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Clear Case (clear + case)
Selected AbstractsDie Bedeutung und Aufgabe des TrichologenJOURNAL DER DEUTSCHEN DERMATOLOGISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT, Issue 7-8 2002The Role of the Trichologist clinical trichology; trichologist; training Zusammenfassung: Der Autor möchte das Spezialgebiet der klinischen Trichologie und seinen ganzheitlichen Ansatz darstellen. Der Mythos, die Trichologie sei entweder eine alternative Behandlungsmethode oder eine ergänzende Therapie, soll eindeutig widerlegt werden. Vergleiche zwischen den Behandlungsmöglichkeiten des Trichologen und den verfügbaren Möglichkeiten im Rahmen traditioneller medizinischer Versorgung werden gezogen. Die Ausbildung des Trichologen wird, unter Betonung der ausgeprägten wissenschaftlichen Orientierung, in groben Zügen dargestellt. Die meisten Trichologen besitzen keine medizinische Qualifikation, es wird jedoch erläutert, dass Trichologen, soweit es die professionelle Erfüllung ihrer spezialisierten Aufgabe erfordert, innerhalb bestimmter Grenzen adäquate medizinische Kenntnisse besitzen. Der Artikel weist darauf hin, dass sowohl die Öffentlichkeit als auch Mediziner lernen müssen, zwischen gut ausgebildeten und qualifizierten Trichologen und den vielen unqualifizierten Scharlatanen, die nur Publicity anstreben, zu unterscheiden. Ziel ist es, dieses Berufsbild bekannter zu machen und die entsprechenden Möglichkeiten aufzuzeigen. Summary: The author seeks to establish both the speciality of clinical trichology and its holistic nature. The myth that trichology is either an alternative therapy or a complimentary therapy is strongly refuted. Comparisons are drawn between the level of service which the trichologist can provide and that usually available through traditional medical channels. The training of trichologists is discussed in outline and its strong scientific base is emphasised. Whilst admitting that the majority of trichologists are not medically qualified the author stresses that trichologists are taught medicine within the limits adequate for professional discharge of their restricted but specialised role. The article concludes by identifying a need for both the public and medical profession to learn how to differentiate between the properly trained and qualified trichologist and the many unqualified charlatans who monopolise publicity and proliferate in the high street. There would appear to be a clear case for better understanding of the profession and what it has to offer. [source] Intergenerational reproductive parasitism in a stingless beeMOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 19 2009BENJAMIN P. OLDROYD Insect colonies have been traditionally regarded as closed societies comprised of completely sterile workers ruled over by a single once-mated queen. However, over the past 15 years, microsatellite studies of parentage have revealed that this perception is far from the truth (Beekman & Oldroyd 2008). First, we learned that honey bee queens are far more promiscuous than we had previously imagined (Estoup et al. 1994), with one Apis dorsata queen clocked at over 100 mates (Wattanachaiyingcharoen et al. 2003). Then Oldroyd et al. (1994) reported a honey bee colony from Queensland, where virtually all the males were sons of a single patriline of workers , a clear case of a cheater mutant that promoted intra-colonial reproductive parasitism. Then we learned that both bumble bee colonies (Lopez-Vaamonde et al. 2004) and queenless honey bee colonies (Nanork et al. 2005, 2007) are routinely parasitized by workers from other nests that fly in and lay male-producing eggs that are then reared by the victim colony. There is even evidence that in a thelytokous honey bee population, workers lay female-destined eggs directly into queen cells, thus reincarnating themselves as a queen (Jordan et al. 2008). And let us not forget ants, where microsatellite studies have revealed equally bizarre and totally unexpected phenomena (e.g. Cahan & Keller 2003; Pearcy et al. 2004; Fournier et al. 2005). Now, in this issue, Alves et al. (2009) use microsatellites to provide yet another shocking and completely unexpected revelation about the nefarious goings-on in insect colonies: intergenerational reproductive parasitism by stingless bee workers. [source] Taxonomic confusion and market mislabelling of threatened skates: important consequences for their conservation statusAQUATIC CONSERVATION: MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS, Issue 3 2010Samuel P. Iglésias Abstract 1.The iconic European common skate (Dipturus batis) has been described as the first clear case of a fish species brought to the brink of extinction by commercial fishing. Its listing was upgraded to Critically Endangered on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. According to FAO fishery statistics, France is responsible for 60.2% of the 502 tonnes reported as ,D. batis' in the 2005 world landings. 2.Noticeable phenotypic differences within the species and inconsistencies in published data on its sexual maturation required careful re-examination of its taxonomy. Morphology, genetics, and life history reveal that two distinct species have been erroneously confused since the 1920s under the single scientific name D. batis. Here it is argued that they should be resurrected as two valid species. The common skate D. batis species-complex is split into two nominal species, the blue skate (provisionally called D. cf. flossada) and the flapper skate (D. cf. intermedia) with maximum lengths of 143.2,cm and 228.8,cm respectively. 3.This taxonomic confusion puts into question all previously accumulated data based on D. batis. Its endangered status highlights the need for an extensive reassessment of population collapses with accurately identified species. In 2006/2007 an extensive survey (4110 skates, 14.081 tonnes by weight) was conducted in the main French ports of the D. batis species-complex and relatives (D. oxyrinchus, D. nidarosiensis and Rostroraja alba) that are mixed together in landings under the names ,D. batis' and ,D. oxyrinchus'. 4.The survey reveals that official fishery statistics mask species-specific declines, due to the mislabelling of five species under only two landing names. Trends in landings since the 1960s and the life history of these species suggest a dramatic decline and collapse of the spawning stock, preventing the recovery of relict populations. 5.The risk of extinction of these depleted species may be higher than previously assessed and might be unavoidable without immediate and incisive conservation action. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Flexible social organization and high incidence of drifting in the sweat bee, Halictus scabiosaeMOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 8 2009YUKO ULRICH Abstract The very diverse social systems of sweat bees make them interesting models to study social evolution. Here we focus on the dispersal behaviour and social organization of Halictus scabiosae, a common yet poorly known species of Europe. By combining field observations and genetic data, we show that females have multiple reproductive strategies, which generates a large diversity in the social structure of nests. A detailed microsatellite analysis of 60 nests revealed that 55% of the nests contained the offspring of a single female, whereas the rest had more complex social structures, with three clear cases of multiple females reproducing in the same nest and frequent occurrence of unrelated individuals. Drifting among nests was surprisingly common, as 16% of the 122 nests in the overall sample and 44% of the nests with complex social structure contained females that had genotypes consistent with being full-sisters of females sampled in other nests of the population. Drifters originated from nests with an above-average productivity and were unrelated to their nestmates, suggesting that drifting might be a strategy to avoid competition among related females. The sex-specific comparison of genetic differentiation indicated that dispersal was male-biased, which would reinforce local resource competition among females. The pattern of genetic differentiation among populations was consistent with a dynamic process of patch colonization and extinction, as expected from the unstable, anthropogenic habitat of this species. Overall, our data show that H. scabiosae varies greatly in dispersal behaviour and social organization. The surprisingly high frequency of drifters echoes recent findings in wasps and bees, calling for further investigation of the adaptive basis of drifting in the social insects. [source] ,BY LEIBNIZ'S LAW': REMARKS ON A FALLACYTHE PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 222 2006Benjamin Schnieder I investigate a form of argument which refers to Leibniz's law as its inference ticket (where ,Leibniz's law' is understood as the thesis that if x = y, then all properties of x are properties of y, and vice versa). Arguments of this form are often used to establish certain categorial distinctions, e.g., a distinction between kinds and properties, or a distinction between processes and events. I show that there can be deficient arguments of this form, and why. I then argue that the interesting philosophical cases of this argument form are unconvincing, since they cannot be seen as clear cases of its unproblematic variety. [source] | ||||||||||