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Cognitive Approach (cognitive + approach)
Selected AbstractsA Cognitive Approach to the Development of Early LanguageCHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 1 2009Susan A. Rose A controversial issue in the field of language development is whether language emergence and growth is dependent solely on processes specifically tied to language or could also depend on basic cognitive processes that affect all aspects of cognitive competence (domain-general processes). The present article examines this issue using a large battery of infant information-processing measures of memory, representational competence, processing speed, and attention, many of which have been shown to predict general cognition in a cohort of full-terms and preterms. Results showed that various aspects of infant memory and representational competence (a) related to language at both 12 and 36 months, (b) predicted similarly for the two groups, and (c) predicted 36-month language, independently of birth status, 12-month language, and the 12-month Bayley Mental Development Index. Additionally, the results established predictive validity for the MacArthur 12-month language measure. These findings support a domain-general view of language. [source] Reinvigorating the Study of Foreign Policy Decision Making: Toward a Constructivist ApproachFOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS, Issue 1 2007DAVID PATRICK HOUGHTON For many years, the study of foreign policy analysis (FPA) has been a kind of free-floating enterprise, logically unconnected to the main theories of international relations (IR). Sometimes, it has been subsumed under the liberal or pluralist sections of textbooks, and at other times placed within a discussion of realism. But the logical connections to both of these paradigms were always strained. The appeal of FPA approaches has also waxed and waned over the years, in part because these approaches do not appear to "fit" anywhere within the framework of the larger debates going on in IR. This article suggests that a dialogue with social constructivism provides the most logical base from which to launch a revitalized approach to FPA, especially the cognitive psychological approach to the study of foreign policy. If the FPA agenda is to be reinvigorated and taken more seriously outside the subfield itself, this article suggests, it must hitch its wagon to some of the critical substantive debates going on in IR theory today. Indeed, there are already some signs that the cognitive approach to FPA in particular is increasingly being associated with this larger body of theory. [source] Coping with job stress in industries: A cognitive approachHUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS IN MANUFACTURING & SERVICE INDUSTRIES, Issue 3 2001Sun-Kyu Lee This study examined the roles of the coping strategies used by individuals to cope with job stress. The coping strategy was formed throughout the cognitive appraisal of the stressful events. It was found that direct action coping strategy shows negative relations with job stressors, whereas there are positive relations between stressors and other coping strategies. This implies that direct action coping strategy is used to alleviate the job stress by affirmatively changing the deleterious effects of job stressors in the work environment, while other coping strategies led to the positive impact on job stress or negative impact on job performance. To secure the usability and applicability of the model in practice, more considerations in the future should be made on the mediating variables such as personality type and social support, which are possible variables impacting the selection of coping strategy. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [source] The information-processing approach to the human mind: Basics and beyondJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2004Daniel David Cognitive psychology attempts to understand the nature of the human mind by using the information-processing approach. In this article, the fundamentals of the cognitive approach will be presented. It will be argued that the human mind can be described at three levels,computational, algorithmic,representational, and implementational,and that the cognitive approach has both important theoretical and practical/clinical implications. Finally, it will be suggested that the study of cognitive psychology can provide a foundation for other fields of social science, including the field of clinical psychology. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol. [source] Clinical science and human behaviorJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 9 2001Joseph J. Plaud The debate between mentalism/cognitivism and behaviorism is analyzed, and it is concluded that behaviorism is the philosophy more closely associated with psychology as a behavioral science, the cognitive approach being more closely aligned with biological science. Specific objections to mentalistic interpretations of behavioral phenomena are detailed, and examples from clinical psychology are used to show the importance of behavioral approaches in applied domains. It is argued that the relation between behavior theory and clinical psychology is critical to the continued advancement of applied psychology. Behavior analysis is offered as a direct, applied extension of behavior theory as well as a highly practical and effective approach for understanding, explaining, and modifying the factors that contribute to and maintain maladaptive behaviors. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 1089,1102, 2001. [source] Cognitive strategy use by children with Asperger's syndrome during intervention for motor-based goalsAUSTRALIAN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY JOURNAL, Issue 2 2009Sylvia Rodger Background:,Cognitive Orientation for (daily) Occupational Performance (CO-OP) is a cognitive approach utilised by occupational therapists to help guide children in the discovery of appropriate strategies for effective task performance through a structured problem-solving process. There has been limited research into its utility for children with Asperger's syndrome (AS). These children often present with motor difficulties, although these are not required for diagnosis of the syndrome. A recent study found that children with AS were able to use the CO-OP framework to enhance their performance of motor-based goals. Methods:,This paper presents two case studies demonstrating the use of CO-OP with children with AS, and explores the global and domain-specific strategies and types of guidance utilised to improve their task performance. Two children with AS, aged 9 and 11, with above average intellectual ability, engaged in 10 sessions of CO-OP. All sessions were videotaped. One hundred minutes of randomly selected footage were coded per child using the Observer Software Package version 5.0. Results:,The mean interrater agreement for the two children was 94.06% and 89.30%. Both children (i) utilised the global strategies ,do', followed by ,plan' and ,check', (ii) used at least three domain-specific strategies in each session with ,task specification/modification' and ,body position' utilised most, and (iii) used limited verbal self-guidance. Conclusion:,These two children with AS were able to utilise cognitive strategies to effectively solve their motor performance problems. Children with AS and those with DCD used similar strategies to achieve motor goals. CO-OP appears to have potential as an effective intervention for children with AS. Study limitations, clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed. [source] Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Diagnosis and managementJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF NURSE PRACTITIONERS, Issue 3 2007Acute, CCRN (Adjunct Faculty, Charles A. Downs MSN, Continuing Care Nurse Practitioner Program, Nurse Practitioner) Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the current modalities employed in diagnosing and treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Special emphasis is placed on current guidelines, as defined by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Data source: A comprehensive literature review for COPD serves as the basis for this article. Conclusions: According to the National COPD Coalition (2004), there are nearly 24 million Americans who suffer from COPD. The incidence of COPD is rising globally and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. COPD is characterized by progressive decline in function, resulting in concomitant diseases, which increase healthcare dollar expenditures, thus making COPD a concern for healthcare providers in the United States and abroad. Implications for practice: Once a diagnosis of COPD is made, healthcare providers should explore multiple treatment options in an effort to find the most beneficial regimen. It is only when the treatments are individualized, including physiological therapies and cognitive approaches to lessen risks as well as to reduce exacerbations, that the patient with COPD is able to potentially experience a reasonable quality of life. [source] Psychoanalytic and cognitive approaches to a clinical case,THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOANALYSIS, Issue 4 2004HUGO BLEICHMAR First page of article [source] Are the dysfunctional beliefs that predict worry different from those that predict obsessions?CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY (AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THEORY & PRACTICE), Issue 6 2007Amparo Belloch Chronic worry present in Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and obsessions characteristic of the Obsessive,Compulsive Disorder (OCD) are cognitive phenomena that share some features, but they also differ on others. Based on current cognitive approaches, dysfunctional meta-cognitive beliefs underlie the development and/or maintenance of both GAD and OCD. However, to date, there has been little empirical evidence about the differences between the beliefs that predict the occurrence of obsessions and those that predict worry. This study focuses on the search for these differences and examines to what extent worry and obsessions are associated with a similar or different pattern of dysfunctional cognitive contents. One hundred and seventy-five community subjects completed measures of worry and obsessional intrusive thoughts, as well as questionnaires assessing obsession-related and worry-related meta-cognitive beliefs. Results showed that beliefs about uncontrollability and danger, as well as cognitive self-consciousness, play a central role in predicting worry, whereas the beliefs concerning the importance of thoughts and Thought,Action Fusion probability are relevant in accounting for the frequency of obsessive intrusive thoughts.,Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Poliheuristic Theory, Bargaining, and Crisis Decision MakingFOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS, Issue 4 2007Min Ye In the past decade, the application of the Poliheuristic (PH) theory to foreign policy decisions of various types, by numerous leaders, and in association with different research methods, has demonstrated its theoretical merit in integrating the divided rational choice and psychological/cognitive approaches. This article argues for a complementary relationship between PH and formal theory. On the one hand, PH can provide a framework in which abstract formal models can be connected with specific domestic as well as international circumstances. On the other hand, formal theory sharpens the rational analysis used in the second conceptual stage of PH. In this study, I formulate a revised Rubinstein bargaining model with war as an outside option and apply it to Chinese crisis decision making during the Second and Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis. In sum, this study makes three contributions to the literature on international crises and foreign policy analysis. First, it gives formal explanations on how PH can contribute to the game-theoretic approach in foreign policy analysis. Second, it presents what Bueno de Mesquita and Lalman (1992) called a "domestic politics version" of the canonical Rubinstein bargaining game, connecting international interactions with individual participants' domestic politics. Finally, it provides a way to test abstract game-theoretic models in particular domestic and international contexts of foreign policy making. [source] | |||||||||||||