on percent relative humidity (%RH) at the film underside. Molecular weight distribution, amino acid composition, gel strength, viscoelastic properties, pH, and clarity were also determined for each gelatin. Water vapor permeability of cold-water fish gelatin films (0.93 gmm/m2hkPa) was significantly lower than warm-water fish and mammalian gelatin films (1.31 and 1.88 gmm/m2hkPa, respectively) at 25 °C, 0/80 %RH through 0.05-mm thickness films. This was related to increased hydrophobicity due to reduced amounts of proline and hydroxyproline in cold-water fish gelatins. As expected, gel strength and gel setting temperatures were lower for cold-water fish gelatin than either warm-water fish gelatins or mammalian gelatins. This study demonstrated significant differences in physical, chemical, and rheological properties between mammalian and fish gelatins. Lower water vapor permeability of fish gelatin films can be useful particularly for applications related to reducing water loss from encapsulated drugs and refrigerated or frozen food systems. [source] Thermal and mechanical characterization of epoxy resins toughened using preformed particlesPOLYMER INTERNATIONAL, Issue 8 2001J Day Abstract Preformed, multilayer particles have been used to toughen an epoxy resin. The particles were formed by emulsion polymerization and consist of alternate glassy and rubbery layers, the outer layer having glycidyl groups to give the possibility of chemical bonding of the particles in the cured resin. Two variants of this type of particle were used, termed GM(47/15) and GM(47/37); both types have an overall diameter of 0.5,µm, but the former have a thicker rubbery layer. For comparison, acrylic toughening particles (ATP) with no surface functionality and a liquid carboxyl-terminated butadiene,acrylonitrile (CTBN) rubber were used as toughening agents. The epoxy resin system consisted of a commercial diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (Shell Epon 828) with diamino-3,5-diethyl toluene as hardener, two commercial sources of which were used, namely Ethacure-100 (Albemarle SA) and DX6509 (Shell Chemicals). These hardeners contain a mixture of two isomers, namely 2,6-diamino-3,5-diethyltoluene and 2,4-diamino-3,5-diethyltoluene Thermogravimetry in nitrogen shows that the preformed toughening particles begin to degrade at 230,°C, whereas the cured resin begins to degrade rapidly at 350,°C. Thus, even though the particles are less thermally stable than the cured resin, their degradation temperature is well above the glass transition temperature of the resin, and their use does not affect the thermal stability of the toughened materials at normal use temperatures. The performance of the toughening agents was compared using Ethacure-100 as the hardener. The GM(47/15) and GM(47/37) toughening particles gave rise to a greater toughening effect than the ATP and the CTBN. For example, the fracture energies were: 0.26,kJ,m,2 for the unmodified resin; 0.60,kJ,m,2 for the resin toughened with CTBN; and 0.69,kJ,m,2 for the resin toughened with the GM(47/15) particles. The ultimate tensile stress of the unmodified epoxy resin was 43,MPa, which increased to 55,MPa when 20,wt% of GM(47/15) toughening particles were added. The toughness of resins cured with the DX6509 hardener were superior to those obtained with the Ethacure-100 hardener, most probably due to DX6509 producing a less-highly-crosslinked network. This highlights the sensitivity of the toughening process to the hardener used, even for hardeners of a similar nature. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Detection of royal jelly adulteration using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratio analysisRAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 2 2006A. Stocker Stable isotope ratios (13C/12C and 15N/14N) were measured in royal jelly (RJ) samples by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) to evaluate authenticity and adulteration. Carbon and nitrogen isotope contents (given as delta values relative to a standard, ,13C, ,15N) of RJ samples from various European origins and samples from commercial sources were analyzed. Uniform ,13C values from ,26.7 to ,24.9, were observed for authentic RJ from European origins. Values of ,15N ranged from ,1.1 to 5.8, depending on the plant sources of nectars and pollen. High ,13C values of several commercial RJ samples from ,20.8 to ,13.3, indicated adulteration with high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) as a sugar source. Use of biotechnologically produced yeast powder as protein source for the adulterated samples was assumed as ,15N values were lower, as described for C4 or CAM plant sources. RJ samples from authentic and from adulterated production were distinguished. The rapid and reliable method is suitable for urgent actual requirements in food monitoring. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] High frequency of false-positive signals in a real-time PCR-based "Plus/Minus" assayAPMIS, Issue 1 2009FOROUGH L. NOWROUZIAN Molecular biological methods using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detection of bacterial and viral genes in different environments have been developed into assays from different commercial sources. Applied Biosystems include and support two applications with their TaqMan instrument: the "Plus/Minus" and the "Allelic Discrimination" assays. These approaches are RT-PCR based, use short primers and fluorescent-labeled TaqMan probes and include three processes: a pre-read run, a PCR-amplification run, and a post-read run. In the "Plus/Minus" assay, samples and controls (distilled water) are loaded into the instrument, which calculates a positive or a negative outcome based on differences in signals between samples and the controls. When testing the "Plus/Minus" assay for detection of usp genes encoding a uropathogenic specific protein in Escherichia coli, an inordinately high proportion of false-positive signals was observed. This was shown to be due to a serious methodological deficiency. Our observations indicate that an adequate no-template control closely matching the target samples in all aspects, including amount of DNA, is required to establish a correct threshold in the pre-read run that forms the basis for further calculations in the post-read run of the "Plus/Minus" assay. [source] Variation in commercial sources of soybean meal influences the severity of enteritis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 5 2009P.A. URÁN Abstract Soybean meal (SBM) is a potential alternative for the replacement of fishmeal in aquafeeds. In Atlantic salmon, however, dietary SBM causes an inflammation of the distal intestine, known as SBM-induced enteritis. The objective of the present study is to verify whether different (geographically spread) commercial sources of SBM yield contrasting inflammatory responses. To do so, six SBM batches from different origins were included in the Atlantic salmon diets at the level of 20%. After 4 weeks of feeding, the distal intestine of the salmon was sampled and scored by a semi-quantitative scoring system, which assessed six separated parameters, characterizing the extent of enteritis. The overall mean score as well as the score of the separate parameters varied between the different commercial sources of SBM included in the diet. The variation in SBM caused different degrees of disparity in the score of the separate parameters. The parameter that was most affected by the variation in the source of SBM was the disappearance of supranuclear vacuoles in enterocytes. In contrast, the increase in goblet cells showed the smallest variation between the different SBM sources. This study shows that different commercial sources of SBM can result in differences in the severity of SBM-induced enteritis in Atlantic salmon. [source] Biosynthesis of New Indigoid Inhibitors of Protein Kinases Using Recombinant Cytochrome P450 2A6CHEMISTRY & BIODIVERSITY, Issue 1 2005Zhongliu-Liu Wu Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a potential drug target for a number of human diseases. Some indigoids have been found to be potent inhibitors of GSK-3, and individual compounds with better activity, specificity, and solubility are desired. In this work, a new disubstituted indigoid generation system was developed with a tryptophanase-deficient Escherichia coli strain as a host to express the human cytochrome P450 2A6 mutant L240C/N297Q, which catalyzes the oxidation of indole to isatin and indoxyl, which in turn react to generate indigoids. Forty-five substituted 1H -indoles from commercial sources were used as substrates in the system, and indigoid mixtures were tested as potential inhibitors of GSK-3. After preliminary screening, cell extracts with high inhibitory activity towards GSK-3,/, were fractionated, and the IC50 values of twelve individual indigoids were measured for GSK-3,/, as well as the protein kinases CDK1/cyclinB and CDK5/p25. Several indigoids, including an indigo, showed stronger inhibition than found in previous work. The most potent towards GSK-3,/,, dimethyl indirubin 5,5,-dicarboxylate (IC50 of 51,nM), was modified by chemical reactions. One product, indirubin 5,5,-dicarboxylic acid 5-methyl ester, inhibited GSK-3,/, with an IC50 of 14,nM and selectivity nearly 40-fold over CDK1 and CDK5. Indirubin-5-5,-dicarbonitrile was also modified to the corresponding 3,-oxime, which had low specificity but showed very high inhibition of all three kinases with IC50 values of 5, 13, and 10,nM towards GSK-3,/,, CDK1, and CDK5, respectively. Thus, this system has the potential to generate new indigoids with therapeutic potential. [source] | |||||||||||||