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Clearer Understanding (clearer + understanding)
Selected AbstractsHenry VII in Context: Problems and PossibilitiesHISTORY, Issue 307 2007STEVEN GUNN Clearer understanding of Henry VII's reign is hindered not only by practical problems, such as deficiencies in source material, but also by its liminal position in historical study, at the end of the period conventionally studied by later medievalists and the beginning of that studied by early modernists. This makes it harder to evaluate changes in the judicial system, in local power structures, in England's position in European politics, in the rise of new social groups to political prominence and in the ideas behind royal policy. However, thoughtful combination of the approaches taken by different historical schools and reflection on wider processes of change at work in Henry's reign, such as in England's cultural and economic life, can make a virtue out of Henry's liminality. Together with the use of more unusual sources, such an approach enables investigation for Henry's reign of many themes of current interest to historians of the later Tudor period. These include courtly, parliamentary and popular politics, political culture, state formation and the interrelationships of different parts of the British Isles and Ireland. [source] With a Little Help from Their Friends: Exploring the Advice Networks of Software EntrepreneursCREATIVITY AND INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2003Cathleen A. McGrath This field interview study examined patterns and content of advice sharing networks among 20 software executives to provide a clearer understanding of how advice relationships are established, the types of advice that are shared and the role that relationships play in the support of information exchange and diffusion. Most advice relationships were formed from strong tie relationships, while systematic differences were found among the types of advice sought from advice relationships resulting from strong ties, business ties and weak ties. The preference of software executives for rich communication media supports the importance of establishing trust in advice sharing relationships. [source] The evolution of depression and suicidality in first episode psychosisACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 3 2010R. Upthegrove Upthegrove R, Birchwood M, Ross K, Brunett K, McCollum R, Jones L. The evolution of depression and suicidality in first episode psychosis. Objective:, To have a clearer understanding of the ebb and flow of depression and suicidal thinking in the early phase of psychosis, whether these events are predictable and how they relate to the early course of psychotic symptoms. Method:, Ninety-two patients with first episode psychosis (FEP) completed measures of depression, including prodromal depression, self-harm and duration of untreated psychosis. Follow-up took place over 12 months. Results:, Depression occurred in 80% of patients at one or more phases of FEP; a combination of depression and suicidal thinking was present in 63%. Depression in the prodromal phase was the most significant predictor of future depression and acts of self-harm. Conclusion:, Depression early in the emergence of a psychosis is fundamental to the development of future depression and suicidal thinking. Efforts to predict and reduce depression and deliberate self-harm in psychosis may need to target this early phase to reduce later risk. [source] Institutional Theory and Entrepreneurship: Where Are We Now and Where Do We Need to Move in the Future?ENTREPRENEURSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE, Issue 3 2010Garry D. Bruton Institutional theory is an increasingly utilized theoretical lens for entrepreneurship research. However, while institutional theory has proven highly useful, its use has reached a point that there is a need to establish a clearer understanding of its wide-ranging application to entrepreneurship research. Therefore, we will initially review the existing entrepreneurship literature that employs institutional theory to both understand the current status of the field, its current shortcomings, and where we need to move in the future. We then summarize and discuss the articles in this special issue and how they contribute to this process of advancing institutional theory and its application in entrepreneurship research. [source] REVIEW: Cognitive effects of nicotine: genetic moderatorsADDICTION BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Aryeh I. Herman ABSTRACT Cigarette smoking is the main preventable cause of death in developed countries, and the development of more effective treatments is necessary. Cumulating evidence suggests that cognitive enhancement may contribute to the addictive actions of nicotine. Several studies have demonstrated that nicotine enhances cognitive performance in both smokers and non-smokers. Genetic studies support the role of both dopamine (DA) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) associated with nicotine-induced cognitive enhancement. Based on knockout mice studies, ,2 nAChRs are thought to be essential in mediating the cognitive effects of nicotine. ,7nAChRs are associated with attentional and sensory filtering response, especially in schizophrenic individuals. Genetic variation in D2 type DA receptors and the catechol-O-methyltransferase enzyme appears to moderate cognitive deficits induced by smoking abstinence. Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene variation also moderates nicotine-induced improvement in spatial working memory. Less is known about the contribution of genetic variation in DA transporter and D4 type DA receptor genetic variation on the cognitive effects of nicotine. Future research will provide a clearer understanding of the mechanism underlying the cognitive-enhancing actions of nicotine. [source] Inside the Locker Room: Male Homosociability in the Advertising IndustryGENDER, WORK & ORGANISATION, Issue 3 2009Michele Rene Gregory The use of the term homosociability by male employers and employees has been a key issue in the construction and maintenance of the gendered labour market, especially in senior-level jobs. Male homosociability encompasses the formal old boys' networks and informal clubs or meetings, as well as humour and banter, referred to metaphorically in this article as the locker room. This article examines the locker room and its resulting forms of socializing, socialization, communication and rituals found in the advertising industry. To gain a clearer understanding of how the locker room constructs workplace opportunities, this article draws upon qualitative research and analysis and examines major service occupations in the advertising industry and the executives who inhabit them. Studying the relationship between the locker room and the production process provides additional perspectives on service work in the corporate sector, occupations and gender inequality. [source] In vitro evaluation of reactive astrocyte migration, a component of tissue remodeling in glaucomatous optic nerve headGLIA, Issue 3 2001Gülgün Tezel Abstract In order to improve understanding of remodeling events in the glaucomatous optic nerve head, the migration of optic nerve head astrocytes was studied in vitro. Since elevated intraocular pressure is an important stress factor identified in glaucomatous eyes, optic nerve head astrocytes were incubated under physical stress created by elevated hydrostatic pressure. In addition, they were incubated in the presence of a chemical stimulus, lipolysaccharide (LPS). Migration of reactivated astrocytes in the presence of these stressors was examined using chambers in which cell migration through extracellular matrix-coated pores is only possible following proteolytic digestion of the matrix. We observed that the migratory ability of optic nerve head astrocytes was approximately 4,6 times greater following exposure to elevated hydrostatic pressure or LPS for up to 48 h. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase, protein kinase C, and tyrosine kinase were found to be involved in the signal transduction for activated migration of optic nerve head astrocytes in response to elevated hydrostatic pressure or LPS. In addition, we observed that the stress-induced migration of optic nerve head astrocytes, which is accompanied by proteolytic degradation, resulted in the formation of culture cavities containing mucopolysaccharides. These in vitro findings provide a clearer understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of characteristic tissue remodeling events that occur, in vivo, in the glaucomatous optic nerve head. GLIA 34:178,189, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Genetic analysis of collagen-induced arthritis in rats: a polygenic model for rheumatoid arthritis predicts a common framework of cross-species inflammatory/autoimmune disease lociIMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS, Issue 1 2001Marie M. Griffiths Summary: Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is a useful model for dissecting the genetic patterns underlying susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and related chronic/inflammatory autoimmune diseases. CIA exhibits three phenotypes characteristic of autoimmune disease pathogenesis: abnormal levels of immune reactivity to self antigens; chronic inflammation of target organs expressing that specific autoantigen; activation and direct participation of invading mononuclear cells and resident tissue fibroblasts in organ damage. Over 25 different quantitative trait loci (QTL) regulating arthritis severity and autoantibody in rats with CIA are mapped. QTL-congenic strains show that certain CIA,QTLs can modulate arthritis independently. These monogenic models are proving to be highly informative for fine mapping and function studies, revealing gender effects and evidence of gene clusters. Recent genome scans of RA populations identified RA-susceptibility loci in chromosome regions homologous to rat chromosomal segments housing CIA,QTLs. Also, CIA,QTLs frequently co-localize with susceptibility QTLs mapped in other rat arthritis models induced with non-immunogenic adjuvant oils and/or in rat autoimmune models of multiple sclerosis and diabetes. Common autoimmunity genes and inflammation genes important to several human diseases are likely being detected in the various rat disease models. Continued dissection of the genetic underpinnings of rat arthritis models should provide candidate genes for investigation in human patients and lead to a clearer understanding of the complex genetics of RA. [source] Navigating a Way through Plurality and Social ResponsibilityINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ART & DESIGN EDUCATION, Issue 1 2008David A. GallArticle first published online: 21 JAN 200 Teachers need to have a clearer understanding of the dynamic process effecting change in culture and identity if they are to overcome fears about teaching diversity. This article draws on Eastern and Western insights on culture to clarify its dynamic process. In particular, teachers need to be aware of the two phases of culture: in one it appears as an organic integrity that suffers violence when any aspect of it is changed, removed or replaced; in the other it appears as a mechanical assemblage of parts momentarily caught in a particular relationship, comfortable with change. Each moment requires appropriate curriculum planning and pedagogical practice. Crucial to achieving that end is keeping the two phases distinct while exploring and exposing their relationship in culture and identity transformation. This will help a great deal to alleviate teachers'fears about teaching diversity or multiculturalism. [source] Aroma, touch and well-being: following the mind to wellnessINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE, Issue 3 2004J. C. Brahms Fragrances have been used since ancient times to deliver a variety of benefits. The term aromatherapy was first coined in the 1920s by a French chemist named Rene-Maurice Gattefossé, referring specifically to the use of natural fragrance essential oils to treat injury and disease. More recently, the discovery that touch is an important part of healthy human development has led to a greater understanding of its role as an essential part of maintaining wellness. With the growing mainstream acceptance of holistic health care, herbal remedies and nutraceuticals, aromatherapy has become much more broadly defined to include benefits which are strictly cosmetic in nature. Today, a variety of products ranging from candles to dish-washing liquids are marketed with ,aromatherapy' benefits. Although there is no legal definition of aromatherapy in the U.S.A., specific claims can affect whether a product is considered a cosmetic or a pharmaceutical. Outside of the U.S.A., the term aromatherapy itself has very specific connotations which can affect the regulatory status of potential product introductions. In recent years, a number of new tools such as psychophysical measures and brain imaging techniques have greatly enhanced our knowledge of how touch and aromas are interpreted by the mind and body. This symposium will review the current state of our understanding in this area with the objective of providing a clearer understanding of the sometimes subtle differences of the role of fragrance and touch in maintaining well-being and enhancing personal attractiveness vs. those which are pharmacological in nature. [source] Cognition following bilateral deep brain stimulation surgery of the subthalamic nucleus for Parkinson's diseaseINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY, Issue 5 2009Casey H. Halpern Abstract Objective Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by significant motor dysfunction and various non-motor disturbances, including cognitive alterations. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an increasingly utilized therapeutic option for patients with PD that yields remarkable success in alleviating disabling motor symptoms. DBS has additionally been associated with changes in cognition, yet the evidence is not consistent across studies. The following review sought to provide a clearer understanding of the various cognitive sequelae of bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS while taking into account corresponding neuroanatomy and potential confounding variables. Design A literature search was performed using the following inclusion criteria: (1) at least five subjects followed for a mean of at least 3 months after surgery; (2) pre- and postoperative cognitive data using at least one standardized measure; (3) adequate report of study results using means and standard deviations. Results Two recent meta-analyses found mild post-operative impairments in verbal learning and executive function in patients who underwent DBS surgery. However, studies have revealed improved working memory and psychomotor speed in the ,on' vs ,off' stimulation state. A deficit in language may be a consequence of the surgical procedure. Conclusions While cognitive decline has been observed in some domains, our review of the data suggests that STN DBS is a worthwhile and safe method to treat PD. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Corporate reputation: Meaning and measurementINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT REVIEWS, Issue 2 2005Rosa Chun Corporate reputation has attracted interest from a wide range of academic disciplines. It is also a growing focus for business and media attention. This paper examines the construct of corporate reputation, first by untangling the terminological problems that have been caused by the interdisciplinary nature of much of the earlier work in the area. The construct of reputation and the allied constructs of image and identity are each reviewed. A structure is proposed in which the three constructs can be seen as labelling different but allied concepts. I then move on to consider how reputation has been measured. The paper uncovers considerable confusion in the use of what might appear to be basic terms and links this to a subsequent lack of grounded measurement tools in the sector, until relatively recently. With a clearer understanding of the construct of corporate reputation and the allied constructs of image and identity, researchers are now well placed to test the relationships widely claimed by practitioners between corporate reputation and other variables such as commercial performance and employee and customer satisfaction. The review ends by illustrating some of the issues that can be assessed from the basis of a clearer conceptualization of reputation and its measurement. [source] An investigation into the values dimensions of branding: implications for the charity sectorINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NONPROFIT & VOLUNTARY SECTOR MARKETING, Issue 2 2006Helen Stride Branding is being adopted by charities and written about in academic and practitioner charity literature with increasing frequency. There is also growing concern, however, about the over-commercialistion of the sector and the misappropriation of techniques developed specifically for the commercial environment. Literature supporting the claim that charities are values-based organisations is reviewed and the proposition is made that it is in fact the non-negotiability of charity values that differentiate them from commercial organisations. Given the significance of values in the charity sector, the paper argues that a clearer understanding of how values are conceptualised in branding is necessary in order to establish whether branding is an appropriate and effective tool in the charity context. To achieve this, the paper reviews relevant branding literature focusing in particular upon the delineation of the values dimensions identified in for-profit branding models. To aid further understanding of these values dimensions in the non-profit context and their applicability (or otherwise) to it, the metaphors of brand as ,mirror', ,lamp' and ,lens' are introduced. It is argued that in the corporate sector the brand concept has been utilised to ,mirror' those values that underpin the needs and desires of consumers. In contrast to the passive mirror, when operationalised as ,lamp', it is claimed that the brand aims to influence both the values of the organisation and the values of its target audience. It is postulated that neither of these approaches is appropriate for values-led organisations and that it is only as a metaphorical ,lens', projecting the values of the organisation itself that branding offers an applicable and effective model in the charity context. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Concept of Social Exclusion in the European Union: Context, Development and PossibilitiesJCMS: JOURNAL OF COMMON MARKET STUDIES, Issue 3 2000Rob Atkinson In recent years the term ,social exclusion' has come to occupy a central place in the discussion of social policy and inequality in Europe. While the notion has acquired important strategic connotations, by stressing structural and cultural/social processes, the precise meaning of the term remains somewhat elusive. This article focuses on the reason for and the manner in which the notion of social exclusion has developed within the EU social policy discourse, aiming to provide a clearer understanding of its origins, functions and multiple dimensions. Whilst adopting a critical approach to the notion of social exclusion, the article suggests that the concept has played a positive role in keeping issues such as inequality and poverty on the policy agenda. The article also suggests possible ways in which social exclusion might be developed in a climate which has become less conducive, if not hostile, to an autonomous, activist EU social policy. [source] Children's and young people's experiences of chronic renal disease: a review of the literature, methodological commentary and an alternative proposalJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 6 2006Philip Darbyshire MN Aim., The aims of this paper were to review and critique existing research literature on children's and young people's experiences of chronic renal disease and to propose alternative approaches that may be more fruitful in addressing existing research shortcomings. Background., Chronic renal disease, which results in approximately 1·6,4 new cases per year per million population in the 0,15 years age group, is a serious illness that causes severe and irreversible reduction in kidney function. Despite modern medical advances, its significance and implications for the lives of the children and young people concerned are profound. Method., Salient literature for this review was obtained using the major health and social science electronic databases such as Medline, CINAHL, Psyclit and Sociofile. Manual searching of relevant books, journals and ,grey literature', combined with the genealogy approach, extended and strengthened the search. Conclusions., Research in this area focuses mainly on two areas, namely psychological adjustment and adaptation to end-stage renal disease. This research is grounded within a framework of empirical psychology that values objectivity, measurement and quantification. This predominantly psychometric approach is critiqued for simplifying the complex experience of end-stage renal disease and for pathologizing children and young people with this disease. We identify a significant gap in the research literature, namely the lack of research that takes into account these children's and young peoples'own perspectives of their experiences. Relevance to clinical practice., Chronic renal disease has a significant impact on children's and young people's lives. Understanding the experiences of these children is important for the provision of effective healthcare. Conducting child-centred qualitative research in this area would allow us to explore vital questions of meaning, perception and understanding. If health and social care organizations claim to provide ,consumer-focused' services, it behoves us to develop first a clearer understanding of the lives and experiences of children and families who seek our help and to use this knowledge and understanding to plan and provide more grounded and responsive services. [source] Changing trends in gastrointestinal disease in the Asia,Pacific regionJOURNAL OF DIGESTIVE DISEASES, Issue 4 2007KL GOH The new millennium has seen distinct changes in the pattern of gastrointestinal disease in the Asia,Pacific region. These changes are important as more than half of the world's population come from the region and therefore impact significantly on the global disease burden. The highest incidence of gastric cancer (GCA) has been reported from Asia and GCA remains a very important cancer. However time-trend studies have shown a decrease in GCA incidence in several countries in Asia. A rise in cardio-esophageal cancers as seen in the West has not been reported. On the other hand, colorectal cancer has been steadily increasing in Asia with age-standardized incidence rates of some countries approaching that of the West. The pattern of acid-related diseases has also changed. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a fast emerging disease with an increasing prevalence of reflux esophagitis and reflux symptoms. The prevalence of peptic ulcer disease has at the same time declined in step with a decrease in H. pylori infection. Many of the changes taking place mirror the Western experience of several decades ago. Astute observation of the epidemiology of emerging diseases combined with good scientific work will allow a clearer understanding of the key processes underlying these changes. With rapid modernization, lifestyle changes have been blamed for an increase in several diseases including gastroesophageal reflux disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and colorectal cancer. A worrying trend has been the increase in obesity among Asians, which has been associated with an increase in metabolic diseases and various gastrointestinal cancers. Conversely, an improvement in living conditions has been closely linked to the decrease in GCA and H. pylori prevalence. [source] Facilitation in the conceptual melting potJOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Issue 6 2009Rob W. Brooker Summary 1. Here we present an introduction to this issue's Special Feature arising from the British Ecological Society Symposium: Facilitation in Plant Communities (20,22 April 2009). 2. Papers in the Special Feature demonstrate the benefits that arise from cross-system application of general concepts, for example, the well-known stress gradient hypothesis. Such comparisons challenge our definition of facilitation, as well as our pre-conceptions on the nature of intermediary organisms. 3. We suggest that under some circumstances a clear definition of the two-way nature of interactions is essential, e.g. when considering the evolutionary implications of facilitation. In other cases, however, we can perhaps be more relaxed, e.g. when facilitation is a component of conservation ecology. 4.Synthesis. Overall we believe that establishing facilitation as an independent concept has driven substantial progress towards a clearer understanding of how ecological systems work. Through the links established by work such as that presented in this Special Feature, we believe this field will continue to make rapid progress and aid ecological understanding in general. [source] Nongenomic Actions of Adrenal Steroids in the Central Nervous SystemJOURNAL OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 8 2010N. K. Evanson Mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that are released by the adrenal cortex in response to stress and hydromineral imbalance. Historically, adrenocorticosteroid actions are attributed to effects on gene transcription. More recently, however, it has become clear that genome-independent pathways represent an important facet of adrenal steroid actions. These hormones exert nongenomic effects throughout the body, although a significant portion of their actions are specific to the central nervous system. These actions are mediated by a variety of signalling pathways, and lead to physiologically meaningful events in vitro and in vivo. We review the nongenomic effects of adrenal steroids in the central nervous system at the levels of behaviour, neural system activity, individual neurone activity and subcellular signalling activity. A clearer understanding of adrenal steroid activity in the central nervous system will lead to a better ability to treat human disease as well as reduce the side-effects of the steroid treatments already in use. [source] Osman and police immunity in the English law of tortsLEGAL STUDIES, Issue 3 2000Paula Giliker This article examines and questions the nature of police immunity from claims for negligence in the investigation and suppression of crime, as stated by the House of Lords in Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire. This issue has been discussed before the European Court of Human Rights in Osman v United Kingdom, where the court held that a blanket application of the immunity was contrary to art 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. This article will argue that this decision does not overturn the basic public policy principles for the immunity stated in Hill and that further examination of this area of law is required. It is submitted that if the law is considered in terms of proximity rather than in terms of public policy immunity, a clearer understanding of the principles underlying this area of law can be reached together with the desirable goal of removing the term ,immunity' from this area of law. [source] Overexpressed growth hormone (GH) synergistically promotes carcinogen-initiated liver tumour growth by promoting cellular proliferation in emerging hepatocellular neoplasms in female and male GH-transgenic miceLIVER INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2001Kenneth J. Snibson Abstract:Background/Aims: Growth hormone (GH), when overexpressed in male and female GH-transgenic mice, is known to induce liver tumours within 1 year. This study aimed to gain a clearer understanding of the interaction between GH and tumour cells in vivo. Methods/Results: The carcinogen diethylnitrosomine (DEN) was administered to neo-natal transgenic and non-transgenic mice maintained in a "hepatocarcinogenesis resistant" genetic background (C57BL/6J). Macroscopic, microscopic and liver weight/body weight ratio analyses revealed that carcinogen-induced hepatocarcinogenesis was dramatically accelerated in young GH-transgenic mice compared to non-transgenic counterparts. Image analysis of microscopic hepatocellular neoplasms showed rapidly increasing tumour burdens, and neoplastic foci size over time in young adult GH-transgenic mice. The magnitude of enhanced tumour growth was equivalent in both male and female transgenic mice, whereas much lower and sexually dimorphic tumour growth rates (males>females) were observed in non-transgenic mice treated with DEN. BrdU labelling experiments demonstrated that rapid tumour growth in carcinogen-treated GH-transgenic mice was due to the promotion of cell proliferation in emerging lesions. Tumour cell proliferation in young GH-transgenic mice was 2.6- and 4-fold higher, respectively, than that observed in similar age male and female non-transgenic mice. Interestingly, both GH-transgenic and non-transgenic mice displayed progressively slower tumour growth rates in older animals. Conclusion: Overall, GH synergistically promotes carcinogen-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in both sexes of GH-transgenic mice by stimulating tumour cell proliferation. [source] Functions of corticotropin-releasing hormone in anthropoid primates: From brain to placentaAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2006Michael L. Power Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is an ancient regulatory molecule. The CRH hormone family has at least four ligands, two receptors, and a binding protein. Its well-known role in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is only one of many. The expression of CRH and its related peptides is widespread in peripheral tissue, with important functions in the immune system, energy metabolism, and female reproduction. For example, CRH is involved in the implantation of fertilized ova and in maternal tolerance to the fetus. An apparently unique adaptation has evolved in anthropoid primates: placental expression of CRH. Placental CRH stimulates the fetal adrenal zone, an adrenal structure unique to primates, to produce dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), which is converted to estrogen by the placenta. Cortisol induced from the fetal and maternal adrenal glands by placental CRH induces further placental CRH expression, forming a positive feedback system that results in increasing placental production of estrogen. In humans, abnormally high placental expression of CRH is associated with pregnancy complications (e.g., preterm labor, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and preeclampsia). Within anthropoid primates, there are at least two patterns of placental CRH expression over gestation: monkeys differ from great apes (and humans) by having a midgestational peak in CRH expression. The functional significance of these differences between monkeys and apes is not yet understood, but it supports the hypothesis that placental CRH performs multiple roles during gestation. A clearer understanding of the diversity of patterns of placental CRH expression among anthropoid primates would aid our understanding of its role in human pregnancy. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:431,447, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Neurobiological Processes in Adolescent Addictive DisordersTHE AMERICAN JOURNAL ON ADDICTIONS, Issue 1 2008Ty S. Schepis PhD The purpose of this review is to summarize the neurobiological factors involved in the etiology of adolescent addiction and present evidence implicating various mechanisms in its development. Adolescents are at heightened risk for experimentation with substances, and early experimentation is associated with higher rates of SUD in adulthood. Both normative (e.g., immature frontal-limbic connections, immature frontal lobe development) and non-normative (e.g., lowered serotonergic function, abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function) neurobiological developmental factors can predispose adolescents to a heightened risk for SUD. In addition, a normative imbalance in the adolescent neurobiological motivational system may be caused by the relative underdevelopment of suppressive mechanisms when compared to stimulatory systems. These neurobiological liabilities may correspond to neurobehavioral impairments in decision-making, affiliation with deviant peers and externalizing behavior; these and other cognitive and behavioral traits converge with neurobiological factors to increase SUD risk. The progression to SUD acts as an amplifying feedback loop, where the development of SUD results in reciprocal impairments in neurobehavioral and neurobiological processes. A clearer understanding of adolescent neurobiology is a necessary step in the development of prevention and treatment interventions for adolescent SUD. [source] Inspecting The Mechanism: Closed-Form Solutions For Asset Prices In Real Business Cycle Models*THE ECONOMIC JOURNAL, Issue 489 2003Martin Lettau We derive closed-form solutions for asset prices in an RBC economy. The equations are based on a log-linear solution of the RBC model and allow a clearer understanding of the determination of risk premia in models with production. We demonstrate not only why the premium of equity over the risk-free rate is small but also why the premium of equity over a real long-term bond is small and often negative. In particular, risk premia for equity and long real bonds are negative when technology shocks are permanent. [source] Arendt, Augustine And EvilTHE HEYTHROP JOURNAL, Issue 2 2000David Grumett The publication of Hannah Arendt's doctoral these Love and Saint Augustine forces reappraisal of the view that Arendt's concept of evil originates in her experience of totalitarianism and coverage of the Eichmann trial. Augustine's account of the original nature of evil in the contexts of ontology, society and divine providence in fact provides the basis for Arendt's analysis of the banality of evil in the individual, the social, and the political spheres. Augustine's internal and external mental triads moreover contribute to Arendt's own thinking-willing-judging triad and allow a clearer understanding of its dynamics. The fact that Arendt's analysis derives much of its power from her appropriation of Augustinian theological concepts suggests a need for the increased diffusion of theological concepts in political thought. [source] REVIEW ARTICLE: Placental Apoptosis in Health and DiseaseAMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Andrew N. Sharp Citation Sharp AN, Heazell AEP, Crocker IP, Mor G. Placental apoptosis in health and disease. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 64: 159,169 Apoptosis, programmed cell death, is an essential feature of normal placental development but is exaggerated in association with placental disease. Placental development relies upon effective implantation and invasion of the maternal decidua by the placental trophoblast. In normal pregnancy, trophoblast apoptosis increases with placental growth and advancing gestation. However, apoptosis is notably exaggerated in the pregnancy complications, hydatidiform mole, pre-eclampsia, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Placental apoptosis may be initiated by a variety of stimuli, including hypoxia and oxidative stress. In common with other cell-types, trophoblast apoptosis follows the extrinsic or intrinsic pathways culminating in the activation of caspases. In contrast, the formation of apoptotic bodies is less clearly identified, but postulated by some to involve the clustering of apoptotic nuclei and liberation of this material into the maternal circulation. In addition to promoting a favorable maternal immune response, the release of this placental-derived material is thought to provoke the endothelial dysfunction of pre-eclampsia. Widespread apoptosis of the syncytiotrophoblast may also impair trophoblast function leading to the reduction in nutrient transport seen in IUGR. A clearer understanding of placental apoptosis and its regulation may provide new insights into placental pathologies, potentially suggesting therapeutic targets. [source] Thermal shock and germination in North-West European Genisteae: implications for heathland management and invasive weed control using fireAPPLIED VEGETATION SCIENCE, Issue 3 2009M.E. Hanley Abstract Question: Is the stimulation of germination by thermal shock (resulting from the passage of fire) commonly observed for Mediterranean-climate Fabaceae also apparent for NW European Genisteae (Fabaceae) species? Location: Southern England and NW France. Methods: The germination of Cytisus scopiarius, Genista anglica, Ulex europaeus, Ulex gallii and Ulex minor was examined following exposure to a range of temperatures (50°C, 65°C, 80°C, 95°C and 110°C) applied to seeds for 5 min. A sixth Mediterranean-origin species (Spartium junceum) was also included since it is a common invasive in NW Europe and North America. Results: All five native NW European species displayed increased germination following thermal shock, even when seeds were heated to 110°C. However, there was some variation depending on provenance: in contrast to seeds collected from southern England, germination of French C. scopiarius seeds was unaffected by temperature. Spartium junceum germinated most at 95°C, but was the only species to show reduced germination when seeds were heated to 110°C. Conclusions: The NW European Genisteae appear to be pre-adapted to the high temperatures associated with fire; a response attributable to their evolutionary origins in the fire-prone ecosystems of the Mediterranean Basin. Consequently, projected increases in fire frequency linked to climate change may stimulate their regeneration in NW European heathlands, potentially altering the species composition of these ecosystems. Additionally, a clearer understanding of the interaction between thermal shock and germination may explain why fire has so frequently been ineffective in controlling invasive Genisteae populations worldwide. [source] Tales from the old guards: Bithnah Fort, Fujairah, United Arab EmiratesARABIAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND EPIGRAPHY, Issue 1 2009Michele C. Ziolkowski This article examines the historical site of Bithnah fort, United Arab Emirates. Relevant historical sources were investigated, which highlighted the strategic importance of Bithnah's location in the Wadi Ham. A theoretical date was proposed for the site based on these historical references. The architectural features and material culture were combined with ethnographic information. This combination of sources allowed for a much clearer understanding of the fort's layout and interior use of space. It also provided a context for the village and agricultural space that surround the fortification of Bithnah. [source] Riesling acetal is a precursor to 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN) in wineAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF GRAPE AND WINE RESEARCH, Issue 1 2009MERRAN A. DANIEL Abstract Background and Aims:, Knowledge of the formation and fate of aroma compounds is important to an understanding of the processes that affect wine composition and flavour. This study aimed to investigate the competitive formation and degradation of 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN) and 2,2,6,8-tetramethyl-7,11-dioxatricyclo[6.2.1.01,6]undec-4-ene (Riesling acetal) under wine storage conditions. Methods and Results:, 1,1,5-trimethyl-3,6-dihydroxy-9,9-ethylenedioxymegastigm-4-ene was synthesised in the laboratory by using standard organic chemistry transformation methodology and was subsequently used to prepare both Riesling acetal and TDN. At 45°C in model wine, approximately 40% of Riesling acetal was converted to TDN after 60 days at pH 3.2, whereas 80% was converted after 60 days at pH 3.0, as established by GC/MS analysis. Under more vigorous conditions, this conversion was complete and the TDN thus formed was completely stable. Conclusion:, Riesling acetal is a precursor to TDN at wine pH, rather than a competing end-product formed by the acid-catalysed hydrolysis of precursors common to both compounds. TDN is chemically stable to wine acid. Significance of the Study:, The findings provide a clearer understanding of the factors affecting the concentration of TDN (kerosene, bottle-age aroma) in older wines and thereby have the potential to indicate strategies for modulating the formation of TDN. [source] How to tweak a beak: molecular techniques for studying the evolution of size and shape in Darwin's finches and other birdsBIOESSAYS, Issue 1 2007Richard A. Schneider A flurry of technological advances in molecular, cellular and developmental biology during the past decade has provided a clearer understanding of mechanisms underlying phenotypic diversification. Building upon such momentum, a recent paper tackles one of the foremost topics in evolution, that is the origin of species-specific beak morphology in Darwin's finches.1 Previous work involving both domesticated and wild birds implicated a well-known signaling pathway (i.e. bone morphogenetic proteins) and one population of progenitor cells in particular (i.e. cranial neural crest), as primary factors for establishing beak size and shape. But these results were limited in their ability to explain fully the morphogenetic bases of patterned outgrowth. So in a quest to identify novel genes whose expression correlated with differences in beak anatomy among Darwin's finches, a DNA microarray approach was undertaken using tissues harvested from the Galápagos Islands. The results are striking and point to a protein called calmodulin, which is a mediator of cellular calcium signaling, as a key determinant of beak length. BioEssays 29: 1,6, 2007. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] The mood spectrum: improving the diagnosis of bipolar disorderBIPOLAR DISORDERS, Issue 2005Jules Angst Although the distinction between bipolar and unipolar disorders served our field well in the early days of psychopharmacology, in clinical practice it is apparent that their phenotypes are only partially described by current diagnostic classification systems. A substantial body of evidence has accrued suggesting that clinical variability needs to be viewed in terms of a broad conceptualization of mood disorders and their common threshold or subthreshold comorbidity. The spectrum model provides a useful dimensional approach to psychopathology and is based on the assumption that early-onset and enduring symptoms shape the adult personality and establish a vulnerability to the subsequent development of Axis-I disorders. To obtain a clearer understanding of the depressive phenotype, it is pivotal that we increase our detection of hypomanic symptoms so that clinicians can better distinguish bipolar II disorder from unipolar depression. Diagnostic criteria sensitive to hypomanic symptoms have been identified that suggest bipolar II disorder is at least as prevalent as major depression. Moreover, the comorbidities of these illnesses are very different and alcoholism in particular appears to be a greater problem in bipolar II disorder than in unipolar depression. Structured clinical interviews and patient self-report questionnaires have also successfully identified the presence of hypomanic symptoms in patients with unipolar disorder and support the concept of a spectrum of bipolar illness. In conclusion, the importance of subthreshold syndromes should not be underestimated as failure to recognize bipolar spectrum disorder could delay treatment and worsen prognosis. 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