Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Coffee
Terms modified by Coffee Selected AbstractsEFFECT OF STORAGE CONDITIONS ON THE SENSORY QUALITY OF GROUND ARABICA COFFEEJOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 6 2006CAROLYN F. ROSS ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine how long ground coffee beans could be stored at room and freezing temperatures before sensory changes could be detected, and to identify specific attribute changes associated with this storage. Ground beans were stored for 0 (fresh), 1, 2 and 3 weeks at room and freezing temperatures. Coffee was prepared from each of these treatments and difference testing was performed. Paired comparison tests were conducted on the fresh, 1- and 2-week-stored coffee grounds to examine the attributes of coffee aroma, flavor, bitterness and overall preference. At room temperature storage, results indicated significant (P < 0.05) differences in the coffee prepared from fresh versus the 2-week-stored ground beans. Coffee made from freshly ground beans had a stronger coffee aroma, less bitterness and was more preferred compared with the beans stored for 1 or 2 weeks (P < 0.05). At freezer storage, differences were detected between coffee prepared from coffee grounds stored for 1 or 2 weeks. Coffee prepared from grounds stored for 2 weeks had a stronger coffee aroma and was more bitter compared with the other storage times (P < 0.05). [source] Gatekeepers: the professions and corporate governance , Edited by John C. CoffeeCORPORATE GOVERNANCE, Issue 1 2007Andrew Chambers No abstract is available for this article. [source] Market-based Price-risk Management for Coffee ProducersDEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 3 2007Sushil Mohan Coffee is characterised by high levels of price fluctuation, which exposes producers to price risk. Its wide trading in international commodity futures markets offers scope for producers to manage the risk by hedging on these markets, the mechanism for which is based on the use of put options. This article uses historical data of actual put-options contracts to estimate the costs of the mechanism, the benefits being inferred from field evidence. It emerges that the costs are relatively low and outweighed by the benefits for most producers. The article then looks at the operational feasibility of the mechanism for producers and compares it with other hedging mechanisms. [source] Coffee ,avour: an overviewFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2004Roberto A. Buffo Abstract This paper is a concise review of the research on coffee ,avour to serve as a rapid reference on the subject. It covers the process of roasting coffee beans, the volatile and non-volatile components generated by the process and the chemical reactions responsible for their formation. Volatile compounds signi,cant on the determination of coffee aroma are given according to the most recent research. Finally, the paper discusses the chemical indexes used over the years to characterize coffee ,avour deterioration and estimation of shelf-life. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Coffee and hepatocellular carcinoma: Cause or confounding?,HEPATOLOGY, Issue 6 2007Prachi S. Patil M.D. No abstract is available for this article. [source] Coffee, tea, caffeine and risk of breast cancer: A 22-year follow-upINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 9 2008Davaasambuu Ganmaa Abstract The relation between consumption of coffee, tea and caffeine and risk of breast cancer remains unsettled. We examined data from a large, long-term cohort study to evaluate whether high intake of coffee and caffeine is associated with increased risk of breast cancer. This was a prospective cohort study with 85,987 female participants in the Nurses' Health Study. Consumption of coffee, tea and caffeine consumption was assessed in 1980, 1984, 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998 and the follow-up continued through 2002. We documented 5,272 cases of invasive breast cancer during 1,715,230 person-years. The multivariate relative risks (RRs) of breast cancer across categories of caffeinated coffee consumption were: 1.0 for <1cup/month (reference category), 1.01 (95% confidence interval: 0.92,1.12) for 1 month to 4.9 week, 0.92 (0.84,1.01) for 5 week to 1.9 days, 0.93 (0.85,1.02) for 2,3.9 days, 0.92 (0.82,1.03) for ,4 cups per day (p for trend = 0.14). Intakes of tea and decaffeinated coffee were also not significantly associated with risk of breast cancer. RRs (95% CI) for increasing quintiles of caffeine intake were 1.00, 0.98 (0.90,1.07), 0.92 (0.84,1.00), 0.94 (0.87,1.03) and 0.93 (0.85,1.01) (p for trend = 0.06). A significant inverse association of caffeine intake with breast cancers was observed among postmenopausal women; for the highest quintile of intake compared to the lowest RR 0.88 (95% CI = 0.79,0.97, p for trend = 0.03). We observed no substantial association between caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee and tea consumption and risk of breast cancer in the overall cohort. However, our results suggested a weak inverse association between caffeine-containing beverages and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Coffee: Growing, Processing, Sustainable EnvironmentINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 6 2005I.S. Arvanitoyannis First page of article [source] Ethiopia's Coffee Sector: A Bitter or Better Future?JOURNAL OF AGRARIAN CHANGE, Issue 2 2007NICOLAS PETIT Coffee, Ethiopia's largest export crop, is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. The Ethiopian coffee sector is highly dependent on international prices and affected by the structure and workings of the world coffee market. In this context, this paper seeks to identify what can be done in Ethiopia to improve the performance of the sector so as to yield benefits for the government and the estimated 15 million people dependent on coffee in the country. The paper argues that despite a limited room for manoeuvre, Ethiopia has not yet fully exploited its position as the producer of some of the best coffees in the world. A number of competitive advantages may still be seized if quality and consistency are guaranteed. In order to maximize this potential, and on the basis of a critical analysis of government policies and donor interventions in the sector, a number of recommendations are made. [source] EFFECT OF STORAGE CONDITIONS ON THE SENSORY QUALITY OF GROUND ARABICA COFFEEJOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 6 2006CAROLYN F. ROSS ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine how long ground coffee beans could be stored at room and freezing temperatures before sensory changes could be detected, and to identify specific attribute changes associated with this storage. Ground beans were stored for 0 (fresh), 1, 2 and 3 weeks at room and freezing temperatures. Coffee was prepared from each of these treatments and difference testing was performed. Paired comparison tests were conducted on the fresh, 1- and 2-week-stored coffee grounds to examine the attributes of coffee aroma, flavor, bitterness and overall preference. At room temperature storage, results indicated significant (P < 0.05) differences in the coffee prepared from fresh versus the 2-week-stored ground beans. Coffee made from freshly ground beans had a stronger coffee aroma, less bitterness and was more preferred compared with the beans stored for 1 or 2 weeks (P < 0.05). At freezer storage, differences were detected between coffee prepared from coffee grounds stored for 1 or 2 weeks. Coffee prepared from grounds stored for 2 weeks had a stronger coffee aroma and was more bitter compared with the other storage times (P < 0.05). [source] Physicochemical Characteristics of Green Coffee: Comparison of Graded and Defective BeansJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 5 2007K. Ramalakshmi ABSTRACT:, Defective (triage) coffee beans are beans rejected after separating the graded ones according to the size and color. These coffee beans represent about 15% to 20% of coffee production in India but are not utilized for beverages since these affect the quality of coffee brew. In the present study, physical characteristics such as bean density, brightness, titratable acidity, pH, moisture, and total soluble solids and also chemical composition, namely, caffeine, chlorogenic acids, lipids, sucrose, total polyphenols, and proteins, were evaluated in defective as well as in graded green coffee beans. The physical parameters such as weight, density, and brightness of defective coffee beans were low compared to the graded beans, which is due to the presence of immature, broken, bleached, and black beans. Caffeine content was low in triage beans compared to graded beans. Chlorogenic acids, one of the composition in coffee responsible for antioxidant activity, was found to be intact (marginally high in some cases) in defective coffee beans. Hence, triage coffee beans can be evaluated as a source of antioxidant or radical scavenging conserve for food systems. [source] Sensory Modeling of Coffee with a Fuzzy Neural NetworkJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 1 2002O. Tominaga ABSTRACT: Models were constructed to predict sensory evaluation scores from the blending ratio of coffee beans. Twenty-two blended coffees were prepared from 3 representative beans and were evaluated with respect to 10 sensory attributes by 5 coffee cup-tasters and by models constructed using the response surface method (RSM), multiple regression analysis (MRA), and a fuzzy neural network (FNN). The RSM and MRA models showed good correlations for some sensory attributes, but lacked sufficient overall accuracy. The FNN model exhibited high correlations for all attributes, clearly demonstrated the relationships between blending ratio and flavor characteristics, and was accurate enough for practical use. FNN, thus, constitutes a powerful tool for accelerating product development. [source] Snacking patterns influence energy and nutrient intakes but not body mass indexJOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 1 2003J. S. Hampl Abstract Objective To study dietary intake and body mass index (BMI) patterns among US adults, stratified by snacking patterns. Design The 1994,1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) provided the study sample. Snacking episodes were defined as a ,food and/or beverage break', and subjects were classified as morning, afternoon, evening, multiple or never snackers. Subjects/setting Our study included data from 1756 men and 1511 women who provided two nonconsecutive, multiple-pass 24-h dietary recalls. Statistical analyses Mean values of each subject's two 24-h recalls were used for analyses, and data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows and SUDAAN. Results Compared with women, men were more likely to be evening, multiple or never snackers. Male multiple snackers had significantly higher energy intakes than did afternoon and never snackers, whereas female multiple snackers had higher energy intakes than did morning, evening and never snackers. At the same time, male and female multiple snackers had more prudent energy-adjusted intakes of protein, cholesterol, calcium and sodium. Coffee, cola, milk, ice cream and fruits were among the most frequently consumed snacks by men and women. The BMI did not differ significantly across snacker categories. Conclusions These data indicate that snacking patterns have some effects on energy and nutrient intakes but not on BMI. Snack food choices remain a concern, especially beverages, including those that are sweetened. Vegetables and fruits as snacks should be encouraged. [source] Fair Trade Coffee, Sustainability and Survival, Berkeley by Daniel Jaffee, Brewing Justice, ( Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 2009).JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, Issue 5 2009Fair Trade Coffee. No abstract is available for this article. [source] Evaluating A Multiple-Family Group Access Intervention for Refugees with PTSDJOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY, Issue 2 2008Stevan Weine The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of a multiple-family group in increasing access to mental health services for refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study investigated a nine-session multiple-family group called Coffee and Families Education and Support with refugee families from Bosnia-Herzegovina in Chicago. Adults with PTSD (n = 197) and their families were randomly assigned to receive either the intervention or a control condition. The results indicated that a multiple-family group was effective in increasing access to mental health services and that depression and family comfort with discussing trauma mediated the intervention effect. Further well-designed studies of family interventions are needed for developing evidence-based interventions for refugee families. [source] The Potential Use of a Silicon Source as a Component of an Ecological Management of Coffee PlantsJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 7-8 2008J. C. Martinati Abstract Coffee is one of the most important agricultural export commodities in the world and it represents the main export from some developing countries. Therefore, the development of new methods of coffee management that improves production without causing any damage to the environment is an attractive alternative for producers. Much effort has been invested towards understanding the mode of action of compounds that can induce resistance against several pathogens without injuring the environment. Many researches have considered silicon efficient in avoiding plant pathogen penetration and development. Our aim was to verify the effect of potassium silicate and calcium/magnesium silicate in the development of coffee seedlings (Coffea arabica cv. Mundo Novo) as well as to evaluate the incidence of coffee leaf rust development under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was a completely randomized design with 12 treatments with 10 plants per treatment. The treatments were 0, 0.25, 1.25, 2.5, 4 and 5 ,m of Si for each source of silicon incorporated into the soil. The seedlings were inoculated with a urediniospores suspension of Hemileia vastatrix (2 mg/ml) at the seventh month after planting (six pair of leaves). Evaluations were performed by counting the number of lesions per leaf. The statistical analysis showed that the number of lesions reduced by up to 66% at the highest silicon dose when compared to the number of lesions in control plants. Infected plants were found to have a linear decrease of lesions with the increase of silicate concentration. The lowest number of lesions per leaf area was observed in plants that received 5 ,m of Si from potassium silicate. This result indicates the use of silicon as an alternative for an ecological management system for coffee disease protection. [source] Coffee and Cigarette Consumption and Perceived Effects in Recovering Alcoholics Participating in Alcoholics Anonymous in Nashville, TennesseeALCOHOLISM, Issue 10 2008Michael S. Reich Background:, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) members represent an important and relatively understudied population for improving our understanding of alcohol dependence recovery as over 1 million Americans participate in the program. Further insight into coffee and cigarette use by these individuals is necessary given AA members' apparent widespread consumption and the recognized health consequences and psychopharmacological actions of these substances. Methods:, Volunteers were sought from all open-AA meetings in Nashville, TN during the summer of 2007 to complete a questionnaire (n = 289, completion rate = 94.1%) including timeline followback for coffee, cigarette, and alcohol consumption; the Alcoholics Anonymous Affiliation Scale; coffee consumption and effects questions; the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND); and the Smoking Effects Questionnaire. Results:, Mean (±SD) age of onset of alcohol consumption was 15.4 ± 4.2 years and mean lifetime alcohol consumption was 1026.0 ± 772.8 kg ethanol. Median declared alcohol abstinence was 2.1 years (range: 0 days to 41.1 years) and median lifetime AA attendance was 1000.0 meetings (range: 4 to 44,209 meetings); average AA affiliation score was 7.6 ± 1.5. Most (88.5%) individuals consumed coffee and approximately 33% of coffee consumers drank more than 4 cups per day (M = 3.9 ± 3.9). The most common self-reported reasons for coffee consumption and coffee-associated behavioral changes were related to stimulatory effects. More than half (56.9%) of individuals in AA smoked cigarettes. Of those who smoked, 78.7% consumed at least half a pack of cigarettes per day (M = 21.8 ± 12.3). Smokers' FTND scores were 5.8 ± 2.4; over 60% of smokers were highly or very highly dependent. Reduced negative affect was the most important subjective effect of smoking. Conclusions:, A greater proportion of AA participants drink coffee and smoke cigarettes in larger per capita amounts than observed in general U.S. populations. The effects of these products as described by AA participants suggest significant stimulation and negative affect reduction. Fundamental knowledge of the quantitative and qualitative aspects of coffee and cigarette consumption among AA members will enable future research to discern their impact on alcohol abstinence and recovery. [source] Experimental evidence for the protective effects of coffee against liver fibrosis in SD ratsJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 3 2010Jang-Woo Shin Abstract BACKGROUND: Coffee is one of the most commonly consumed beverages worldwide. Accumulating clinical evidence has shown an inverse relationship between coffee and liver cirrhosis. We investigated the protective effect of coffee against liver fibrosis and underlying molecular mechanisms using a dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced liver fibrosis model. RESULTS: Coffee administration significantly prevented the deterioration of body weight, organ weight, and serum biochemistry by DMN treatment. Histopathological examination revealed that necrosis/inflammation and fibrotic septa decreased significantly in coffee-treated rats compared to those treated with DMN and water. Coffee administration also significantly inhibited the accumulation of hydroxyproline (P < 0.001) and the production of malondialdehyde (P < 0.05), as well as stellate cell activation caused by DMN injection. Coffee protected the depletion of glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase in liver tissue. In addition, coffee treatment inhibited the gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, transforming growth factor (TGF)-,, tumor necrosis factor-,, interleukin-1, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-, in liver tissues, and lowered the concentration of TGF-, and PDGF-, in liver. Coffee inhibited NO production by macrophages. CONCLUSION: Coffee exerts protective effects against liver fibrosis via antioxidant action and the suppression of fibrogenic cytokines, TGF-, and PDGF-,. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Review article: possible beneficial effects of coffee on liver disease and functionALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 1 2007I. S. H. CADDEN Summary Background Coffee is consumed by 50 percent of Americans every day. After oil, coffee is the second most valuable commodity in the world. In recent years a number of studies have suggested potential health risks associated with coffee consumption; however, the results are controversial. Whilst coffee has been reported to increase cardiovascular risk factors, other investigators have demonstrated its protective effects on diseases ranging from type 2 diabetes to Parkinson's disease. A number of investigators have focused their attention on the relationship between the consumption of coffee and liver disease. Aim, To examine the published literature to date in an attempt to establish the presence of an hepatoprotective effect of coffee. Methods, Using PubMed, we identified published studies and review articles relating to the effect of coffee consumption on diseases of the liver. Conclusion, A number of studies have reported the beneficial effects of coffee on abnormal liver biochemistry, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. At the present time the mechanism of this effect remains unclear as does the ,,dose'' required to achieve these benefits. [source] Coffee, caffeine-related genes, and Parkinson's disease: A case,control study,MOVEMENT DISORDERS, Issue 14 2008Maurizio F. Facheris MD Abstract An inverse association between coffee and Parkinson's disease (PD) has been reported. However, it remains uncertain why some but not all coffee drinkers are less susceptible to PD. We considered the possibility of a pharmacogenetic effect. In our study, we included 1,208 subjects (446 case-unaffected sibling pairs and 158 case-unrelated control pairs) recruited from an ongoing study of the molecular epidemiology of PD in the Upper Midwest (USA). We collected information on lifetime coffee drinking and we studied two genes: ADORA2A, which encodes the major receptor activity of caffeine in the brain (variants rs5751876 and rs3032740), and CYP1A2, which encodes the major rate-limiting step of caffeine metabolism (variants rs35694136 and rs762551). We did not observe significant associations of coffee drinking or of the genetic variants with PD susceptibility, either independently or jointly, in the sample overall and in most strata. Our study neither supports the hypothesis that coffee protects against PD nor provides evidence for a pharmacogenetic effect. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society [source] Making the Market: Specialty Coffee, Generational Pitches, and Papua New GuineaANTIPODE, Issue 3 2010Paige West Abstract:, Today the commodity circuit for specialty coffee seems to be made up of socially conscious consumers, well-meaning and politically engaged roasters and small companies, and poor yet ecologically noble producers who want to take part in the flows of global capital, while at the same time living in close harmony with the natural world. This paper examines how these actors are produced by changes in the global economy that are sometimes referred to as neoliberalism. It also shows how images of these actors are produced and what the material effects of those images are. It begins with a description of how generations are understood and made by marketers. Next it shows how coffee production in Papua New Guinea, especially Fair Trade and organic coffee production, is turned into marketing narratives meant to appeal to particular consumers. Finally, it assesses the success of the generational-based marketing of Papua New Guinea-origin, Fair Trade and organic coffees, three specialty coffee types that are marketed heavily to the "Millenial generation", people born between 1983 and 2000. [source] Twig-Nesting Ants: The Hidden Predators of the Coffee Berry Borer in Chiapas, MexicoBIOTROPICA, Issue 3 2010Ashley Larsen ABSTRACT Coffee is a globally important crop that is subject to numerous pest problems, many of which are partially controlled by predatory ants. Yet several studies have proposed that these ecosystem services may be reduced where agricultural systems are more intensively managed. Here we investigate the predatory ability of twig-nesting ants on the main pest of coffee, the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) under different management systems in southwest Chiapas, Mexico. We conducted both laboratory and field experiments to examine which twig-nesting ant species, if any, can prey on free-living borers or can remove borers embedded in coffee fruits and whether the effects of the twig-nesting ant community differ with habitat type. Results indicate that several species of twig-nesting ants are effective predators of both free-living borers and those embedded in coffee fruits. In the lab, Pseudomyrmex ejectus, Pseudomyrmex simplex, and Pseudomyrmex PSW-53 effectively removed free-living and embedded borers. In the field, abundance, but not diversity, of twig-nesting ant colonies was influenced by shade management techniques, with the highest colony abundance present in the sites where shade trees were recently pruned. However, borer removal rates in the field were significant only in the shadiest site, but not in more intensively managed sites. This study provides evidence that twig-nesting ants can act as predators of the coffee berry borer and that the presence of twig-nesting ants may not be strongly linked to shade management intensity, as has been suggested for other arthropod predators of the borer. Abstract in Spanish is available at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/btp [source] Effects of slope exposure, altitude and yield on coffee quality in two altitude terroirs of Costa Rica, Orosi and Santa María de DotaJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 11 2005Jacques Avelino Abstract This study assessed the effects of slope exposure, altitude and yield on several cup quality criteria of coffees from two altitude terroirs of Costa Rica, Orosi (between 1020 and 1250 m above sea level) and Santa María de Dota (between 1550 and 1780 m above sea level). East-facing slopes gave beverages with generally superior attributes, probably owing to better exposure to morning sunlight. These beverages were mainly more acid: at Orosi an acidity score of 2.73 out of 5 was obtained (3.64 for Santa María de Dota) for eastern exposures, as opposed to 2.36 on average (3.28 for Santa María de Dota) for other exposures. In addition, a positive relation was found between altitude and taster preferences in both terroirs. A negative relation was also found between yield and beverage acidity at Santa María de Dota, where some coffee trees produced up to 13 kg of coffee cherry. Coffees from Orosi were characterised by a floral flavour, which depended on slope exposure, whilst coffees from Santa María de Dota displayed a chocolate taste, which was more marked at high altitude. In both terroirs the caffeine, trigonelline, fat, sucrose and chlorogenic acid contents were not well correlated with the sensory characteristics. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Countryside Biogeography of Moths in a Fragmented Landscape: Biodiversity in Native and Agricultural HabitatsCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2001Taylor H. Ricketts We sampled moth species richness within a 227-ha forest fragment and in four surrounding agricultural habitats (coffee, shade coffee, pasture, and mixed farms) in southern Costa Rica. We found no significant difference in moth species richness or abundance among agricultural habitats, but agricultural sites within 1 km of the forest fragment had significantly higher richness and abundance than sites farther than 3.5 km from the fragment. In addition, species composition differed significantly between distance classes ( but not among agricultural habitats), with near sites more similar to forest than far sites. These results suggest that (1) different agricultural production regimes in this region may offer similar habitat elements and thus may not differ substantially in their capacities to support native moth populations and (2) that the majority of moths may utilize both native and agricultural habitats and move frequently between them, forming "halos" of relatively high species richness and abundance around forest fragments. Correlations between species richness and the amount of nearby forest cover, measured over circles of various radii around the sites, suggest that halos extend approximately 1.0,1.4 km from the forest edge. The extent of these halos likely differs among taxa and may influence their ability to survive in fragmented landscapes. Resumen: Los estudios de paisajes fragmentados, especialmente en los trópicos, tradicionalmente se han enfocado en los fragmentos nativos per se, ignorando las distribuciones de especies en áreas agrícolas circundantes o en otras áreas dominadas por humanos. Muestreamos la riqueza de polillas dentro de un fragmento de bosque de 227 hectáreas y en cuatro hábitats agrícolas (café, café con sombra, pastizal y campos mixtos) en el Sur de Costa Rica. Encontramos que no hubo diferencias significativas en la riqueza de especies o en la abundancia de polillas entre los hábitats agrícolas, sin embargo, los sitios agrícolas cercanos (<1 km) al fragmento de bosque tuvieron una riqueza de especies y abundancia significativamente mayor que las de los sitios lejanos (>3.5 km) al fragmento. Además, la composición de especies fue significativamente diferente entre las clases de distancia ( pero no entre los hábitats agrícolas), siendo los sitios cercanos más similares al bosque que los sitios retirados. Estos resultados sugieren que (1) los diferentes regímenes de producción agrícola en esta región pueden ofrecer elementos de hábitat similares y por lo tanto pueden no diferir substancialmente en lo que se refiere a su capacidad para sostener poblaciones de polillas nativas y (2) que la mayoría de las polillas pueden utilizar tanto hábitatsnativos como agrícolas y mover frecuentemente entre ellos, formando "halos" con una riqueza de especies y una abundancia relativamente altas alrededor de los fragmentos del bosque. Las correlaciones entre la riqueza de especies y la cantidad de cobertura forestal circundante, medida en círculos de diferente radio alrededor de los sitios de estudio, sugiere que los halos se extienden aproximadamente 1.0,1.4 km del borde del bosque. La extension de estos halos posiblemente difiere entre taxones y puede influenciar sus habilidades para sobrevivir en paisajes fragmentados. [source] Use of Premontane Moist Forest and Shade Coffee Agroecosystems by Army Ants in Western PanamaCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2000Dina L. Roberts Behavioral and distributional studies of these two species have been confined largely to humid lowland forest. We conducted intensive systematic area searches at elevations between 1200 and 1800 m in western Panama to assess the distribution of both species in intact premontane moist forest, shade coffee plantations, and sun coffee plantations. Both species were repeatedly observed in forest, shade coffee plantations close to forest, and shade coffee plantations distant from forest. Neither species was observed in sun coffee plantations. We believe that retention of certain forest-like characteristics in the traditional shade coffee farm contributes to the persistence of these forest organisms in modified landscapes. Large canopy trees not only provide shade that buffers temperature extremes but also supply the ground layer with regular inputs of leaf litter and coarse woody debris from fallen trunks. Both E. burchelli and L. praedator hunt in leaf litter, and E. burchelli uses coarse woody debris as nesting sites ( bivouacs). There were significantly fewer potential bivouacs available in sun coffee plantations than in forest and shade coffee habitats. Also, litter depth was less in sun coffee than in forest and shade coffee. Our results provide the first evidence that shade coffee plantations can provide additional habitat for E. burchelli and L. praedator, top predators of the leaf litter arthropod community. E. burchelli and L. praedator act as critical links between swarm-attendant bird species and leaf-litter arthropods, providing an easily exploited food resource that would otherwise be unavailable for many birds. Continued conversion of shade coffee plantations to sun coffee plantations could have negative effects on army ants and associated biodiversity. Resumen: Las hormigas arrierras Neotropicales, Eciton burchelli y Labidus praedator ( Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ecitoninae) son especies que requieren de extensas áreas de hábitat para cazar. Los estudios conductuales y de la distribución de estas especies se han realizado principalmente en bosques húmedos en tierras bajas. Desarrollamos búsquedas sistemáticas intensivas en elevaciones entre 1200 y 1800 msnm en Panama occidental para determinar la distribución de ambas especies en bosque húmedo premontano intacto, en plantaciones de café con y sin sombra. Las dos especies fueron observadas recurrentemente en bosque y en plantaciones de café de sombra cercanos y lejanos al bosque. Consideramos que la retención de ciertas características del bosque en las plantaciones de café de sombra contribuye a la persistencia de estos organismos de bosque en ambientes modificados. Los árboles no solo proporcionan sombra que amortigua la temperatura, sino que proporcionan hojarasca y restos leñosos de troncos caídos. Tanto E. burchelli como L. praedator cazan en la hojarasca, E. burchelli utiliza restos leñosos para anidar (vivaques). Encontramos significativamente menos vivaques en plantaciones de café sin sombra al compararlos con bosque y plantaciones de café con sombra. Asimismo, la profundidad de la capa de hojarasca fue menor en plantaciones de café sin sombra en comparación con bosque y plantaciones de café con sombra. Nuestros resultados proporcionan la primera evidencia de que las plantaciones con sombra proporcionan hábitat adicional para E. burchelli y L. praedator, depredadores de la comunidad de artrópodos en la hojarasca. E. burchelli y L. praedator actúan como eslabones críticos entre especies de aves que se alimentan de hormigas y los artrópodos de la hojarasca, proporcionando un recurso alimenticio fácilmente explotado que de otra manera no estaría disponible para muchas aves. La continua transformación de plantaciones de café con sombra a plantaciones sin sombra pudiera tener efectos negativos sobre las hormigas arrieras y la biodiversidad asociada. [source] Growth and Poverty Reduction in Uganda, 1999,2000: Panel Data EvidenceDEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 4 2003Klaus Deininger To explore factors underlying growth and poverty reduction in Africa while overcoming some of the limitations of cross-country analysis, this article uses micro-level survey and panel-data evidence from Uganda spanning 1992,2000. The high elasticity of both income growth and poverty reduction with respect to agricultural output (coffee) prices confirms the benefits from Uganda's decisive liberalisation of output markets. It also suggests the importance of product diversification to protect the poor against price shocks and the potential of cotton-market improvements in tackling persistent poverty in the North. The importance of improving access to basic education and health care emerges more clearly than in cross-country analysis, but benefits depend on complementary investments in electricity and other infrastructure, and reductions in civil strife. [source] Market Liberalisation, Vertical Integration and Price Behaviour in Tanzania's Coffee AuctionDEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 2 2001Anna A. Temu Whether market liberalisation can promote agricultural development in Africa depends on how well existing institutions can facilitate trade by private agents. This article assesses the performance of the Tanzania coffee marketing system after liberalisation and the emergence of private, vertically integrated exporters (VIEs). Increasing producer prices, declining marketing margins, and the continued provision of a useful auction for coffee that is delivered by traders who are not VIEs all suggest a degree of success for liberalisation. The presence of VIEs seems to have provided investment to reduce marketing costs, whilst a sufficient number of competing firms has limited non-competitive behaviour in the market for coffee that is traded at the auction by non-VIEs. [source] Limitation of nesting resources for ants in Colombian forests and coffee plantationsECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 5 2006INGE ARMBRECHT Abstract 1.,This study examines limitation of nesting resources for leaf-litter and twig-nesting ants as a mechanism of diversity loss across an intensification gradient of coffee production in Colombia. Twelve farms were selected and classified into four management types: forest, polygeneric shade coffee, monogeneric shade coffee, and sun coffee (unshaded coffee monocultures). 2.,At each of the farms, four treatment subplots were established at the corners of each of 10 25 m2 plots: (i) twig augmentation (adding 10 empty bamboo twigs); (ii) litter augmentation (tripling existing litter profile); (iii) twig and litter augmentation; and (iv) no manipulation control, for a total of 480 subplots. A twig addition experiment was also performed on coffee bushes. 3.,The results showed significantly more ant colonies in the forest and monogeneric shade coffee litter augmentation plots after 4 months. Litter-nesting ant species richness was higher in all three shade systems than in the sun coffee. The identities of ants nesting on coffee bushes were different from those in the soil level litter. Fewer species nested in bamboo twigs placed in litter in the most intensive systems. 4.,More ants nested in the resource addition treatments, and more ant species were found in forested habitats; however, a single mechanism cannot explain the observed patterns. It was concluded that a combination of bottom-up and top-down effects might lead to the loss of associated fauna with the intensification of these agroecosystems. [source] Biodiversity in tropical agroforests and the ecological role of ants and ant diversity in predatory functionECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 4 2006STACY M. PHILPOTT Abstract 1.,Intensive agricultural practices drive biodiversity loss with potentially drastic consequences for ecosystem services. To advance conservation and production goals, agricultural practices should be compatible with biodiversity. Traditional or less intensive systems (i.e. with fewer agrochemicals, less mechanisation, more crop species) such as shaded coffee and cacao agroforests are highlighted for their ability to provide a refuge for biodiversity and may also enhance certain ecosystem functions (i.e. predation). 2.,Ants are an important predator group in tropical agroforestry systems. Generally, ant biodiversity declines with coffee and cacao intensification yet the literature lacks a summary of the known mechanisms for ant declines and how this diversity loss may affect the role of ants as predators. 3.,Here, how shaded coffee and cacao agroforestry systems protect biodiversity and may preserve related ecosystem functions is discussed in the context of ants as predators. Specifically, the relationships between biodiversity and predation, links between agriculture and conservation, patterns and mechanisms for ant diversity loss with agricultural intensification, importance of ants as control agents of pests and fungal diseases, and whether ant diversity may influence the functional role of ants as predators are addressed. Furthermore, because of the importance of homopteran-tending by ants in the ecological and agricultural literature, as well as to the success of ants as predators, the costs and benefits of promoting ants in agroforests are discussed. 4.,Especially where the diversity of ants and other predators is high, as in traditional agroforestry systems, both agroecosystem function and conservation goals will be advanced by biodiversity protection. [source] The social life of coffee: the emergence of the British coffeehouse , Brian CowanECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Issue 3 2006S. D. Smith No abstract is available for this article. [source] Applications of the Liquid Cyclone in Biological SeparationsENGINEERING IN LIFE SCIENCES (ELECTRONIC), Issue 2 2004E. Ortega-Rivas Abstract Hydrocyclone technology has been suggested as a practical alternative in solid/liquid separations involving biological materials. This paper reviews applications of hydrocyclones in food processing, considering the non-Newtonian nature of most suspensions treated in the food industry. The hydrocyclone is easy to install and operate, and requires very limited space. It represents an unsophisticated piece of equipment, which runs in a continuous manner and it can be operated at lower costs than most solid/liquid separation techniques. Hydrocyclones have been used in the food industry for the refining of starch, to separate gossypol from cottonseed protein in cottonseed oil processing, and for some other applications, such as multi-stage mixer/separator extraction systems for soluble coffee. More recently, some other applications in biological systems, which will be discussed in this article, have also been tested. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||