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Cold
Kinds of Cold Terms modified by Cold Selected AbstractsNUCLEOTIDE CATABOLISM IN COLD STORED ADDUCTOR MUSCLE OF SCALLOP (ZYGOCHLAMYS PATAGONICA)JOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 4 2002AGUEDA E. MASSA ABSTRACT The postmortem catabolism of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cold stored scallop adductor muscles was examined. The change In the pH of stored muscles was also investigated. The ATP content increased for a short time after death and afterwards decreased up to 24 h of storage. Thereafter, the nucleotide level remained unchanged up to 120 h of storage. The ADP content slightly decreased up to 48 h and after that remained unchanged. The AMP slowly accumulated to around 15% of the total nucleotide concentration when the ATP decreased. Small amounts of IMP were detected in all samples. Conversely, adenosine (Ado) was not detected. Inosine (HxR) slightly increased after 48 h of storage and hypoxanthine (Hx.) significantly increased after 24 h. The 260/250-absorbance ratio of muscle extracts and the pH of stored muscles fell sharply up to 24 h and then decreased slowly. The Hx contents were positively correlated (P < 0.01) with both the Hx/AMP ratios and the K values. [source] Where the Buck Stopped: Harry S Truman and the Cold WarDIPLOMATIC HISTORY, Issue 5 2003James G. Hershberg Book reviewed: Arnold A. Offner. Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945,1953. [source] Maternal control of cold and desiccation tolerance in eggs of the band-legged ground cricket Dianemobius nigrofasciatus in relation to embryonic diapauseENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2008Shin G. GOTO Abstract Cold and desiccation tolerance was investigated in the eggs of the band-legged ground cricket Dianemobius nigrofasciatus in relation to embryonic diapause. Diapause eggs were more tolerant to both desiccation and cold than non-diapause eggs. In addition, diapause-destined eggs on day zero (0,12 h after being laid) already showed high tolerance to these stresses before entering diapause. This clearly indicates that stress tolerance, like diapause, is controlled by photoperiod, but is not directly associated with diapause itself. Because the acquisition of stress tolerance predates the onset of diapause, it is plausible that diapause programming during some period before the onset of diapause is involved in the acquisition of stress tolerance. Weights and sizes were nearly identical in short-day and long-day eggs until day five. Sorbitol, a major sugar alcohol in eggs of D. nigrofasciatus, was accumulated at the same level in short-day and long-day eggs on days zero and five. These results indicate that the surface-to-volume ratio as well as the accumulation of sugar alcohol is not involved in the acquisition of stress tolerance. Maternal factors are clearly involved in the acquisition of stress tolerance in D. nigrofasciatus eggs, but the physiological mechanisms underlying the tolerance are still unclear. [source] Indirect effects of soil moisture reverse soil C sequestration responses of a spring wheat agroecosystem to elevated CO2GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2010SVEN MARHAN Abstract Increased plant productivity under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations might increase soil carbon (C) inputs and storage, which would constitute an important negative feedback on the ongoing atmospheric CO2 rise. However, elevated CO2 often also leads to increased soil moisture, which could accelerate the decomposition of soil organic matter, thus counteracting the positive effects via C cycling. We investigated soil C sequestration responses to 5 years of elevated CO2 treatment in a temperate spring wheat agroecosystem. The application of 13C-depleted CO2 to the elevated CO2 plots enabled us to partition soil C into recently fixed C (Cnew) and pre-experimental C (Cold) by 13C/12C mass balance. Gross C inputs to soils associated with Cnew accumulation and the decomposition of Cold were then simulated using the Rothamsted C model ,RothC.' We also ran simulations with a modified RothC version that was driven directly by measured soil moisture and temperature data instead of the original water balance equation that required potential evaporation and precipitation as input. The model accurately reproduced the measured Cnew in bulk soil and microbial biomass C. Assuming equal soil moisture in both ambient and elevated CO2, simulation results indicated that elevated CO2 soils accumulated an extra ,40,50 g C m,2 relative to ambient CO2 soils over the 5 year treatment period. However, when accounting for the increased soil moisture under elevated CO2 that we observed, a faster decomposition of Cold resulted; this extra C loss under elevated CO2 resulted in a negative net effect on total soil C of ,30 g C m,2 relative to ambient conditions. The present study therefore demonstrates that positive effects of elevated CO2 on soil C due to extra soil C inputs can be more than compensated by negative effects of elevated CO2 via the hydrological cycle. [source] Lagged effects of North Atlantic Oscillation on spittlebug Philaenus spumarius (Homoptera) abundance and survivalGLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, Issue 12 2006ANTTI HALKKA Abstract The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is a large-scale pattern of climate variability that has been shown to have important ecological effects on a wide spectrum of taxa. Studies on terrestrial invertebrates are, however, lacking. We studied climate-connected causes of changes in population sizes in island populations of the spittlebug Philaenus spumarius (L.) (Homoptera). Three populations living in meadows on small Baltic Sea islands were investigated during the years 1970,2005 in Tvärminne archipelago, southern Finland. A separate analysis was done on the effects of NAO and local climate variables on spittlebug survival in 1969,1978, for which survival data existed for two islands. We studied survival at two stages of the life cycle: growth rate from females to next year's instars (probably mostly related to overwintering egg survival), and survival from third instar stage to adult. The latter is connected to mortality caused by desiccation of plants and spittle masses. Higher winter NAO values were consistently associated with smaller population sizes on all three islands. Local climate variables entering the most parsimonious autoregressive models of population abundance were April and May mean temperature, May precipitation, an index of May humidity, and mean temperature of the coldest month of the previous winter. High winter NAO values had a clear negative effect on late instar survival in 1969,1978. Even May,June humidity and mean temperature of the coldest month were associated with late instar survival. The climate variables studied (including NAO) had no effect on the growth rate from females to next year's instars. NAO probably affected the populations primarily in late spring. Cold and snowy winters contribute to later snow melt and greater spring humidity in the meadows. We show that winter NAO has a considerable lagged effect on April and May temperature; even this second lagged effect contributes to differences in humidity. The lagged effect of the winter NAO to spring temperatures covers a large area in northern Europe and has been relatively stationary for 100 years at least in the Baltic area. [source] The Concept that Came Out of the Cold: the Progressive Historicization of Generic Fascism and its New Relevance to Teaching Twentieth-century HistoryHISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2003Roger Griffin This article first surveys the confusion that prevailed in fascist studies for decades, and which makes it quite understandable if the term ,fascism' has been generally avoided both by historians and by lecturers and others teaching inter-war European history to students in non-specialist ,survey' courses. It then outlines the main features of the ,new consensus' that is emerging among scholars on the heuristic value of seeing fascism as a form of revolutionary ideology, bent on purging society of decadence and inaugurating the rebirth of the nation. Next, it focuses on how this approach enables Fascism and Nazism to be located within the supranational forces shaping modern history, and on the light it throws on their profound relationship to totalitarianism, political religion and modernity. It closes with brief examples of how this approach can be applied to structuring answers to essays and exam questions on inter-war Europe, and welcomes the prospect opened up by the new consensus for greater collaboration between specialists in fascist studies, empirical historians, university lecturers, textbook writers and students , and even, one day, students in secondary education, and their teachers and examiners , in this fascinating, and rapidly evolving, field of teaching and research. [source] El Niño,southern oscillation events and associated European winter precipitation anomaliesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2005D. Pozo-Vázquez Abstract The winter precipitation anomalies in the European area have been analysed over the period 1900,98 based on the El Niño,Southern oscillation (ENSO) state. A set of winter and autumn ENSO events is first selected using the Sea-Surface temperature (SST) data of the Niño 3 region, with the constraint that the ENSO event is well developed during the winter and autumn of study, and that it is an extreme event. Cold and warm ENSO events and periods that can be regarded as normal are selected. For the selected winter ENSO events and for the winter following the selected autumn ENSO events, composites of European winter precipitation anomalies have been obtained and compared with each other. A study of the consistency among events of the relationship between ENSO and precipitation anomalies was also carried out. The analysis of the winter precipitation anomalies based on the selected winter ENSO events shows the existence, for the European area and during La Niña events, of a statistically significant precipitation anomaly pattern with positive precipitation anomalies north of the British Isles and in the Scandinavian area and negative anomalies in southern Europe, resembling the precipitation pattern associated with the positive phase of the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO). Particularly, for the southwestern area of the Iberian Peninsula, the negative anomaly reaches 20% of the winter average precipitation. The consistency analysis shows that this precipitation pattern is not the result of a few major events, but rather that it is stable and qualitatively similar to that found during the positive phase of the NAO. A non-linear response to ENSO is found in the eastern Mediterranean area: negative precipitation anomalies are found, having similar amplitude anomalies, both during El Niño and La Niña events. The analysis of the precipitation anomalies for the winter following the selected autumn ENSO events shows very similar results to those found for the previous analysis, thus suggesting the existence of a potential source of seasonal forecasting of European precipitation. An analysis of the sensitivity of the precipitation anomalies to the strength of the ENSO events shows that, when the strength of the ENSO increases, the magnitude of the rainfall anomalies does not change, but the area influenced and the coherence between events do increase slightly. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society [source] Mid-Holocene and glacial-maximum vegetation geography of the northern continents and AfricaJOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2000I. Colin Prentice Abstract BIOME 6000 is an international project to map vegetation globally at mid-Holocene (6000 14C yr bp) and last glacial maximum (LGM, 18,000 14C yr bp), with a view to evaluating coupled climate-biosphere model results. Primary palaeoecological data are assigned to biomes using an explicit algorithm based on plant functional types. This paper introduces the second Special Feature on BIOME 6000. Site-based global biome maps are shown with data from North America, Eurasia (except South and Southeast Asia) and Africa at both time periods. A map based on surface samples shows the method's skill in reconstructing present-day biomes. Cold and dry conditions at LGM favoured extensive tundra and steppe. These biomes intergraded in northern Eurasia. Northern hemisphere forest biomes were displaced southward. Boreal evergreen forests (taiga) and temperate deciduous forests were fragmented, while European and East Asian steppes were greatly extended. Tropical moist forests (i.e. tropical rain forest and tropical seasonal forest) in Africa were reduced. In south-western North America, desert and steppe were replaced by open conifer woodland, opposite to the general arid trend but consistent with modelled southward displacement of the jet stream. The Arctic forest limit was shifted slighly north at 6000 14C yr bp in some sectors, but not in all. Northern temperate forest zones were generally shifted greater distances north. Warmer winters as well as summers in several regions are required to explain these shifts. Temperate deciduous forests in Europe were greatly extended, into the Mediterranean region as well as to the north. Steppe encroached on forest biomes in interior North America, but not in central Asia. Enhanced monsoons extended forest biomes in China inland and Sahelian vegetation into the Sahara while the African tropical rain forest was also reduced, consistent with a modelled northward shift of the ITCZ and a more seasonal climate in the equatorial zone. Palaeobiome maps show the outcome of separate, independent migrations of plant taxa in response to climate change. The average composition of biomes at LGM was often markedly different from today. Refugia for the temperate deciduous and tropical rain forest biomes may have existed offshore at LGM, but their characteristic taxa also persisted as components of other biomes. Examples include temperate deciduous trees that survived in cool mixed forest in eastern Europe, and tropical evergreen trees that survived in tropical seasonal forest in Africa. The sequence of biome shifts during a glacial-interglacial cycle may help account for some disjunct distributions of plant taxa. For example, the now-arid Saharan mountains may have linked Mediterranean and African tropical montane floras during enhanced monsoon regimes. Major changes in physical land-surface conditions, shown by the palaeobiome data, have implications for the global climate. The data can be used directly to evaluate the output of coupled atmosphere-biosphere models. The data could also be objectively generalized to yield realistic gridded land-surface maps, for use in sensitivity experiments with atmospheric models. Recent analyses of vegetation-climate feedbacks have focused on the hypothesized positive feedback effects of climate-induced vegetation changes in the Sahara/Sahel region and the Arctic during the mid-Holocene. However, a far wider spectrum of interactions potentially exists and could be investigated, using these data, both for 6000 14C yr bp and for the LGM. [source] ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF WATER EXTRACTS FROM PARCHING GREEN TEAJOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 3 2010SHENG-DUN LIN ABSTRACT Cold and hot water extracts (2, 6 and 10%) were prepared from parching green tea and its antioxidant properties studied and potential antioxidant components determined. Yields of hot water extracts (17.53,28.63%) were significantly higher than those of cold water extracts (13.34,16.14%). The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values in antioxidant activity and reducing power were 2.17,2.75 and 0.22,0.30 mg/mL, respectively. Scavenging abilities on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals were comparable. EC50 values in scavenging ability on hydroxyl radicals and chelating ability on ferrous ions were 3.31,4.54 and 1.63,3.09 mg/mL, respectively. Contents of total phenols were 220.52,339.83 mg/g whereas those of total catechins in cold and hot water extracts were 130.22,146.28 mg/g and 136.40,191.33 mg/g, respectively. Based on the results obtained, hot water extracts were more effective in antioxidant activity, reducing power and scavenging ability on hydroxyl radicals but less effective in chelating ability on ferrous ions. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Tea is one of popular drinks in the world. The consumption of green tea is especially popular in Asia, mainly for its health benefits. Parched tea is a Chinese style green tea, which is different from the Japanese style steamed tea. Recently, the tea prepared by brewing tea leaves in cold water has become a new choice in Taiwan in addition to traditionally hot water-brewed tea. Results from this research, the cold and hot water extracts of green tea are good antioxidant. Besides, green tea is also reported to reduce serum cholesterol levels and inhibit hypertension, mutagenesis, and tumourigenesis in several experiments in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, the extract of green tea has the potential to be developed into new health foods, and the cold brewing would be a new alternative way to make a tea. [source] After Dark and Out in the Cold: Part-time Law Students and the Myth of ,Equivalency'JOURNAL OF LAW AND SOCIETY, Issue 2 2009Andrew Francis This paper presents the findings of the first major research study of part-time law students. It argues that many face multiple disadvantages, largely unrecognized by universities, whose emphasis on the formal equivalency of part-time and full-time law degrees ignores the distinctive backgrounds and needs of part-time students. As a result, many are marginalized, impacting on their retention, overall performance, and work prospects. It is also argued that the context within which part-time law students experience legal education contributes to a collective habitus which may structure what is ,thinkable' for their futures. Such concerns are of particular importance given the strong vocational drive amongst part-time law students. An effective response requires action by both universities and the legal profession. Without this, part-time legal education will remain a fundamentally paradoxical experience, offering broader access to legal practice for non-traditional entrants, while continuing to inhibit their chances of success by entrenching their difference in the eyes of the profession. [source] Seasonal influenza activity in Hong Kong and its association with meteorological variationsJOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 10 2009Paul K.S. Chan Abstract Influenza seasons appear consistently in the temperate regions, but are more variable in tropical/subtropical regions. The determinant for such variation remains poorly understood. This study documented the activity of influenza over a 10-year period in Hong Kong; examining its association with changes in temperature and relative humidity. The two types of influenza exhibited different correlations with meteorological variations. Influenza A showed two seasonal peaks occurring respectively in winter/spring and summer months in most years. Influenza B showed a clear winter/spring peak, but its activity during summer months was more variable. Cold and humid conditions were associated with a higher activity of both influenza A and B. In contrast, hot and humid conditions were associated with a higher activity of influenza A, but were associated with only a moderate, less consistent increase in the activity of influenza B. A trend of increase in the magnitude of summer peaks of influenza A, but not influenza B, was observed. A hypothetical 2°C rise in temperature would decrease the proportion of favorable days for influenza A in December,April from 78% to 57%, but an increase from 58% to 71% in May,November; with a similar effect (from 83% to 62%) for influenza B during December,April, but a modest change (from 17% to 18%) during May,November. The presence of two seasonal peaks of influenza annually emphasizes the need to evaluate the duration of protective immunity offered by vaccination. Further study on the effects of climate change and global warming on the activity of influenza is warranted. J. Med. Virol. 81:1797,1806, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Comparison of dentine hypersensitivity in selected occidental and oriental populationsJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 1 2001D. G. Gillam Epidemiological data on dentine hypersensitivity (DH) prevalence are limited. Few studies have compared prevalence between populations. The aim of this investigation, therefore, was to compare the perception and prevalence of DH in two distinct non-periodontal practice populations, one U.K. and one Korean. Completed questionnaires from 557 patients (230 males and 327 females, comprising 115 males and 162 females, mean age 41·7 years (s.d.=14·36), U.K. and 115 males and 165 females, mean age 29·7 years (s.d.=11·86), Korean) were collected. Analysis was by frequency distribution and cross-tabulation (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)). DH prevalence was similar and at levels comparable with those reported previously. Prevalence was higher in the third and fourth decades in both populations. Although there were no differences between U.K. or Korean males and U.K. or Korean females, there was a significant difference between gender reporting of DH, with more females complaining of DH than males (standard normal deviation (SND)=4·3, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0·1134,0·2736). DH appeared to be regarded by patients as not severe in most cases, so treatment was not generally sought. Of those who claimed to have sought treatment, a significant number had received restorative treatment. Of those patients, only 23·3% of U.K. and ,2% of Korean patients claimed to have used a desensitizing dentifrice. Pain from DH was reported as low grade (slight, occasional) occurring over 5 years in both populations. Cold appeared to be the most reported stimulus in the two populations. Less periodontal surgery had been undertaken in these two populations (12·6% U.K. and 7·1% Korean) compared with those referred to a teaching hospital periodontal department (34·5%). This compared favourably with previous findings in the general dental population (15·5%). Discomfort following hygiene therapy did not appear to last ,7 days in either population. The results indicated that there were no significant differences between U.K.- and Korean-based populations in their perception of DH, with the exception that more females complained of sensitivity than males in both groups. Overall, DH was not considered a major dental problem by most patients in either of the populations. [source] Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Physician and Lay Models of the Common ColdMEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY QUARTERLY, Issue 2 2008Roberta D. Baer We compare physicians and laypeople within and across cultures, focusing on simi-larities and differences across samples, to determine whether cultural differences or lay,professional differences have a greater effect on explanatory models of the common cold. Data on explanatory models for the common cold were collected from physicians and laypeople in South Texas and Guadalajara, Mexico. Structured interview materials were developed on the basis of open-ended interviews with samples of lay informants at each locale. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information from each sample on causes, symptoms, and treatments for the common cold. Consensus analysis was used to estimate the cultural beliefs for each sample. Instead of systematic differences between samples based on nationality or level of professional training, all four samples largely shared a single-explanatory model of the common cold, with some differences on subthemes, such as the role of hot and cold forces in the etiology of the common cold. An evaluation of our findings indicates that, although there has been conjecture about whether cultural or lay,professional differences are of greater importance in understanding variation in explanatory models of disease and illness, systematic data collected on community and professional beliefs indicate that such differences may be a function of the specific illness. Further generalizations about lay,professional differences need to be based on detailed data for a variety of illnesses, to discern patterns that may be present. Finally, a systematic approach indicates that agreement across individual explanatory models is sufficient to allow for a community-level explanatory model of the common cold. [source] Educators and Armaments in Cold War AmericaPEACE & CHANGE, Issue 4 2009Charles L. DeBenedetti This essay was written prior to the end of the Cold War. It may very well be the last scholarly essay that peace movement historian Charles DeBenedetti wrote prior to his death. Charles sent it to me in 1984, and for many years it was kept in one of my files. It is a historical commentary about the nuclear arms race based upon a thorough reading of education journals. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that in the very early years of the Cold War educators paid particular attention to the militarization of society and the construction of weapons of mass destruction. What is most telling is that from 1945 to the early 1950s concerned teachers voiced their worries regarding a race between catastrophe and education. However, by 1953, educators had dropped out of the race, falling victim to McCarthyism and the national government's concern for civil defense. This scholarly article points out that educators had a responsibility to teach the public about the horrors of nuclear armaments as an overwhelming threat and danger to humankind, but failed to do so as prosperity and government pressure silenced their voices. By the time of Sputnik in 1957, DeBenedetti tells us, they considered "nuclear weaponry as the very symbol of the uncharted ocean that separated advancing scientific and technological revolutions from the hoary human politics that made for an intractable Cold War." How can educators today rekindle that awareness and replace complacency with determination? What historical lessons can peace educators today learn from DeBenedetti's research on peace educators of the Cold War period? [source] Is the Rehydrin TrDr3 from Tortula ruralis Associated with Tolerance to Cold, Salinity, and Reduced pH?PLANT BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2005HdeD from Escherichia coli in Response to Abiotic Stress, Physiological Evaluation of the TrDr3 -Orthologue Abstract: We have employed EST analysis in the resurrection moss Tortula ruralis to discover genes that control vegetative desiccation tolerance and describe the characterization of the EST-derived cDNA TrDr3 (Tortula ruralis desiccation-stress related). The deduced polypeptide TRDR3 has a predicted molecular mass of 25.5 kDa, predicted pI of 6.7, and six transmembrane helical domains. Preliminary expression analyses demonstrate that the TrDr3 transcript ratio increases in response to slow desiccation relative to the hydrated control in both total and polysomal mRNA (mRNP fraction), which classifies TrDr3 as a rehydrin. Bioinformatic searches of the electronic databases reveal that Tortula TRDR3 shares significant similarities to the hdeD gene product (HNS-dependent expression) from Escherichia coli. The function of the HdeD protein in E. coli is unknown, but it is postulated to be involved in a mechanism of acid stress defence. To establish the role of E. coli HdeD in abiotic stress tolerance, we determined the log survival percentage from shaking cultures of wild-type bacteria and the isogenic hdeD deletion strain (,hdeD) in the presence of low temperature (28 °C), elevated NaCl (5 % (w/v)), or decreased pH (4.5), or all treatments simultaneously. The ,hdeD deletion strain was less sensitive, as compared to wild-type E. coli, in response to decreased pH (p > 0.009), and the combination of all three stresses (p > 0.0001). [source] Bringing Candidacies in from the Cold: Mainstreaming Minority Candidates, 1960 and 2008PRESIDENTIAL STUDIES QUARTERLY, Issue 3 2010MARY E. STUCKEY Sometimes, nontraditional candidates enter the electoral fray. Because of their minority status, these candidates can be seen as threatening and unsuitable for the presidency. Our analysis shows that the political context of such candidacies is an important factor in candidates' ability to break down the barriers to entry. Ironically, the ability to overcome minority status is greatest when that status is least relevant to the campaign. [source] Cold and hot gas filtration using a novel mobile granular bed with an inner fluidized sectionTHE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 1 2002Nicolas Abatzoglou Abstract Two experimental studies were conducted with a novel moving granular bed filter (NMGBF). The first one was performed on a cold and dry mock-up module operated at room temperature and was aimed at a) proving the concept, b) establishing the operating patterns and flow profiles and c) optimizing the operating conditions. The gas flowrate and the geometry of the filter were the main variables studied. The second study was conducted on a prototype hot filter PDU (Process Development Unit) under real time operating conditions. The filter was one of the modules of a hot-gas-conditioning-train in a fluidized bed gasifier. Results showed similar particles collection efficiency for hot- and cold-dry filtration. The filter showed an efficiency of 99.9% over 55 h filtration time for particles larger than 1 ,m, while for submicronic particles the efficiency is between 84% and 96% (weight basis). This paper presents and discusses the apparatus, the experimental methods and conditions as well as characteristic results on the two prototypes used. Deux études expérimentales ont été menées à I'aide d'un nouveau filtre à lit granulaire mobile (NMGBF). La premiére a été menée sur une maquette froide et séche à la température ambiante et visait a (a) prouver le concept, (b) établir les modéles de fonctionnement et les profus d'écoulement et (c) optimiser les conditions opératoires. Les variables étudiées sont le débit de gaz et la géométrie du filtre La seconde étude a été menée sur une unite de développement de procédes prototype à filtre chaud dans des conditions opératoires en temps réel. Le filtre est un des modules du train de conditionnement à gaz chaud dans un gazéificateur à lit fluidise. Les résultats montrent une efficacite de collecte des particules comparable pour la filtration sèche chaude et froide. Le filtre montre une efficacité de 99,9 % pour un temps de filtration de 55 h avec des particules au-dessus de 1 ,m, alors qu'avec des particules inférieur au micron I'efficacite' se situe entre 84 et 96 % (sur la base massique). On décrit dans cet article I'appareil, les méthodes expérimentales et les conditions, ainsi que les résultats caractéristiques des deux prototypes utilisés. [source] Molecular Evidence that Phylogenetically Diverged Ciliates Are Active in Microbial Mats of Deep-Sea Cold-Seep SedimentTHE JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2010KIYOTAKA TAKISHITA ABSTRACT. Cold seeps are areas of the seafloor where hydrogen sulfide- and methane-rich fluid seepage occurs, often sustaining chemosynthetic ecosystems. It is well known that both archaea and bacteria oxidize sulfides and methane to produce chemical energy and that several endemic animals use this energy to thrive in cold seeps. On the other hand, there is little knowledge regarding diversity and ecology of microbial eukaryotes in this ecosystem. In this study we isolated environmental RNA and DNA from microbial mats of cold-seep sediment in Sagami Bay, Japan, and retrieved eukaryotic small-subunit ribosomal RNA sequences with polymerase chain reaction methods followed by clone library construction. Most RNA-derived clones obtained were from ciliates, although DNA-derived clones were mainly from the fungus Cryptococcus curvatus, suggesting that ciliates are active in the environment. The ciliate sequences were phylogenetically diverse, and represented eight known class lineages as well as undesignated lineages. Because most ciliates are bacterivorous, it is highly likely that the ciliates for which sequences were recovered play a role in the food web of this ecosystem as grazers of microbial mats. In addition, given that the environment studied is under highly reduced (anoxic) conditions, based on the prokaryotic community structure deduced from T-RFLP profiles, the ciliates detected may be obligatory or facultative anaerobes. [source] Coming in From the Cold: The Role of Trade Unions on Public Policy Bodies at a Regional Level, with a Focus on London, the Southeast and the East of EnglandANTIPODE, Issue 5 2001Laurie Heselden This short article will review the comparative contribution of trade unions to the design and implementation of public policy before and after the election of the Labour government, 1 May 1997. The article will then explore those factors that have proved to be obstacles to trade union's greater or more effective engagement in public policy formulation. Finally, I will recommend possible remedies to alleviate those obstacles. [source] Facilitating Leiden's Cold: The International Association of Refrigeration and the Internationalisation of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes's Cryogenic LaboratoryCENTAURUS, Issue 3 2007Dirk VanDelft The International Association of Refrigeration (Association Internationale du Froid) was founded in January 1909. Right from the start, the Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853,1926) played a major role in the new association, which brought together the science of low temperatures; the refrigeration industry; applications of cold to foodstuffs, trade, and transport; and relevant legislation. In July 1908, Kamerlingh Onnes became the first person to liquefy helium, making his Leiden cryogenic laboratory the coldest spot on earth. Because of this success, he was one of the big stars of the First International Congress of Refrigeration, held in October 1908, in Paris. As vice president of the association and chairman of the ,first committee', which dealt with the science of low temperatures, Kamerlingh Onnes was able to strengthen Leiden's position as the leading international centre for cryogenic research. His presentation at the Paris congress unleashed a stream of guest researchers to Leiden, where they enjoyed Kamerlingh Onnes's hospitality and were allowed to extend their research to much lower temperatures then could be reached in their own laboratories. The Association provided grants for young physicists to perform research ,relevant to cold technology' in Leiden's cryogenic laboratory. In practice, however, the Leiden program dealt only with basic research. In 1920, in the wake of World War I, the Association was transformed into the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR). Kamerlingh Onnes, monsieur Zéro Absolu, maintained his key position. By stressing that the science of refrigeration had a golden future and that superconductivity, which was demonstrated in Leiden in 1911, would come to the aid of electrical engineers, Kamerlingh Onnes was able to secure the funding of his Leiden laboratory by the IIR. [source] Exergoeconomic Analysis of Heat Exchanger Networks for Optimum Minimum Approach TemperatureCHEMICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (CET), Issue 2 2008J. Zun-long Abstract Heat exchanger networks (HENs) design for optimum minimum approach temperature is presented using exergoeconomic analysis. Cold and hot utilities are integrated with process streams into T-H plots, forming balanced composite curves, based on pinch technology. Exergy consumption of heat transfer in HENs is calculated using subsection integral on balanced composite curves. Exergy consumption expense substitutes utilities cost as operating cost. The objective function based on exergoeconomics is proposed, which determines the optimum minimum approach temperature of HENs. Numerical results in the cases demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach. Some measures of decreasing energy consumption are disclosed in the dealing process as well. [source] Assessment and treatment of acute heart failure,Case study: Cold and dry profileCLINICAL CARDIOLOGY, Issue S5 2004FACEP, Gerard X. Brogan Jr. M.D. No abstract is available for this article. [source] Partial reversal of conduction slowing during repetitive stimulation of single sympathetic efferents in human skinACTA PHYSIOLOGICA, Issue 3 2004M. Campero Abstract Aims:, To describe and identify the function of a class of human C fibre with an unusual response to repetitive electrical stimulation. Other C fibres slow progressively at 2 Hz (type 1), reach a latency plateau (type 2) or hardly slow at all (type 3). Methods:, C fibres innervating hairy skin were recorded by microneurography in the superficial peroneal nerves of 19 healthy volunteers. Baseline electrical stimulation of the skin was at 0.25 Hz, and activity-dependent slowing recorded during stimulation at 2 Hz for 3 min and after a 3-min pause in stimulation. Results:, In 41 units, there was a partial recovery of latency during repetitive stimulation. These were classified as ,type-4' units, and identified as sympathetic efferents, since they exhibited spontaneously activity, which was enhanced by manoeuvres that increase sympathetic outflow (15 of 16 cases) and/or suppressed by a proximal anaesthetic block (eight of eight cases). The peak slowing during 2 Hz trains averaged 6.47 ± 2.06% (mean ± SD, n = 41), but after 3 min the slowing had reduced to 4.90 ± 2.20%, which was less than in all type 1 (nociceptor) fibres but similar to that in type 2 (cold) fibres. Compared with cold fibres, type-4 sympathetic fibres slowed more after the first 10 impulses at 2 Hz (2.57 ± 0.45%) and also after a pause in stimulation (1.66 ± 0.51%). Conclusions:, The distinctive activity-dependent slowing profiles of these type-4 sympathetic C units may help identification in vitro, and suggest that hyperpolarization-activated channels have a particularly prominent role in the axonal membrane. [source] Effects of immersion water temperature on whole-body fluid distribution in humansACTA PHYSIOLOGICA, Issue 1 2004J. M. Stocks Abstract Aim:, In this study, we quantified acute changes in the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments during upright neutral- and cold-water immersion. We hypothesized that, during short-term cold immersion, fluid shifts would be wholly restricted to the extracellular space. Methods:, Seven males were immersed 30 days apart: control (33.3 ° SD 0.6 °C); and cold (18.1 ° SD 0.3 °C). Posture was controlled for 4 h prior to a 60-min seated immersion. Results:, Significant reductions in terminal oesophageal (36.9 ° ± 0.1 °,36.3 ° ± 0.1 °C) and mean skin temperatures (30.3 ° ± 0.3 °,23.0 ° ± 0.3 °C) were observed during the cold, but not the control immersion. Both immersions elicited a reduction in intracellular fluid [20.17 ± 6.02 mL kg,1 (control) vs. 22.72 ± 9.90 mL kg,1], while total body water (TBW) remained stable. However, significant plasma volume (PV) divergence was apparent between the trials at 60 min [12.5 ± 1.0% (control) vs. 6.1 ± 3.1%; P < 0.05], along with a significant haemodilution in the control state (P < 0.05). Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentration increased from 18.0 ± 1.6 to 58.7 ± 15.1 ng L,1 (P < 0.05) during cold immersion, consistent with its role in PV regulation. We observed that, regardless of the direction of the PV change, both upright immersions elicited reductions in intracellular fluid. Conclusion:, These observations have two implications. First, one cannot assume that PV changes reflect those of the entire extracellular compartment. Second, since immersion also increases interstitial fluid pressure, fluid leaving the interstitium must have been rapidly replaced by intracellular water. [source] Muscle fibre size and capillarity in Korean diving womenACTA PHYSIOLOGICA, Issue 2 2003K. A. Bae Abstract Aim:, Effects of prolonged habitual cold-water immersion on fibre size and capillarity in vastus lateralis muscle were studied in human beings. The hypothesis tested in the present study was that cold acclimatized human skeletal muscle would have reduced muscle fibre size and higher capillarity, favouring the idea of efficacy of recruitment under cold environment. Methods:, Ten women breath-hold divers (BHDs) and 10 active women (controls CONs) participated in this study. Muscle biopsy was obtained from vastus lateralis and determined fibre type composition and capillary density. Results: A major finding was that all BHDs revealed a markedly smaller cross-sectional area (CSA) in all fibre types than the CONs, or even than any other morphological data reported in previous investigations. Furthermore, mean CSA of type II fibre (range 1205,2766 ,m2) was much smaller than type I fibre (2343,4327 ,m2). The number of capillaries per fibre in different fibre types in the BHDs was higher than in the CONs (P < 0.001), and diffusional area was smaller in type II fibres than in type I fibres (P < 0.001). The BHDs and the CONs have similarity in the percentage of type I fibres, but type II fibre was predominant in both groups. Interestingly the proportion of type IIx fibre in the BHDs was higher (31%) than in the CONs (22%). No significant difference was found in the thigh circumference between the groups. Conclusion:, The present study demonstrates that prolonged habitual cold-water immersion may induce a decrease in fibre size and an increase in capillarity in human skeletal muscle. [source] Temperature perception and nociceptionDEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2004Barry G. Green Abstract The specificity theory of somesthesis holds that perceptions of warmth, cold, and pain are served by separate senses. Although no longer accepted in all its details, the theory's basic assumptions of anatomical and functional specificity have remained guiding principles in research on temperature perception and its relationship to pain. This article reviews the response characteristics of thermoreceptors, temperature-sensitive nociceptors, and their associated pathways in the context of old and new perceptual phenomena, most of which cannot be satisfactorily explained by the specificity theory. The evidence indicates that throughout most of the perceptual range, temperature sensitivity depends upon coactivation of, and interactions among, thermal and nociceptive pathways that are composed of both specific "labeled lines" and nonspecific, multimodal fibers. Adding to this complexity is evidence that tactile stimulation can influence the way in which thermal stimulation is perceived. It is argued that thermoreception is best defined as a functional subsystem of somesthesis that serves the very different and sometimes conflicting demands of thermoregulation, protection from thermal injury, and haptic perception. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 61: 13,29, 2004 [source] Sorbitol and myo -inositol levels and morphology of sural nerve in relation to peripheral nerve function and clinical neuropathy in men with diabetic, impaired, and normal glucose toleranceDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 4 2000G. Sundkvist Abstracts Aims Sorbitol and myo -inositol levels and morphology of sural nerve were compared with nerve function and clinical neuropathy in men with diabetic, impaired (IGT), and normal glucose tolerance. Methods After neurography of sural nerve and determinations of sensory thresholds for vibration, warm and cold on the foot, whole nerve sural nerve biopsy was performed in 10 men with Type 1 diabetes mellitus, 10 with IGT, and 10 with normal glucose tolerance. Polyol levels were assessed by gas,liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results Sural nerve amplitudes were significantly lower and sorbitol levels significantly higher in diabetic patients (median (interquartile range)) (3.7 (3.5) ,V and 643 (412) pmol/mg protein, respectively) both compared with IGT (11.3 (10.6) ,V; P = 0.04 and 286 (83) pmol/mg protein; P = 0.0032, respectively) and normally glucose tolerant (10.0 (11.6); P = 0.0142 and 296 (250) pmol/mg protein; P = 0.0191, respectively) subjects. There were no differences in nerve morphology between the three groups. Nerve myo -inositol levels correlated, however, positively with cluster density (rs = 0.56; P = 0.0054). In diabetic and IGT subjects, sural nerve amplitudes (2.6 (3.8) vs. 12.1 (10.6) ,V; P = 0.0246) and myelinated nerve fibre density (MNFD; 4076 (1091) vs. 5219 (668) nerve fibres/mm2; P = 0.0021) were significantly lower in nine subjects with clinical neuropathy than in 10 without. Conclusions Nerve degeneration (i.e. MNFD) correlated with clinical neuropathy but not with glucose tolerance status whereas nerve myo -inositol levels positively correlated with signs of nerve regeneration (i.e. increased cluster density). [source] Heat or Cold Packs for Neck and Back Strain: A Randomized Controlled Trial of EfficacyACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 5 2010Gregory Garra DO Abstract Objectives:, Acute back and neck strains are very common. In addition to administering analgesics, these strains are often treated with either heat or cold packs. The objective of this study was to compare the analgesic efficacy of heat and cold in relieving pain from back and neck strains. The authors hypothesized that pain relief would not differ between hot and cold packs. Methods:, This was a randomized, controlled trial conducted at a university-based emergency department (ED) with an annual census of 90,000 visits. ED patients >18 years old with acute back or neck strains were eligible for inclusion. All patients received 400 mg of ibuprofen orally and then were randomized to 30 minutes of heating pad or cold pack applied to the strained area. Outcomes of interest were pain severity before and after pack application on a validated 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) from 0 (no pain) to 100 (worst pain), percentage of patients requiring rescue analgesia, subjective report of pain relief on a verbal rating scale (VRS), and future desire for similar packs. Outcomes were compared with t-tests and chi-square tests. A sample of 60 patients had 80% power to detect a 15-mm difference in pain scores. Results:, Sixty patients were randomized to heat (n = 31) or cold (n = 29) therapy. Mean (±standard deviation [SD]) age was 37.8 (±14.7) years, 51.6% were female, and 66.7% were white. Groups were similar in baseline patient and pain characteristics. There were no differences between the heat and cold groups in the severity of pain before (75 mm [95% CI = 66 to 83] vs. 72 mm [95% CI = 65 to 78]; p = 0.56) or after (66 mm [95% CI = 57 to 75] vs. 64 mm [95% CI = 56 to 73]; p = 0.75) therapy. Pain was rated better or much better in 16/31 (51.6%) and 18/29 (62.1%) patients in the heat and cold groups, respectively (p = 0.27). There were no between-group differences in the desire for and administration of additional analgesia. Twenty-five of 31 (80.6%) patients in the heat group and 22 of 29 (75.9%) patients in the cold group would use the same therapy if injured in the future (p = 0.65). Conclusions:, The addition of a 30-minute topical application of a heating pad or cold pack to ibuprofen therapy for the treatment of acute neck or back strain results in a mild yet similar improvement in the pain severity. However, it is possible that pain relief is mainly the result of ibuprofen therapy. Choice of heat or cold therapy should be based on patient and practitioner preferences and availability. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:484,489 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine [source] Palaeomonsoon variability in the southern fringe of the Badain Jaran Desert, China, since 130 ka BPEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 3 2006Quanzhou Gao Abstract Taking the Chagelebulu Stratigraphic Profile as a typical example, a comprehensive study has been conducted to elucidate the palaeoclimatic and geomorphic evolution patterns in the southern fringe of the Badain Jaran Desert, which were found to be complex and polycyclic in the past 130 ka. However, the fluctuating magnitude is not as remarkable as that in the eastern China sandy region. The shift in climate from interglacial to glacial and the uplift process of the Qinghai,Xizang Plateau are the two leading forces driving the evolution of the climate and desert landforms in this area. Seventeen cycles of cold, dry and warm, humid climatic stages were recognized in the Upper Pleistocene Series of the profile. The sharp uplift of the Qinghai,Xizang Plateau superimposed a cool and arid climatic trend in this area. As a result of the climatic changes, the desert in this area has undergone multiple stages of expansion and contraction since 130 ka bp. The middle Holocene Epoch and the early stage of the Late Pleistocene Period were the main periods when the sand dunes became stabilized, and the early and late phases of the Holocene Epoch and late phase of the Pleistocene Epoch were the main periods when the previously stabilized sand dunes became mobile. The late phase of the Pleistocene Epoch was the most mobile stage, when the aeolian sand activities formed the essential geomorphic pattern of the Badain Jaran Desert. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Relations between aerodynamic and surface roughness in a hyper-arid cold desert: McMurdo Dry Valleys, AntarcticaEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 7 2004Nicholas Lancaster Abstract Studies of boundary-layer winds and surface roughness characteristics of unvegetated rocky desert surfaces provide new insights into the relations between aerodynamic roughness and surface roughness, as described by the roughness density (,). The description of non-erodible roughness by the roughness density (,) is shown to be valid for rocky surfaces as well as sparsely vegetated surfaces and simulated surfaces in a wind tunnel. There is a good relation (r2 = 0·71) between aerodynamic roughness and roughness density (,), allowing use of the threshold friction velocity ratio to predict sediment transport rates on these surfaces. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||