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Cognitive Behavior Therapy (cognitive + behavior_therapy)
Selected AbstractsAssaultive Behavior Intervention in the Veterans Administration: Psychodynamic Group Psychotherapy Compared to Cognitive Behavior TherapyPERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHIATRIC CARE, Issue 3 2002Marilyn L. Lanza DNSc PURPOSE. To compare the efficacy of a psychodynamic psychotherapy group (PPG) and a cognitive-behavior group (CBG) for male veterans with a history of assault. METHODS. Data collected included the Addiction Severity Index, the Overt Aggression Scale, and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. Subjects (N = 27) were assigned randomly to a central group, PPG, or CBG. Analyses included an overall comparison of the groups as well as repeated-measures analyses and adjustments for covariates. FINDINGS. The PPG showed a trend toward improvement of overt aggression and significant improvement of trait aggression compared with CBG. There were no differences in state aggression or efforts to control aggression. CONCLUSIONS. Both the PPG and CBG are effective treatments for aggression. [source] Children and traumatic events: Therapeutic techniques for psychologists working in the schoolsPSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS, Issue 3 2009Steven G. Little It is clear that exposure to traumatic events is not uncommon in childhood and adolescence, and psychologists working in schools should have some training in meeting the needs of this segment of the population. One intervention that has been empirically supported in the trauma field is Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavior Therapy (TF-CBT). This article seeks to provide an overview of research on the efficacy of TF-CBT with children and adolescents who have experienced trauma with a primary focus on psychologists working in the schools. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] What Allows Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to Be Brief: Overview, Efficacy, and Crucial Factors Facilitating Brief TreatmentCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE, Issue 1 2001Lata K. McGinn Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) has been traditionally used as a short-term treatment for a wide range of emotional disorders and problems. In the present paper, we review aspects of CBT that allow it to be time efficient. Specifically, CBT maximizes efficiency because it uses manual-based, empirically supported treatment strategies and defines specific, measurable, and achievable target goals. A focused assessment process and a relatively structured session format facilitate the implementation of treatment strategies without delay and allow the therapist to make efficient use of session time. Once treatment is implemented, a periodic review of treatment progress using objective criteria enables the therapist and client to make informed decisions about the direction of treatment. CBT uses strategies to enhance generalization and prevent relapse and empowers patients by providing them with skills they can use outside therapy sessions. Finally, the therapist's active, directive stance plays a critical role in making CBT time-efficient. [source] A review of empirically supported psychological therapies for mood disorders in adultsDEPRESSION AND ANXIETY, Issue 10 2010Steven D. Hollon Ph.D. Abstract Background: The mood disorders are prevalent and problematic. We review randomized controlled psychotherapy trials to find those that are empirically supported with respect to acute symptom reduction and the prevention of subsequent relapse and recurrence. Methods: We searched the PsycINFO and PubMed databases and the reference sections of chapters and journal articles to identify appropriate articles. Results: One hundred twenty-five studies were found evaluating treatment efficacy for the various mood disorders. With respect to the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), and behavior therapy (BT) are efficacious and specific and brief dynamic therapy (BDT) and emotion-focused therapy (EFT) are possibly efficacious. CBT is efficacious and specific, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) efficacious, and BDT and EFT possibly efficacious in the prevention of relapse/recurrence following treatment termination and IPT and CBT are each possibly efficacious in the prevention of relapse/recurrence if continued or maintained. IPT is possibly efficacious in the treatment of dysthymic disorder. With respect to bipolar disorder (BD), CBT and family-focused therapy (FFT) are efficacious and interpersonal social rhythm therapy (IPSRT) possibly efficacious as adjuncts to medication in the treatment of depression. Psychoeducation (PE) is efficacious in the prevention of mania/hypomania (and possibly depression) and FFT is efficacious and IPSRT and CBT possibly efficacious in preventing bipolar episodes. Conclusions: The newer psychological interventions are as efficacious as and more enduring than medications in the treatment of MDD and may enhance the efficacy of medications in the treatment of BD. Depression and Anxiety, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Diversity of effective treatments of panic attacks: what do they have in common?,DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY, Issue 1 2010Walton T. Roth M.D. Abstract By comparing efficacious psychological therapies of different kinds, inferences about common effective treatment mechanisms can be made. We selected six therapies for review on the basis of the diversity of their theoretical rationales and evidence for superior efficacy: psychoanalytic psychotherapy, hypercapnic breathing training, hypocapnic breathing training, reprocessing with and without eye-movement desensitization, muscle relaxation, and cognitive behavior therapy. The likely common element of all these therapies is that they reduce the immediate expectancy of a panic attack, disrupting the vicious circle of fearing fear. Modifying expectation is usually regarded as a placebo mechanism in psychotherapy, but may be a specific treatment mechanism for panic. The fact that this is seldom the rationale communicated to the patient creates a moral dilemma: Is it ethical for therapists to mislead patients to help them? Pragmatic justification of a successful practice is a way out of this dilemma. Therapies should be evaluated that deal with expectations directly by promoting positive thinking or by fostering non-expectancy. Depression and Anxiety, 2010. Published 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Review of the long-term effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy compared to medications in panic disorderDEPRESSION AND ANXIETY, Issue 2 2003Deepa N. Nadiga M.D. Abstract Panic disorder is a recurrent and disabling illness. It is believed that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has a long-term protective effect for this disorder. This would offer CBT considerable advantage over medication management of panic disorder, as patients often relapse when they are tapered off their medications. This is a review of the literature about the long-term effectiveness of CBT. We searched for follow-up studies of panic disorder using CBT. Of the 78 citations produced in the initial search, most had major methodological flaws, including ignoring losses to follow-up, not accounting for interval treatment, and unclear reporting. Three papers met strict methodological criteria, and two of these demonstrated a modest protective effect of CBT in panic disorder patients. We make recommendations for well-designed studies involving comparisons of medications and cognitive behavior therapy. Depression and Anxiety 17:58,64, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Failure to improve cigarette smoking abstinence with transdermal selegiline + cognitive behavior therapyADDICTION, Issue 9 2010Joel D. Killen ABSTRACT Aims To examine the effectiveness of transdermal selegiline for producing cigarette smoking abstinence. Design Adult smokers were randomly assigned to receive selegiline transdermal system (STS) or placebo given for 8 weeks. All participants received cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). Follow-ups were conducted at 25 and 52 weeks. Setting Community smoking cessation clinic. Participants 243 adult smokers (,18 years of age; ,10 cigarettes/day). Measures Expired-air carbon monoxide confirmed 7-day point prevalence abstinence. Findings STS was not superior to placebo. More women than men were abstinent at 52 week follow-up (28% vs 16%, P < 0.05). Behavioral activation (BAS) moderated treatment response (P = 0.01). The survival rate through week 52 for those with high ,drive' scores on the BAS was 47% if assigned to selegiline and 34% if assigned to placebo. The survival rate for those with low ,drive scores' on the BAS was 35% if assigned to selegiline compared to 53% if assigned to placebo. Conclusion Transdermal selegiline does not appear generally effective in aiding smoking cessation though there may be a selective effect in those smokers with low ,behavioral activation'. [source] Extended cognitive behavior therapy for cigarette smoking cessationADDICTION, Issue 8 2008Joel D. Killen ABSTRACT Primary aim Examine the effectiveness of extended cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) in promoting longer-term smoking abstinence. Design Open-label treatment phase followed by extended treatment phase. Randomization conducted prior to entry into open-label treatment phase; analysis based on intention-to-treat to avoid threat of selection bias. Setting Community smoking cessation clinic. Participants A total of 304 adult smokers (,18 years of age; ,10 cigarettes/day). Intervention Open-label (8 weeks): all participants received bupropion SR, nicotine patch, CBT. Extended treatment (12 weeks): participants received either CBT + voicemail monitoring and telephone counseling or telephone-based general support. Measurements Seven-day point prevalence abstinence, expired-air carbon monoxide. Results At week 20 follow-up, CBT produced a higher 7-day point prevalence abstinence rate: 45% versus 29%, P = 0.006; at 52 weeks the difference in abstinence rates (31% versus 27%) was not significant. History of depression was a moderator of treatment. Those with a positive history had a better treatment response at 20 weeks when assigned to the less intensive telephone support therapy (P < 0.05). Conclusion The superiority of CBT to 20 weeks suggests that continued emphasis on the development of cognitive and behavioral strategies for maintaining non-smoking during an extended treatment phase may help smokers to maintain abstinence in the longer term. At present, the minimum duration of therapy is unknown. [source] Moral Agency, Cognitive Distortion, and Narrative Strategy in the Rehabilitation of Sexual OffendersETHOS, Issue 3 2010James B. Waldram I demonstrate that what forensic psychologists refer to as a "cognitive distortion" or "thinking error" is often embedded within a broader narrative, and that these narratives reveal the existence of identifiable strategies designed to communicate something salient, enduring, and moral about the offender. Through the examination of narratives offered by imprisoned sexual offenders, several such narrative strategies containing the seeds of moral agency are identified. It is suggested that CBT's current focus on cognitive distortions effectively eliminates this narrative context and thus serves to disguise and even eradicate the positive, moral notions of self that most offenders exhibit in some form or another. A rehabilitative approach that works with narrative, facilitating development of shared narratives among offenders and therapists, would allow for the emergence of a plan for morally agentive living, transcending what is currently possible within the hostile, challenging framework of CBT. [narrative theory; cognitive behavior therapy; moral agency; sexual offenders; prisons] [source] Cue reactivity as a predictor of outcome with bulimia nervosaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EATING DISORDERS, Issue 3 2002Frances A. Carter Abstract The present study sought to evaluate specific hypotheses concerning the relation between cue reactivity and outcome among women with bulimia nervosa. Participants were 135 women aged between 17 and 45 years with a current, primary diagnosis of bulimia nervosa who participated in a randomized clinical trial evaluating the additive efficacy of exposure and nonexposure-based behavior therapy, to a core of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). Physiological, self-report, and behavioral measures of cue reactivity to individualized high-risk binge foods were obtained at pretreatment and posttreatment. Primary, secondary, and tertiary outcome measures are reported for posttreatment and six-month follow-up. Self-report measures of cue reactivity at posttreatment were significantly positively associated with symptomatology at posttreatment. Cue reactivity at posttreatment was significantly positively associated with symptomatology at 6-month follow-up. However, cue reactivity at posttreatment did not contribute to the prediction of outcome at follow-up over and above posttreatment outcome. The notion that pretreatment cue reactivity may predict which treatment modality will be most beneficial (exposure or nonexposure-based treatment), as measured by reductions in symptomatology at posttreatment could not be supported. Implications for future research are discussed. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 240,250, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eat.10041 [source] Therapist empathy and client anxiety reduction in motivational interviewing: "She carries with me, the experience"JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 11 2009Lynne E. Angus Abstract In this article, we examine the use of motivational interviewing (MI) to treat generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) by means of case illustration that focuses on four categories drawn from the client's experience of the key ingredients in MI therapy. The case illustration, drawn from the York study on combining MI and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of GAD (uses the client's pre- and post-therapy narrative interviews) to arrive at categories representative of the client's experience of MI therapy. The results of the qualitative analysis highlight the key contributions to positive client outcomes and readiness for change in brief MI therapy for GAD. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 65: 1,12, 2009. [source] Computer-aided CBT self-help for anxiety and depressive disorders: Experience of a London clinic and future directionsJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2004Lina Gega This article describes a broad-spectrum, computer-aided self-help clinic that raised the throughput of anxious/depressed patients per clinician and lowered per-patient time with a clinician without impairing effectiveness. Many sufferers improved by using one of four computer-aided systems of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) self-help for phobia/panic, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and general anxiety. The systems are accessible at home, two by phone and two by the Web. Initial brief screening by a clinician can be done by phone, and if patients get stuck they can obtain brief live advice from a therapist on a phone helpline. Such clinician-extender systems offer hope for enhancing the convenience and confidentiality of guided self-help, reducing the per-patient cost of CBT, and lessening stigma. The case examples illustrate the clinical process and outcomes of the computer-aided system. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session. [source] Cognitive strategies and the resolution of acute stress disorder,JOURNAL OF TRAUMATIC STRESS, Issue 1 2001Richard A. Bryant Abstract Information processing theories propose that resolution of posttraumatic stress is mediated by activation of traumatic memories and modification of threat-based beliefs. It is argued that this adaptive response is associated with reduced cognitive avoidance. Thought control strategies were assessed in civilian trauma survivors with acute stress disorder (N = 45) prior to and following either cognitive behavior therapy or supportive counseling. Participants completed the Acute Stress Disorder Interview, the Beck Depression Inventory, the State Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Impact of Event Scale, and the Thought Control Questionnaire within 2 weeks of their trauma and 6 months following treatment. Receiving cognitive behavior therapy was associated with reductions in the use of punishment and worry, and increases in the use of reappraisal and social control strategies. Further, reduced posttraumatic stress symptoms were associated with increased use of social control strategies and reappraisal strategies, and decreased use of worry. Findings are discussed in terms of the cognitive strategies that may mediate acute posttraumatic stress. [source] Socioeconomic Status in the Treatment of DepressionAMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY, Issue 2 2009Lydia Falconnier PhD This study examined outcomes and attrition across three treatments for depression in relation to socioeconomic status (SES). The study was based on data available from the Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program (TDCRP) of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH; Elkin, 1994), a multisite collaborative study that examined the effectiveness of two forms of psychotherapy, cognitive behavior therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy, and pharmacotherapy. Results indicated that lower SES, measured by the Hollingshead Index of Social Position, was associated with less improvement across all three treatments for depression. The effect of SES on outcome did not differ by treatment modality. Contrary to expectations, SES was not associated with attrition. These findings suggest that there may be limitations in the use of these empirically validated treatments with lower SES depressed patients, as their improvement rates may be less than those of middle SES depressed patients treated by the same modalities. The results of this study also suggest that a standardized measure of SES may be more sensitive to SES differences in outcome than the more easily obtained measures of education or income. Suggestions are provided for additional research in this area to address the potential mediators and moderators of the association between SES and outcome. [source] Response of patients with panic disorder and symptoms of hypomania to cognitive behavior therapy for panicBIPOLAR DISORDERS, Issue 2 2003Rudy C Bowen Objectives:, The purpose of this cohort study was to determine in patients with Panic Disorder (PD): (1) the prevalence of subsyndromal symptoms of hypomania, and (2) whether subsyndromal hypomania symptoms affect the outcome of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for panic. Methods:, Using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, and DSM-III-R criteria we identified 18 individuals with a history of symptoms of hypomania among 56 patients with PD. Patients were treated in an open CBT group program. They were assessed before treatment and 6 and 12 months later. We used the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Pearlin-Schooler Mastery Scale (PMS), and the Social Adjustment Scale (SAS) at all assessments. Results:, The total group significantly improved on all measures. The Clinically Significant Change was 71.4% and the Reliable Change Index 48.2%. Between 6 and 12 months, there was a trend for the hypomania symptom subgroup (PH) to continue to improve on the BSI Depression Scale, the Perceived Stress Scale, the Pearlin,Schooler Mastery Scale, and the Social Adjustment Scale but to lose gains on the BSI Phobic Anxiety and Somatization subscales compared with the group without symptoms of hypomania (PNH). Conclusions:, Thirty-two percent of patients with PD had symptoms of hypomania. With CBT for panic, patients with PD and symptoms of hypomania improve as much as those without hypomania symptoms. The presence or absence of symptoms of hypomania might help explain the inconsistent effects of depression and personality disorders on the treatment of PD. [source] Behavioral Activation Treatment for Depression: A CommentaryCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE, Issue 3 2001Steven D. Hollon Over the last two decades, cognitive therapy has largely eclipsed more purely behavioral interventions in the treatment of depression. Although cognitive behavior therapy has fared well in controlled clinical trials, behavior therapy has tended to languish, despite doing well in earlier trials. Jacobson and colleagues describe an approach to behavioral activation that is likely to reinvigorate interest in more purely behavioral interventions. This approach is based on a contextual analysis of the external events that trigger distress and the consequences that follow what are often ineffectual efforts to cope. Recent studies suggest that the approach may both be effective and easy to disseminate to applied clinical settings. [source] | ||||||||||||||||