Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Cleaning Procedure (cleaning + procedure)
Selected AbstractsStudy of the Responses of a Sonogel-Carbon Electrode Towards Phenolic CompoundsELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 9 2005Cordero-Rando, Ma del Abstract The electrochemical behavior of a sonogel-carbon electrode towards nine phenolic compounds (chloro-, nitro- and alkyl-phenols) was studied; one of them (4-chloro-3-methylphenol) was used to evaluate characteristics of the electrode, such as accumulation and cleaning procedure of the electrode surface, reproducibility of the measurements, and influence of time from fabrication on electrochemical response. A polyethyleneglycol-modified sonogel-carbon electrode was found to improve the electrochemical response towards the analyte. A linear relationship between peak height and concentration in the range 0.005,0.5,mg L,1 was obtained, with a detection limit of 2.8,,g L,1. The studies of electrochemical parameters, as well as interferences, are also included. [source] The effect of cleaning and disinfecting the sampling well on the microbial communities of deep subsurface water samplesENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2005Odile Basso Summary Our knowledge of the microbial characteristics of deep subsurface waters is currently very limited, mainly because of the methods used to collect representative microbial samples from such environments. In order to improve this procedure, a protocol designed to remove the unspecific, contaminant biofilm present on the walls of an approximately 800 m deep well is proposed. This procedure included extensive purges of the well, a mechanical cleaning of its wall, and three successive chlorine injections to disinfect the whole line before sampling. Total bacterial counts in water samples decreased from 2.5 × 105 to 1.0 × 104 per millilitre during the cleaning procedure. Culture experiments showed that the first samples were dominated by sulfate-reducers and heterotrophs, whereas the final sample was dominated by oligotrophic and hydrogenotrophic bacteria. Community structures established on the diversity of the 16S rRNA genes and data analysis revealed that the water sample collected, after a purge without removal of the biofilm, was characterized by numerous phyla which are not representative of the deep subsurface water. On the other hand, several bacterial phyla were only detected after the full cleaning of the well, and were considered as important components of the subsurface ecosystem which would have been missed in the absence of well cleaning. [source] Energy Level Alignment and Interactions at Potential Contacts for Spin Injection into Organic Semiconductors,ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 4 2009Mandy Grobosch The present study provides the interface electronic properties between La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 and two archetype organic semiconductors, CuPc and , -6T using a combined X-ray- and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 is a ferromagnetic metal and can be used to inject spin-polarized current into organic semiconductors. The energy level alignment depends on the cleaning procedure that is applied to the La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 surface prior to deposition of the organic semiconductor. [source] Determination of Size, Morphology, and Nitrogen Impurity Location in Treated Detonation Nanodiamond by Transmission Electron MicroscopyADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 13 2009Stuart Turner Abstract Size, morphology, and nitrogen impurity location, all of which are all thought to be related to the luminescent properties of detonation nanodiamonds, are determined in several detonation nanodiamond samples using a combination of transmission electron microscopy techniques. Results obtained from annealed and cleaned detonation nanodiamond samples are compared to results from conventionally purified detonation nanodiamond. Detailed electron energy loss spectroscopy combined with model-based quantification provides direct evidence for the sp3 like embedding of nitrogen impurities into the diamond cores of all the studied nanodiamond samples. Simultaneously, the structure and morphology of the cleaned detonation nanodiamond particles are studied using high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the size and morphology of detonation nanodiamonds can be modified by temperature treatment and that by applying a special cleaning procedure after temperature treatment, nanodiamond particles with clean facets almost free from sp2 carbon can be prepared. These clean facets are clear evidence that nanodiamond cores are not necessarily in coexistence with a graphitic shell of non-diamond carbon. [source] Airways inflammation after exposure in a swine confinement building during cleaning procedureAMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 4 2002Britt-Marie Larsson PhD Abstract Background Healthy volunteers exposed for 3 hr during weighing of pigs develop an airway inflammation characterized by a massive influx of neutrophilic granulocytes in the upper and lower airways and increased bronchial responsiveness to methacholine. The purpose of the present study was to investigate health effects from exposure during cleaning of the swine confinement building and to evaluate the effect of a respiratory protection device. Methods Sixteen subjects were exposed for 3 hr during cleaning of a swine confinement room with a high-pressure cleaner. Seven out of sixteen subjects were equipped with a mask during exposure. Results The bronchial responsiveness increased in all subjects following exposure, significantly more in the group exposed without a mask (P,<,0.05). The cell concentration (mainly neutrophilic granulocytes) in nasal lavage fluid as well as the concentration of interleukin-8, increased significantly only in those subjects exposed without a respiratory protection device. In peripheral blood, an increase of neutrophilic granulocytes was observed in both groups, although it was significantly higher in the group without mask (P,<,0.05). The inhalable dust level was 0.94 (0.74 , 1.55) mg/m3 and respirable dust 0.56 (0.51,0.63) mg/m3. Conclusion Exposure to dust aerosols during the cleaning of the interior of a swine confinement building induces increased bronchial responsiveness and an acute inflammatory reaction in the upper airways. The use of a mask attenuated but did not abolish the inflammatory response. This suggests that gases and/or ultrafine particles in this environment could be important factors in the development of increased bronchial responsiveness. Am. J. Ind. Med. 41:250,258, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Bacterial contamination of PCA and epidural infusion devicesANAESTHESIA, Issue 7 2009M. Rothwell Summary We prospectively audited the bacterial contamination of re-useable analgesia infusion pumps. In a one-month period, 112 samples from the handset and keypads of our analgesia infusion pumps were cultured for bacterial contamination. Forty-five percent of handset swabs and 46% of keypad swabs grew bacteria; the commonest organism being coagulase-negative staphylococcus. An additional cleaning step using 70% isopropyl alcohol wipes was introduced and the contamination rate was re-audited in 100 samples. The contamination rate was reduced to 6% of handset swabs and 4% of keypad swabs. A high initial rate of bacterial contamination of re-useable analgesia infusion pumps was significantly reduced by the implementation of a simple, additional cleaning procedure. [source] The effect of cleaning procedures on fracture properties and corrosion of NiTi filesINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 11 2003P. Y. Z. O'Hoy Abstract Aim, To evaluate the effect of repeated cleaning procedures on fracture properties and corrosion of nickel-titanium (NiTi) files. Methodology, New NiTi instruments were subjected to 2, 5 and 10 cleaning cycles with the use of either diluted bleach (1% NaOCl) or Milton's solution (1% NaOCl plus 19% NaCl) as disinfectant. Each cleaning cycle consisted of scrubbing, rinsing and immersing in NaOCl for 10 min followed by 5 min of ultrasonication. Files were then tested for torsional failure and flexural fatigue, and observed for evidence of corrosion using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Four brands of NiTi files were immersed in either Milton's solution or diluted bleach overnight and evaluated for corrosion. Results, Up to 10 cleaning cycles did not significantly reduce the torque at fracture or number of revolutions to flexural fatigue (P > 0.05, two-way anova), although decreasing values were noted with increasing number of cleaning cycles using Milton's solution. No corrosion was detected on the surface of these files. Files immersed in 1% NaOCl overnight displayed a variety of corrosion patterns. The extent of corrosion was variable amongst different brands of files and amongst files in each brand. Overall, Milton's solution was much more corrosive than diluted bleach. Corrosion of file handles was often extreme. Conclusions, Files can be cleaned up to 10 times without affecting fracture susceptibility or corrosion, but should not be immersed in NaOCl overnight. Milton's solution is much more corrosive than bleach with the same NaOCl concentration. [source] Achieving hygiene in the domestic kitchen: the effectiveness of commonly used cleaning proceduresJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2002T.A. Cogan Aims:,To quantify the transmission of Salmonella and Campylobacter to hands, cloths, and hand- and food-contact surfaces during the preparation of raw poultry in domestic kitchens, and to examine the impact on numbers of these bacteria of detergent-based cleaning alone, or in conjunction with thorough rising. Methods and Results:,Groups of volunteers prepared chickens for cooking. Surfaces were sampled either before cleaning or after cleaning using water and detergent with or without thorough rinsing. Although cleaning followed by rinsing consistently achieved decontamination of surfaces contaminated with Campylobacter, significant numbers of surfaces were still contaminated with low numbers of Salmonella. Where cloths contaminated with Salmonella were stored overnight, a reduction in the efficacy of detergent-based cleaning regimes was observed. Conclusions:,Rinsing is the critical step in ensuring that bacteria are removed from surfaces during cleaning, but this may still leave residual contamination. Growth of Salmonella occurs in some contaminated cloths during overnight storage; Salmonella on cloths stored overnight are also more difficult to remove by washing. Significance and Impact of the Study:,Rinsing, as part of the cleaning process, is a critical step in achieving hygiene in the kitchen. However, to achieve completely hygienic surfaces, the use of an antimicrobial agent may be necessary. [source] Self-preventive oral behavior in an Italian university student populationJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 3 2001Lia Rimondini Abstract Background, aim: The aim of this study was to assess the oral hygiene attitude and the professional preventive examination compliance in Italian university students. Method: A sample of 202 students attending the University of Bologna was randomly selected and interviewed about their preventive oral health attitude and compliance. All students reported using toothpaste and most of them (92.1%) brushed their teeth at least 2× a day using artificial, medium stiffness bristles. The toothbrush was generally (81.6%) replaced within 3 months. Few subjects (14.9%) said they used dental floss daily or utilized other devices. A majority of subjects (59.9%) had a dental examination within the year previous to the interview. Cluster analysis was performed. Results: 4 groups were identified with homogeneous oral hygiene behavior and compliance toward professional preventive examination. Only one cluster, representing 33.6% of the sample, showed consistent frequency and modalities of oral hygiene habits. The other clusters seemed to be defective with interproximal cleaning procedures and compliance toward professional preventive care. Since the sample was characterized by a young, urbanized, homogeneous group with a high educational level and frequently from an upper middle class social status, the analysis probably gives a supra-estimation of the positive behavior. Conclusion: It is rational to suppose that strategies to promote dental service utilization, patients' compliance and a professional style oriented toward prevention may be useful to improve the oral health condition in the young adult Italian population. Zusammenfassung Das Ziel dieser Studie war es bei Studenten einer italienischen Universität die Einstellung zur Mundhygiene und die Compliance mit einer professionellen Vorsorgeuntersuchung zu bestimmen. Eine Gruppe von 202 Studenten, die die Universität von Bologna besuchten wurden randomisiert ausgewählt und hinsichtlich ihrer Einstellung zur Mundhygiene und Compliance befragt. Alle Studenten berichteten, dass sie Zahnpasta gebrauchten und die meisten (92.1%) putzten ihre Zähne wenigstens 2× täglich und verwendeten eine Zahnbürste mit mittelharten Kunststoffborsten. Im Allgemeinen wurde die Zahnbürste innerhalb von 3 Monaten (81.6%) ersetzt. Wenige Personen berichteten, dass sie täglich Zahnseide benutzen oder andere Hilfsmittel verwenden. Die Mehrheit (59.9%) hatte innerhalb des zurückliegenden Jahres eine zahnärztliche Untersuchung. Es wurde eine Clusteranalyse durchgeführt. 4 Gruppen mit homogenem Mundhygieneverhalten und Compliance bezüglich professioneller präventiver Untersuchung wurden identifiziert. Nur ein Cluster, welches 33.6% der Gruppe repräsentiert zeigte eine Konsistenz in der Häufigkeit und Art der Mundhygienegewohnheiten. Die anderes Cluster schienen Defizite bei der Approximalraumreinigung und der Compliance mit professionellen Präventionsmaßnahmen zu haben. Da die Population charakterisiert war durch eine junge, städtische homogene Gruppe mit einem hohen Bildungsniveau und häufig den Sozialstatus der gehobenen Mittelklasse aufwies, gibt die Analyse wahrscheinlich eine Überbewer+tung des positiven Verhaltens wieder. Es ist vernünftig anzuhenmen, dass Strategien zur Förderung der zahnärztlichen Behandlung, der Patienten-Compliance und einer professionellen Ausrichtung hin zur Prävention nützlich sein können um in einer Population von jungen italienischen Erwachsenen den Zustand der Mundgesundheit zu verbessern. Résumé Le but de cette étude a été de vérifier l'attitude vis-à-vis de l'hygiène buccale et l'attitude vis-à-vis d'un examen préventif professionnel d'étudiants universitaires italiens. 202 étudiants de l'Université de Bologne ont été sélectionné au hasard et interviewéà propos de leur attitude préventive et leur complaisance vis-à-vis de leur santé buccale. Tous les étudiants disaient utiliser du dentifrice et la plupart d'entre eux (92%) brossaient leurs dents au moins 2× par jour avec une brosse à dents à poils artificiels de souplesse moyenne. La brosse à dents était géneralement (81.6%) remplacée tous les 3 mois. Peu d'entre eux (15%) disaient utiliser le fil dentaire tous les jours ou d'autres systèmes interdentaires. La plupart d'entre eux (60%) avaient passé une visite chez leur dentiste dans l'année précédent l'interview. L'analyse par groupe a été effectuée. 4 groupes ont été identifiés avec un comportement homogène vis-à-vis de l'hygiène buccale et une complaisance envers l'examen préventif professionnel. Seul un groupe représentant 34% de l'échantillon montrait une fréquence constante vis-à-vis de l'hygiène buccale. Les autres groupes semblaient porter moins d'attention au processus de nttoyage interdentaire et avoir une complaisance vis-à-vis des soins de prévention professionnels. Comme l'échantillon était caractérisé par un groupe homogène de jeunes des villes avec un niveau d'éducation élevé et provenant fréquemment d'une classe sociale assez élevée, l'analyse donne probablement une surestimation du comportement positif. Il semble logique de supposer que les stratégies visant à promouvoir l'utilisation des services dentaires, la complaisance des patients et un style professionnel orienté vers la prévention peuvent être utiles pour améliorer la condition de la santé buccale des jeunes adultes de la population italienne. [source] A method to prevent cross contamination during 2-DE by ,-amyloid peptidesPROTEINS: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS, Issue 19 2010Heinke Schieb Abstract A method for the efficient decontamination of aluminium oxide ceramic 2-DE focusing trays from ,-amyloid peptides (A,) is reported. As these contaminations were resistant to the standard cleaning procedures, additional harsh cleaning steps were necessary for their efficient removal. Our observations suggest that specific surface properties affect the degree of adsorption of the A,-peptides. "Surface catalysed amyloid aggregation" in the aluminium oxide ceramic trays is proposed as a possible underlying mechanism for the occurrence of proteinase K-resistant forms of A,. [source] Striking a balance between retaining populations of protected seahorses and maintaining swimming netsAQUATIC CONSERVATION: MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS, Issue 2 2010David Harasti Abstract 1.The fish family Syngnathidae (seahorses, pipefish, pipehorses and seadragons) is fully protected in New South Wales, Australia, but in some countries certain species are threatened by unsustainable collecting, capture as incidental bycatch, and habitat degradation. 2.Within Sydney Harbour, two species of seahorses (Hippocampus abdominalis and Hippocampus whitei) have been found to colonize artificial structures such as jetty pylons and protective netted swimming enclosures. These protective nets are subject to fouling from epibiotic growth (algae, ascidians, bryozoans, etc.) and rubbish, which causes the nets to collapse from the additional weight. Local authorities employ diving contractors on an ad hoc basis to remove the epibiota from nets. 3.Surveys showed a significant decline in the numbers of both seahorse species at one site following the replacement of a net, and recovery of the H. whitei population took more than 15 months. 4.A manipulative experiment tested the importance of epibiotic growth for seahorses. H. whitei, tagged with individual marks, were allocated to sections of a net that had undergone different cleaning procedures. Seahorse size, position on the net and total population abundance were recorded every 2 weeks over a 3 month period. It was demonstrated that seahorses have a significant positive association with epibiotic growth and proximity to the sea floor. Seahorse populations also showed seasonal variation in abundance with increased numbers on the net during the breeding season (spring,summer). 5.This project has led to the development of best practice net cleaning procedures for local authorities in Sydney Harbour to manage growth on the nets while minimizing impacts on seahorse populations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||