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Coupling Mechanism (coupling + mechanism)
Selected AbstractsThe Assembling of Semiconductor NanocrystalsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 18 2005Alexey Shavel Abstract Recent accomplishments in arranging semiconductor nanoparticles in a desired manner are reviewed. Coupling mechanisms utilized for this purpose include electrostatic and covalent interactions, methods like layer-by-layer assembly, solvent-controlled precipitation and surface amination for covalent attachment of nanoparticles are employed. Dipole,dipole interactions are operative in nanocrystal solids and fast Förster energy transfer is observed. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005) [source] The role of friction and secondary flaws on deflection and re-initiation of hydraulic fractures at orthogonal pre-existing fracturesGEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL, Issue 3 2006Xi Zhang SUMMARY In this study, we explore the nature of plane-strain hydraulic fracture growth in the presence of pre-existing fractures such as joints without or with secondary flaws. The 2-D plane-strain fracture studied can be taken as a cross-section through the short dimensions of an elongated 3-D fracture or as an approximate representation of the leading edge of a 3-D fracture where the edge curvature is negligible. The fluid-driven fracture intersects a pre-existing fracture to which it is initially perpendicular and is assumed not to immediately cross, but is rather deflected into the pre-existing fracture. The intersection results in branching of the fracture and associated fluid flow into the pre-existing fracture. Further growth results in opening and frictional sliding along the pre-existing fracture. Fracture propagation in an impermeable homogeneous elastic medium and fluid invasion into a pre-existing fracture are both driven by an incompressible, Newtonian fluid injected at a constant rate. The frictional stress on the surfaces of pre-existing fractures is assumed to obey the Coulomb law. The governing equations for quasi-static fluid-driven fracture growth are given and a scaling is introduced to help identify important parameters. The displacement discontinuity method and the finite difference method are employed to deal with this coupling mechanism of rock fracture and fluid flow. In order to account for fluid lag, a method for separately tracking the crack tip and the fluid front is included in the numerical model. Numerical results are obtained for internal pressure, frictional contact stresses, opening and shear displacements, and fluid lag size, as well as for fracture re-initiation from secondary flaws. After fracture intersection, the hydraulic fracture growth mode changes from tensile to shearing. This contributes to increased injection pressure and to a reduction in fracture width. In the presence of pre-existing fractures, the fluid-driven cracks can be arrested or retarded in growth rate as a result of diversion of fluid flow into and frictional sliding along the pre-existing fractures. Frictional behaviour significantly affects the ability of the fluid to enter or penetrate the pre-existing fracture only for those situations where the fluid front is within a certain distance from the intersecting point. Importantly, fluid penetration requires higher injection pressure for frictionally weak pre-existing fractures. Fracture re-initiation from secondary flaws can reduce the injection pressure, but re-initiation is suppressed by large sliding on pre-existing fractures that are frictionally weak. [source] Non-empirical calculations of NMR indirect carbon-carbon coupling constants.MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY, Issue 11 2003Bridged bicycloalkanes, Part 5: Abstract All possible J(C,C) of the bicarbocyclic frameworks together with J(C,H) and J(H,H) at bridgeheads in the series of six bridged bicycloalkanes, bicyclo[1.1.0]butane, bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane, bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane, bicyclo[2.2.0]hexane, bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane and bicyclo[3.3.0]octane, were calculated at the SOPPA level with correlation consistent Dunning sets cc-pVTZ-Cs augmented with inner core s-functions and locally dense Sauer sets aug-cc-pVTZ-J augmented with tight s-functions and rationalized in terms of the multipath coupling mechanism and hybridization effects explaining many interesting structural trends. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Electronic Security Systems and Active Implantable Medical DevicesPACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 8 2002WERNER IRNICH IRNICH, W.: Electronic Security Systems and Active Implantable Medical Devices. How do active implantable medical devices react in the presence of strong magnetic fields in the frequency range between extremely low frequency (ELF) to radiofrequency (RF) as they are emitted by electronic security systems (ESS)? There are three different sorts of ESSs: electronic article surveillance (EAS) devices, metal detector (MDS) devices, and radiofrequency identification (RFID) systems. Common to all is the production of magnetic fields. There is an abundance of literature concerning interference by ESS gates with respect to if there is an influence possible and if such an influence can bear a risk for the AIMD wearers. However, there has been no attempt to study the physical mechanism nor to develop a model of how and under which conditions magnetic fields can influence pacemakers and defibrillators and how they could be disarmed by technological means. It is too often assumed that interference of AIMD with ESS is inevitable. Exogenous signals of similar intensity and rhythm to heart signals can be misinterpreted and, thus, confuse the implant. Important for the interference coupling mechanism is the differentiation between a "unipolar" and a "bipolar" system. With respect to magnetic fields, the left side implanted pacemaker is the most unfavorable case as the lead forms approximately a semicircular area of maximum 225 cm2 into which a voltage can be induced. This assumption yields an interference coupling model that can be expressed by simple mathematics. The worst-case conditions for induced interference voltages are a coupling area of 225 cm2 that is representative for a large human, a homogeneous magnetic field perpendicular to the area formed by the lead, and a unipolar ventricular pacemaker system that is implanted on the left side of the thorax and has the highest interference sensitivity. In bipolar systems the fields must be 17 times larger when compared to a unipolar system to have the same effect. The magnetic field for interfering with ICDs must be 1.7 stronger than that of the most sensitive unipolar pacemaker. The lowest interference thresholds measured over the last 10 years in the low frequency range (16 2/3 Hz,24 kHz) together with thresholds > 24 kHz that were supplied by the CETECOM study are listed. Both sets of data together with the coupling model, allow for judging which fields of ESSs could influence AIMDs. From measurements at gate antennas, it is possible to derive a "maximum allowed field" curve over the whole frequency range, below which no interference will occur. Comparison of data from literature with these maximum allowed fields confirm the correctness of the calculations. Thus, it is possible to predict interference situations in gates if the magnetic field is known. If all future pacemakers were to have the immunity against interference of the better 50% of today's pacemakers, the magnetic field ceiling values could be at least four times higher. The same is true if the ventricular sensitivity is routinely set at 7 mV. Pacemaker manufacturers should consider filter improvement with modern technology, but gate manufacturers should not claim the privilege of being out of bounds. [source] Therapeutic control of B cell activation via recruitment of Fc, receptor IIb (CD32B) inhibitory function with a novel bispecific antibody scaffold,ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 7 2010Maria-Concetta Veri Objective To exploit the physiologic Fc, receptor IIb (CD32B) inhibitory coupling mechanism to control B cell activation by constructing a novel bispecific diabody scaffold, termed a dual-affinity retargeting (DART) molecule, for therapeutic applications. Methods DART molecules were constructed by pairing an Fv region from a monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against CD32B with an Fv region from a mAb directed against CD79B, the ,-chain of the invariant signal-transducing dimer of the B cell receptor complex. DART molecules were characterized physicochemically and for their ability to simultaneously bind the target receptors in vitro and in intact cells. The ability of the DART molecules to negatively control B cell activation was determined by calcium mobilization, by tyrosine phosphorylation of signaling molecules, and by proliferation and Ig secretion assays. A DART molecule specific for the mouse ortholog of CD32B and CD79B was also constructed and tested for its ability to inhibit B cell proliferation in vitro and to control disease severity in a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model. Results DART molecules were able to specifically bind and coligate their target molecules on the surface of B cells and demonstrated a preferential simultaneous binding to both receptors on the same cell. DART molecules triggered the CD32B-mediated inhibitory signaling pathway in activated B cells, which translated into inhibition of B cell proliferation and Ig secretion. A DART molecule directed against the mouse orthologs was effective in inhibiting the development of CIA in DBA/1 mice. Conclusion This innovative bispecific antibody scaffold that simultaneously engages activating and inhibitory receptors enables novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and potentially other autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in humans. [source] A Metallogenic Model of Gold Deposits of the Jiaodong Granite-Greenstone BeltACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (ENGLISH EDITION), Issue 4 2003DENG Jun Abstract, An analysis of trace elements and isotopic geochemistry suggest that the ore-forming materials of gold deposits in the Jiaodong granite-greenstone belt have multiple sources, especially the mantle source. Seismic wave, magnetic and gravity fields show that the crust-mantle structure and its coupling mechanism are the fundamental dynamic causes for the exchange and accumulation of materials and energy in the metallogenic system. Considering the evolution history of the structural setting, the tectono-metallogenic dynamics model of the area can be summarized as follows: (1) occurrence of the greenstone belt during the Archean-Proterozoic,the embryonic form of Au-source system; (2) stable tectonic setting in the Paleozoic,an intermittence in gold mineralization; (3) intensive activation and reformation of the greenstone belt in the Mesozoic,tectono-mineralization and tectono-diagensis; (4) posthumous structural activity in the Cenozoic,destruction of orebodies in the later stage. In the middle and late Indosinian, the Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone cut deeply into the upper mantle so that the ore-bearing fluids migrated to higher layers through the crust-mantle interaction, resulting in alteration and mineralization. [source] Cyano-bridged Ln3+ -Cr3+ Binuclear Complexes [Ln(L)x(H2O)yCr(CN)6]·mL·nH2O (Ln=La,Nd, x=5, y=2, m=1 or 2, n=2 or 2.5; Ln=Sm,Dy, Er, x=4, y=3, m=0, n=1.5 or 2.0; L=2-pyrrolidinone): Structure, Magnetism and Spin Density MapCHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, Issue 3 2007Xian-Ru Sun Abstract In order to shed light upon the nature and mechanism of 4f-3d magnetic exchange interactions, a series of binuclear complexes of lanthanide(3+) and chromium(3+) with the general formula [Ln(L)5(H2O)2Cr(CN)6]·mL·nH2O (Ln=La (1), Ce (2), Pr (3), Nd (4); x=5, y=2, m=1 or 2, n=2 or 2.5; L=2-pyrrolidinone) and [Ln(L)4(H2O)3Cr(CN)6] ·nH2O (Ln=Sm (5), Eu (6), Gd (7), Tb (8), Dy (9), Er (10); x=4, y=3, m=0, n=1.5 or 2.0; L2-pyrrolidinone) were prepared and the X-ray crystal structures of complexes 2, 6 and 7 were determined. All the compounds consist of a Ln-CN-Cr unit, in which Ln3+ in a square antiprism environment is bridged to an octahedral coordinated Cr3+ ion through a cyano group. The magnetic properties of the complexes 3 and 6,10 show an overall antiferromagnetic behavior. The fitting to the experimental magnetic susceptibilities of 7 give g=1.98, J=0.40 cm,1, zJ,=,0.21 cm,1 on the basis of a binuclear spin system (SGd=7/2, SCr=3/2), revealing an intra-molecular Gd3+ -Cr3+ ferromagnetic interaction and an inter-molecular antiferromagnetic interaction. For 7 the calculation of quantum chemical density functional theory (DFT), combined with the broken symmetry approach, showed that the calculated spin coupling constant was 20.3 cm,1, supporting the observation of weak ferromagnetic intra-molecular interaction in 7. The spin density distributions of 7 in both the high spin ground state and the broken symmetry state were obtained, and the spin coupling mechanism between Gd3+ and Cr3+ was discussed. [source] Comparative and functional morphology of wing coupling structures in Trichoptera: AnnulipalpiaJOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY, Issue 2 2010Ian C. StocksArticle first published online: 20 AUG 200 Abstract Several orders of morphologically four-winged insects have evolved mechanisms that enforce a union between the mesothoracic and metathoracic wings (forewings and hindwings) during the wing beat cycle. Such mechanisms result in a morphologically tetrapterous insect flying as if it were functionally dipterous, and these mechanisms have been described for several insect orders. The caddisfly suborders Annulipalpia and Integripalpia (Trichoptera) each have evolved a wing coupling apparatus, with at least three systems having evolved within the suborder Annulipalpia. The comparative and inferred functional morphology of the putative wing coupling mechanisms is described for the annulipalpian families Hydropsychidae (subfamilies Macronematinae and Hydropsychinae), Polycentropodidae and Ecnomidae, and a novel form-functional complex putatively involved with at-rest forewing-forewing coupling is described for Hydropsychidae: Smicrideinae. It is proposed that the morphology of the wing coupling apparatuses of Hydropsychinae and Macronematinae are apomorphies for those clades. J. Morphol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Effective mass of InN estimated by Raman scatteringPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (C) - CURRENT TOPICS IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue 7-8 2010Jung Gon Kim Abstract We have estimated the longitudinal effective mass (m,) of electron in n-type InN films by Raman scattering. The samples were grown by MOVPE (metal organic vapor phase epitaxy) with free carrier concentration of n =6.7×1018 -9.9×1018 cm -3 according to Hall measurement. A weak Raman signal observed at ,430 cm -1 at room temperature was sharpened and shifted to higher frequency toward the A1(TO)-phonon mode at 447 cm -1 with increasing n. This mode was assigned to the lower branch (L - ) of the longitudinal-optic-phonon-plasmon-coupled (LOPC) mode. The line shape was carefully analyzed by a semi-classical line-shape fitting analysis assuming deformation potential and electro-optic coupling mechanisms for the light scattering process. A line-shape fitting analysis was conducted by adjusting three major parameters; electron density, effective mass and plasmon damping rate. The analysis well reproduced values of electron density and mobility deduced by Hall measurement. Electron effective mass of m,*/m0 = 0.05 (±0.01) was also obtained as the best-fit parameter. The result agrees well with previous data obtained by other optical methods. (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Soret Diffusion and Non-Ideal Dufour Conduction in Macroporous Catalysts with Exothermic Chemical Reaction at Large Intrapellet Damköhler NumbersTHE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 3 2007Laurence A. Belfiore Abstract The adiabatic temperature rise in catalytic pellets is predicted from a modified version of the Prater equation. Onsager reciprocal relations for coupled heat and mass transfer are violated in an analysis of thermal diffusion in macroporous catalysts with exothermic chemical reaction when Dufour conduction (i.e., the diffusion-thermo effect) is neglected. In this contribution, Dufour conduction is analyzed for both ideal and non-ideal pseudo-binary gas mixtures that simulate the production of methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. In the diffusion-controlled regime at large intrapellet Damköhler numbers where intermolecular collisions provide the dominant resistance to mass transfer within the catalytic pores, temperatures in the catalytic core could be much greater than predictions based on the original Prater equation when the Prater number exceeds 0.30. The molecular flux of thermal energy includes Fourier's law, the interdiffusional flux, and Dufour conduction. Diffusional mass flux includes Fick's law and the Soret effect. All physicochemical properties of the reactive gas mixture exhibit temperature dependence. There is essentially no difference between maximum intrapellet temperature predictions that include or neglect ideal Dufour conduction when external catalytic surface temperatures range from 300-400 K and thermal diffusion enhances the flux of "smaller" reactants toward the centre of the catalyst. For "large-molecule reactants" that participate in exothermic reactions, thermal diffusion opposes Fick's law and Dufour conduction opposes Fourier's law. Under these conditions, it is demonstrated that core temperatures are overestimated by neglecting both off-diagonal coupling mechanisms (i.e., Soret diffusion and Dufour conduction). Prater numbers greater than unity and unrealistically high gas pressures are required to distinguish between maximum intrapellet temperatures for ideal and real gas simulations, where the latter consider two-body interactions for Lennard-Jones molecules in the virial equation of state. On prédit l'augmentation de la température adiabatique dans les pastilles catalytiques à partir d'une version modifiée de l'équation de Prater. Les relations réciproques d'Onsager pour le transfert de chaleur et de matière couplé sont violées dans une analyse de la diffusion thermique dans les catalyseurs macroporeux avec réaction chimique exothermique lorsque la conduction de Dufour (p.ex., l'effet de thermo-diffusion) est négligée. Dans cet article, on analyse la conduction de Dufour pour des mélanges de gaz pseudo-binaires idéaux et non idéaux qui simulent la production de méthanol à partir d'oxyde de carbone et d'hydrogène. Dans le régime à diffusion contrôlée à grand nombre de Damköhler entre les pastilles pour lesquels les collisions entre les molécules fournit la résistance dominante au transfert de matière à l'intérieur des pores catalytiques, les températures dans le noyau catalytique pourraient être bien plus grandes que les prédictions basées sur l'équation de Prater originale lorsque le nombre de Prater excède 0,30. Le flux moléculaire de l'énergie thermique inclut la loi de Fourier, le flux interdiffusionnel, et la conduction de Dufour. Le flux massique diffusionnel inclut la loi de Fick et l'effet Soret. Toutes les propriétés physicochimiques du mélange de gaz réactif montre une dépendance thermique. Il n'y a essentiellement pas de différence entre les prédictions des températures maximales entre les pastilles qui incluent ou négligent la conduction de Dufour idéale quand les températures de surface catalytiques externes sont comprises entre 300 et 400 K; la diffusion thermique améliore le flux des réactifs «plus petits» vers le centre du catalyseur. Pour les «réactifs composés de grandes molécules» qui participent aux réactions exothermiques, la diffusion thermique s'oppose à la loi de Fick et la conduction de Dufour à la loi de Fourier. Dans ces conditions, il est démontré que les températures de noyau sont surestimées en négligeant les deux mécanismes de couplage hors-diagonales (c.à-d. la diffusion de Soret et la conduction de Dufour). Des nombres de Prater plus grands que l'unité et des pressions de gaz élevées peu réalistes sont nécessaires pour distinguer les températures maximales entre les pastilles entre les simulations de gaz idéales et réelles, en considérant pour ces dernières les interactions à deux corps pour les molécules de Lennard-Jones dans l'équation d'état du viriel. [source] | ||||||||||||||||