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Commercial Operation (commercial + operation)
Selected AbstractsResponsible alcohol service: lessons from evaluations of server training and policing initiativesDRUG AND ALCOHOL REVIEW, Issue 3 2001TIM STOCKWELL Abstract Responsible alcohol service programmes have evolved in many countries alongside a general increase in the availability of alcohol and a greater focus on the prevention of alcohol-related road crashes. They also recognize the reality that a great deal of high-risk drinking and preventable harm occurs in and around licensed premises or as drinkers make their way home. Early US efficacy studies of programmes which trained managers and barstaff to limit customers' levels of intoxication and prevent drink driving showed promise. Studies of effectiveness of these programmes in the wider community, and in the absence of the enforcement of liquor laws, found little benefit. The data will be interpreted as suggesting that, in reality, skills deficits in the serving of alcohol are not a significant problem compared with the motivational issue for a commercial operation of abiding by laws that are rarely enforced and which are perceived as risking the goodwill of their best customers. Australian, UK and US experiences with liquor law enforcement by police will be discussed along with outcomes from the Australian invention of Alcohol Accords, informal agreements between police, licensees and local councils to trade responsibly. It will be concluded that the major task involved in lifting standards of service and preventing harm is to institutionalize legal and regulatory procedures which impact most on licensed premises. A number of strategies are suggested also for creating a political and social climate which supports the responsible service of alcohol and thereby supports the enactment and enforcement of appropriate liquor laws. [source] Voltage fluctuation compensator for ShinkansenELECTRICAL ENGINEERING IN JAPAN, Issue 4 2008Tetsuo Uzuka Abstract In AC electric railways, three-phase voltage is changed into the single-phase circuit of two circuits with the Scott-connected transformer. If unbalancing of the load between single-phase circuits becomes large, voltage fluctuation becomes large on the three-phase side. Railway static power conditioner (RPC) was developed for the purpose of controlling voltage fluctuation on the three-phase side. An RPC is comprised of a pair of self-commutated PWM inverters. These inverters connect the main phase and teaser feeding buses, coupled with a DC side capacitor such as a back-to-back (BTB) converter. In this way, the two self-commutated inverters can act as a static var compensator (SVC) to compensate for the reactive power and as an active power accommodator from one feeding bus to another. 20 MVA/60 kV RPCs started commercial operation in 2002 at each two substations on the newly extended Tohoku Shinkansen for compensating voltage fluctuation on the three-phase side caused by traction loads, absorbing harmonic current. The results of operational testing indicate that an RPC can accommodate single-phase loads such as those of PWM-controlled Shinkansen and thyristor phase-controlled Shinkansen, and handle the exciting rush current of transformers, as well as compensate for harmonics successfully. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 162(4): 25,34, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20397 [source] Impact of peat moss released by a commercial harvesting operation into an estuarine environment on the sand shrimp Crangon septemspinosaJOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 1 2006C. Ouellette Summary Current methods used in harvesting peat in eastern Canada have raised concerns regarding potential impacts of escaped peat particles on aquatic ecosystems. A study was carried out in Mill Creek, an estuarine tributary of the Richibucto River in New Brunswick, where peat originating from a commercial operation has accumulated over several years. The sand shrimp Crangon septemspinosa Say (1818) was selected to determine potential environmental stress related to presence of peat in the sediment because of its close association with the substrate. Despite the introduction of sedimentation ponds at the harvesting site in 1994, peat particles continued to enter and accumulate in Mill Creek between 1997 and 1999. Increases in peat depth ranged from 6 to 31 cm and the volume of surficial (0,15 cm) sediments containing peat increased from 35% in 1997 to 44% in 1998 and 76% in 1999. Beach seine surveys carried out during July to September of 1996,1998 indicated that fewer sand shrimp occurred over substrates having higher (>66%) peat concentration than over sand or mud with lower (<33%) peat concentration. Length of sand shrimp did not vary consistently with peat concentration but sand shrimp caught over substrates containing medium (34,65%) peat concentration displayed lower condition [wet weight at total length (TL)] than conspecifics from substrates of both higher and lower peat concentration in all surveys. In a separate survey, peat was found in the stomachs of sand shrimp caught over substrates composed of high but not low peat concentration. We conclude that present mitigation measures at this site have been ineffective in preventing escape of peat moss into the estuarine environment and that the resulting peat deposition has reduced habitat quality for estuarine macrofauna as reflected in a reduction of the number and condition of sand shrimp. [source] Sustainable biofuel production derived from urban waste using PSCCBIOFUELS, BIOPRODUCTS AND BIOREFINING, Issue 3 2009W. R. ButterworthArticle first published online: 16 FEB 200 W. R. Butterworth reports on the performance and scientific base of a commercial operation which matches two problems: recycling urban ,wastes' and producing sustainable biofuels. The proximity recycling of ,wastes' to produce biofuels in a closed loop mimics the original processes in the Carboniferous Era which laid down the global fossilized fuel reserves. When urban wastes are composted and can substitute for mineral fertilizers, a crop will use the green leaf and photo synthesis to capture far more carbon dioxide than is released when the biofuel produced from the crop seed is finally burned to release the energy captured from the sun. Most of the captured carbon goes into a carbon sink in the soil from which it only slowly oxidizes and at predictable rates. The figures of carbon capture, oxygen release and food production are related to fuels produced. Published © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [source] Electrochemical Processing of Carbon DioxideCHEMSUSCHEM CHEMISTRY AND SUSTAINABILITY, ENERGY & MATERIALS, Issue 5 2008Colin Oloman Prof. Abstract With respect to the negative role of carbon dioxide on our climate, it is clear that the time is ripe for the development of processes that convert CO2 into useful products. The electroreduction of CO2 is a prime candidate here, as the reaction at near-ambient conditions can yield organics such as formic acid, methanol, and methane. Recent laboratory work on the 100,A scale has shown that reduction of CO2 to formate (HCO2,) may be carried out in a trickle-bed continuous electrochemical reactor under industrially viable conditions. Presuming the problems of cathode stability and formate crossover can be overcome, this type of reactor is proposed as the basis for a commercial operation. The viability of corresponding processes for electrosynthesis of formate salts and/or formic acid from CO2 is examined here through conceptual flowsheets for two process options, each converting CO2 at the rate of 100,tonnes per day. [source] | ||||||||||