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Clear Cut (clear + cut)
Selected AbstractsThe end of the MFA and apparel exports: has good CSR allowed Cambodia to hold steady against China in a quota free environment?CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2006Stephen Frost Abstract In the lead up the end of the Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA), commentators routinely argued that Chinese apparel exports would surge in a quota-free environment. It was also expected that Southeast Asian apparel exporting nations would suffer declines, leading to job and economic losses. Of particular concern was Cambodia, a country that relies almost exclusively on apparel exports for foreign earnings. By mid-2005, as trade data started to filter in, the doomsday scenario for countries like Cambodia seemed less clear cut. Although China's apparel exports had indeed soured, a surprising outcome was that exports to the US from Cambodia (and several other neighbours such as Indonesia and Vietnam) had also increased. This article focuses specifically on Cambodia (which of all the Southeast Asian countries surveyed has shown the greatest growth in apparel exports) and examines some of the CSR initiatives that help explain why gloomy prognostications have not yet become true. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] The role of intramuscular lipid in insulin resistanceACTA PHYSIOLOGICA, Issue 4 2003B. D. Hegarty Abstract There is interest in how altered lipid metabolism could contribute to muscle insulin resistance. Many animal and human states of insulin resistance have increased muscle triglyceride content, and there are now plausible mechanistic links between muscle lipid accumulation and insulin resistance, which go beyond the classic glucose,fatty acid cycle. We postulate that muscle cytosolic accumulation of the metabolically active long-chain fatty acyl CoAs (LCACoA) is involved, leading to insulin resistance and impaired insulin signalling or impaired enzyme activity (e.g. glycogen synthase or hexokinase) either directly or via chronic translocation/activation of mediators such as a protein kinase C (particularly PKC , and ,). Ceramides and diacylglycerols (DAGs) have also been implicated in forms of lipid-induced muscle insulin resistance. Dietary lipid-induced muscle insulin resistance in rodents is relatively easily reversed by manipulations that lessen cytosolic lipid accumulation (e.g. diet change, exercise or fasting). PPAR agonists (both , and ,) also lower muscle LCACoA and enhance insulin sensitivity. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by AICAR leads to muscle enhancement (especially glycolytic muscle) of insulin sensitivity, but involvement of altered lipid metabolism is less clear cut. In rodents there are similarities in the pattern of muscle lipid accumulation/PKC translocation/altered insulin signalling/insulin resistance inducible by 3,5-h acute free fatty acid elevation, 1,4 days intravenous glucose infusion or several weeks of high-fat feeding. Recent studies extend findings and show relevance to humans. Muscle cytosolic lipids may accumulate either by increased fatty acid flux into muscle, or by reduced fatty acid oxidation. In some circumstances muscle insulin resistance may be an adaptation to optimize use of fatty acids when they are the predominant available energy fuel. The interactions described here are fundamental to optimizing therapy of insulin resistance based on alterations in muscle lipid metabolism. [source] RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) HEATING OF STARCH SOLUTIONS UNDER CONTINUOUS FLOW CONDITIONS: EFFECT OF SYSTEM AND PRODUCT PARAMETERS ON TEMPERATURE CHANGE ACROSS THE APPLICATOR TUBEJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 3 2002G.B. AWUAH ABSTRACT Studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of system and product parameters on the temperature change (,T) across a 1.5 kW radio frequency heater operating at 27.12 MHz. Starch solutions (1 to 4% w/w) were used at three different flow rates (0.35, 0.5 and 1 L/min) and four power levels (672, 912, 1152 and 1392 W). The average heating rate of starch solutions varied from 6 to 19C/min depending on flow rate, concentration and power level. The corresponding residence time varied from 1.5 to 4.3 min. Central composite designs involving power (830 to 1234 W) and starch concentration (1 to 4% w/w) at 0.5 L/min were used to study the effects of salt, pH and sugar. As expected fluid flow rate, power level and salt concentration had significant impact (P ± 0.05) on temperature change (,T) across the applicator tube. Although the interaction effect of salt and concentration influenced ,T (P < 0.05), observed trends were not clear cut. Sugar and pH had no significant (P >0.05) influence on ,T due probably to their relatively lower conductivities. However, the interaction effect of sugar and starch concentration affected ,T. Correlations were developed for estimating ,T across the tube as a function of power level, concentration, pH, added salt and sugar. Finally, dimensionless correlations involving the generalized Reynolds, Prandtl, Grashof numbers, dimensionless power and loss-factor ratios were developed for estimating the temperature ratio (U) across the RF applicator. [source] Prescribing for type 2 diabetes,not as clear cut as it seemsPRESCRIBER, Issue 4 2008Article first published online: 20 MAR 200 Dr Colin Kenny describes the difficulties in managing type 2 diabetes when most contemporary antidiabetic agents have been shown to be ineffectual, unpopular or unsafe. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Interface Ltd [source] 3464: Surgical treatment of lacrimal gland tumoursACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2010D BRISCOE Purpose The surgical treatment of Lacrimal gland tumors is often controversial and not so clear cut. Imaging and a full systemic evaluation lead to the decision as to which surgical approach best serves our purposes. The surgical management of Lacrimal gland tumors is discussed and the results of 31 cases in my experience are presented. Methods The surgical approach used is carefully chosen according to the type of disease presentation. All 31 patients in this series had neuroimaging and full work up and 30 underwent incision or excision biopsy. Selected cases are discussed. Results : Surgical Approaches chosen for the Lacrimal gland in this case series included Trans-Septal Orbitotomy, and Lateral Orbitotomy. Disease spectrum included Idiopathic orbital inflammatory disease (8), Orbital Sarcoid (7), Lymphoma (3), Sjrogens disease (3), Benign Mixed Tumour (2), Infectious mononucleosis (2) Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia (2), Sebaceous Cell Carcinoma (1), Churge Strause syndrome (1), Dermoid Cyst (1), Epithelial Inclusion Cyst(1). Conclusion Biopsy of a Lacrimal gland mass is relatively simple and is recommended. The approach should be considered carefully and an excision biopsy should be performed where possible. Surgical management and surprising pathology results can have significant implications for the patient. [source] The relationships between learning outcomes and methods of teaching anatomy as perceived by professional anatomistsCLINICAL ANATOMY, Issue 2 2008K.M. Patel Abstract Changes in the teaching of gross anatomy have often involved decreasing student contact time alongside the use of new methods for teaching. However, there remains controversy over teaching methods and about whether cadaveric dissection by students should remain the preferred method. Furthermore, decisions concerning changes to curricula are more likely to be taken by choosing a method of teaching rather than by proper evaluation of what are the desired learning outcomes for a course in anatomy. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the attitudes of anatomists in Europe towards the methods of teaching best fitting a series of learning outcomes for anatomy and secondarily to test the hypothesis that, from evaluation of learning outcomes, anatomy is best taught by cadaveric dissection by the students. About 113 completed questionnaires were received from anatomists who are employed at higher education institutions that use various teaching methods. Most anatomists (69%) favored the use of cadaveric dissection above other teaching methods when considering the whole series of learning comes, this method seeming to achieve a range of different course aims/objectives, P < 0.001; Kruskal,Wallis). Consequently, these findings are consistent with our initial hypothesis. However, when individual learning outcomes were considered, the relationship was not so clear cut and, for example, little difference was discernible between teaching methods when considering learning outcomes related to the acquisition of anatomical knowledge. The use of human cadaveric dissection gained more approval when the skills-base was considered rather than just the content(knowledge)-base of an anatomical course. Clin. Anat. 21:182,189, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | |||||||||||||