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Clinical Pharmacology (clinical + pharmacology)
Terms modified by Clinical Pharmacology Selected AbstractsABSTRACTS OF THE DUTCH SOCIETY OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY AND BIOPHARMACY MEETING OF 30 MARCH 2007BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 2 2008Article first published online: 30 JAN 200 First page of article [source] Clinical Pharmacology of OxymorphonePAIN MEDICINE, Issue 2009Howard S. Smith MD ABSTRACT Oxymorphone (14-hydroxydihydromorphinone) is primarily a potent ,-opioid receptor agonist with oral immediate-release (IR) and extended-release (ER) formulations approved in the United States in 2006. The oral oxymorphone formulations are roughly three times more potent than oral morphine. It is more lipophilic than morphine and, thus, may more easily cross the blood-brain barrier because it differs from morphine having a ketone-group substituent at the C-6 position. Oxymorphone IR is indicated for the relief of moderate,to severe pain, while oxymorphone ER is indicated for persistent pain. Initial doses (opioid-naïve) are 10,20 mg every 4,6 hours (IR) and 5 mg every 12 hours (ER). Oxymorphone was found not to have any clinically significant cytochrome (CYP)3A4, CPY2C9, or CYP2D6 interactions, thus limiting its potential for causing some of the more common drug,drug interactions via the CYP450 system. The common adverse effects of oxymorphone are consistent with those commonly seen with other opioid, including nausea/vomiting, constipation, pruritis, pyrexia, somnolence, and sedation. [source] This article has been retracted: Safety Pharmacology, Acute Toxicity and Pharmacokinetics of SCP-123 and AcetaminophenBASIC AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY, Issue 2 2010Donna J. Millington The following article from Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, ,Safety Pharmacology, Acute Toxicity and Pharmacokinetics of SCP-123 and Acetaminophen' by Donna J. Millington, Cristina Villanueva, Jason Obirek, Jean Kaufman and Christopher Smith, published online on 12 April 2010 (DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2010.00562.x) in Wiley InterScience (http://www.interscience.wiley.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor in Chief, Kim Brøsen, and John Wiley and Sons A/S. The retraction has been agreed due to incorrect author affiliation. [source] Clinical Pharmacology in Research, Teaching and Health CareBASIC AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Clinical Pharmacology, Considerations by IUPHAR, the International Union of Basic First page of article [source] Educating European (Junior) Doctors for Safe PrescribingBASIC AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY, Issue 6 2007Simon R. J. Maxwell Junior doctors who have recently graduated are responsible for much of the prescribing that takes place in hospitals and are implicated in many of the adverse medication events. Analysis of such events suggests that lack of knowledge and training underlies many of them and it has been shown that dedicated training can increase prescribing performance. In the context of these problems, it is a matter of increasing concern that recent changes to undergraduate medical education may have reduced exposure to clinical pharmacology, a discipline dedicated to optimal practice in relation to medicines. For this reason, the European Association of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT) and British Pharmacological Society (BPS) jointly organized a meeting to explore (i) the state of undergraduate education in clinical pharmacology in Europe, (ii) the knowledge and competencies in relation to medicines that should be expected of a new graduate, (iii) assessments that might demonstrate that this minimum standard had been reached, (iv) a curriculum that might help medical students to achieve this standard and (v) how competence can be developed in the postgraduate phase. It was agreed that the lack of exposure to clinical pharmacology is a cause for concern at a time when the challenges facing junior prescribers have never been greater. The potential for undertaking further research was discussed. [source] 9th Annual Congress of the German Association of Clinical PharmacologyBASIC AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY, Issue 5 2007Article first published online: 1 OCT 200 First page of article [source] The European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics and the Journal Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & ToxicologyBASIC AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY, Issue 1 2007Michael Orme Chairman of EACPT 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] Methods in Clinical PharmacologyBRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 1 2009JM Ritter Editor-in-Chief British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology No abstract is available for this article. [source] Drug benefits and risks; International Textbook of Clinical PharmacologyBRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 2 2002Felix Bochner No abstract is available for this article. [source] Clinical Pharmacology: Principles and practice of drug therapy in medical educationBRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 1 2002Brian Whiting Educational reform has taken place in many Medical Schools. A traditional passive approach has been replaced by a more active, student-centred approach, founded on Problem-Based Learning. This has not been without risk because many well-structured courses have been abandoned, and this is of particular significance to the principles and practice of drug therapy. Here we outline an approach which could be incorporated into a medical curriculum and suggest some guidelines and a list of questions that should be asked in clinical situations involving drug therapy. [source] Proceedings of the Dutch Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmacy, 20 April 2001BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 5 2001Article first published online: 9 OCT 200 First page of article [source] Therapeutic drug monitoring in a developing country: an overviewBRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue S1 2001N. J. Gogtay Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) was introduced in India in the mid and late 1980s and the last 10 years have seen it grow, together with the growth of separate Clinical Pharmacology departments. The TDM service in the country is broadly of two types: in large teaching hospitals where the service is available through departments of Clinical Pharmacology, and in the private sector, where drug estimations are done by clinical biochemistry departments with minimal interpretation. This article is based on literature review and our own experiences over a 10 year period in a department of Clinical Pharmacology. It focuses on the evolution of TDM, its problems such as lack of funding, special aspects such as the impact of ethnic diff;erences, nutritional defi;ciencies, quality of medicines and availability of generic products; its utility as a research tool and its future. [source] Clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use of antioxidant vitaminsFUNDAMENTAL & CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 2 2007Ramón Rodrigo Abstract The clinical use of antioxidants has gained considerable interest during the last decade. It was suggested from epidemiological studies that diets high in fruits and vegetables might help decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, supplements of vitamins C and E were applied through protocols aimed to prevent diseases such as atherosclerosis, preeclampsia or hypertension, thought to be mediated by oxidative stress. Despite the biological properties of these vitamins could account for an effective protection, as shown by several clinical and experimental studies, their efficacy remains controversial in the light of some recent clinical trials and meta-analyses. However, the methodology of these studies, criteria for selection of patients, the uncertain extent of progression of the disease when initiating supplementation, the lack of mechanistic studies containing basic scientific aspects, such as the bioavailability, pharmacokinetic properties, and the nature of the antioxidant sources of vitamins, could account for the inconsistency of the various clinical trials and meta-analyses assessing the efficacy of these vitamins to prevent human diseases. This review presents a survey of the clinical use of antioxidant vitamins E and C, proposing study models based on the biological effects of these compounds likely to counteract the pathophysiological mechanisms able to explain the structural and functional organ damage. [source] Clinical pharmacology of the H1 -receptor antagonists cetirizine and loratadine in childrenPEDIATRIC ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 2 2000F. Estelle R. Simons H1 -receptor antagonists are widely used in children but are not as well-studied in children as they are in adults. Our objective was to determine the onset and duration of action and the relative potency of the H1 -receptor antagonists cetirizine and loratadine in children. We performed a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover, single-dose study of cetirizine and loratadine using suppression of the histamine-induced wheal and flare as the primary outcome. In 15 allergic children, mean age 9 years, compared with baseline, cetirizine (10 mg) suppressed the wheals and flares significantly from 0.25 to 24 h, achieving nearly 100% of flare suppression from 2 to 24 h, inclusive, and loratadine (10 mg) suppressed the wheals and flares significantly from 0.75 to 24 h, inclusive. Cetirizine suppressed the wheals and flares significantly more than loratadine from 0.25 to 1 h, inclusive, and at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 24 h, respectively. Placebo also suppressed the wheal and flare significantly at some assessment times. Cetirizine and loratadine both have excellent antihistaminic activity in children, with a rapid onset of action and a 24-h duration of action in this population. [source] Clinical pharmacology: a declaration of intentBRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 1 2010A. Somogyi No abstract is available for this article. [source] Discussion session III: Clinical pharmacology of LTRACLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY REVIEWS, Issue 3 2001Article first published online: 7 MAY 200 [source] A review of the clinical pharmacology of methamphetamineADDICTION, Issue 7 2009Christopher C. Cruickshank ABSTRACT Aims To examine the literature regarding clinical pharmacokinetics, direct effects and adverse clinical outcomes associated with methamphetamine use. Methods Relevant literature was identified through a PubMed search. Additional literature was obtained from relevant books and monographs. Findings and conclusions The mean elimination half-life for methamphetamine is approximately 10 hours, with considerable inter-individual variability in pharmacokinetics. Direct effects at low-to-moderate methamphetamine doses (5,30 mg) include arousal, positive mood, cardiac stimulation and acute improvement in cognitive domains such as attention and psychomotor coordination. At higher doses used typically by illicit users (,50 mg), methamphetamine can produce psychosis. Its hypertensive effect can produce a number of acute and chronic cardiovascular complications. Repeated use may induce neurotoxicity, associated with prolonged psychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairment and an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease. Abrupt cessation of repeated methamphetamine use leads to a withdrawal syndrome consisting of depressed mood, anxiety and sleep disturbance. Acute withdrawal lasts typically for 7,10 days, and residual symptoms associated with neurotoxicity may persist for several months. [source] Preclinical and clinical pharmacology of alcohol dependenceFUNDAMENTAL & CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 1 2007Sophie Tambour Abstract In recent years, advances in neuroscience led to the development of new medications to treat alcohol dependence and especially to prevent alcohol relapse after detoxification. Whereas the earliest medications against alcohol dependence were fortuitously discovered, recently developed drugs are increasingly based on alcohol's neurobiological mechanisms of action. This review discusses the most recent developments in alcohol pharmacotherapy and emphasizes the neurobiological basis of anti-alcohol medications. There are currently three approved drugs for the treatment of alcohol dependence with quite different mechanisms of action. Disulfiram is an inhibitor of the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase and acts as an alcohol-deterrent drug. Naltrexone, an opiate antagonist, reduces alcohol craving and relapse in heavy drinking, probably via a modulation of the mesolimbic dopamine activity. Finally, acamprosate helps maintaining alcohol abstinence, probably through a normalization of the chronic alcohol-induced hyperglutamatergic state. In addition to these approved medications, many other drugs have been suggested for preventing alcohol consumption on the basis of preclinical studies. Some of these drugs remain promising, whereas others have produced disappointing results in preliminary clinical studies. These new drugs in the field of alcohol pharmacotherapy are also discussed, together with their mechanisms of action. [source] Toxicology and clinical pharmacology of herbal products.HUMAN PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL, Issue 3 20012000., Edited by M. J. Cupp, Humana Press No abstract is available for this article. [source] Do medical courses adequately prepare interns for safe and effective prescribing in New South Wales public hospitals?INTERNAL MEDICINE JOURNAL, Issue 7 2009S. N. Hilmer Abstract Aims: To assess ability of interns immediately before starting clinical practice in New South Wales (NSW) teaching hospitals to prescribe medications safely and appropriately and to describe their impressions of the adequacy of their clinical pharmacology training in medical school. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on all interns (n= 191) who attended intern orientation programmes at four NSW hospitals in January 2008. A clinical case scenario that tested prescribing ability and a survey investigating impressions of clinical pharmacology training in medical school were administered to the interns in exam format. Outcome measures were: (i) ability to prescribe medications safely and appropriately for the clinical case scenario and (ii) interns' impressions of their training in clinical pharmacology at medical school. Results: No intern completed all prescribing tasks correctly. No intern charted the patient's usual medications on admission completely correctly, only six wrote an accurate discharge medication list, and none wrote both an accurate discharge medication list and a legal Schedule 8 discharge script. None of the respondents strongly agreed that they felt adequately trained to prescribe medications in their intern year and 84% would have liked to have more training in pharmacology as medical students. Conclusions: Interns about to commence clinical practice in NSW teaching hospitals demonstrated significant deficits in prescribing of regular medications, initiation of new therapies, prescribing of discharge medications, and particularly prescribing of Schedule 8 medications. Most interns recognized these deficits and would have liked more clinical pharmacology training at medical school. [source] Educating European (Junior) Doctors for Safe PrescribingBASIC AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY, Issue 6 2007Simon R. J. Maxwell Junior doctors who have recently graduated are responsible for much of the prescribing that takes place in hospitals and are implicated in many of the adverse medication events. Analysis of such events suggests that lack of knowledge and training underlies many of them and it has been shown that dedicated training can increase prescribing performance. In the context of these problems, it is a matter of increasing concern that recent changes to undergraduate medical education may have reduced exposure to clinical pharmacology, a discipline dedicated to optimal practice in relation to medicines. For this reason, the European Association of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT) and British Pharmacological Society (BPS) jointly organized a meeting to explore (i) the state of undergraduate education in clinical pharmacology in Europe, (ii) the knowledge and competencies in relation to medicines that should be expected of a new graduate, (iii) assessments that might demonstrate that this minimum standard had been reached, (iv) a curriculum that might help medical students to achieve this standard and (v) how competence can be developed in the postgraduate phase. It was agreed that the lack of exposure to clinical pharmacology is a cause for concern at a time when the challenges facing junior prescribers have never been greater. The potential for undertaking further research was discussed. [source] Microseparation techniques for the study of the enantioselectivity of drug,plasma protein bindingBIOMEDICAL CHROMATOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2009Laura Escuder-Gilabert Abstract Stereoselectivity in protein binding can have a significant effect on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of chiral drugs. The investigation of enantioselectivity of drugs in their binding with human plasma proteins and the identification of the molecular mechanisms involved in the stereodiscrimination by the proteins represent a great challenge for clinical pharmacology. In this review, the separation techniques used for enantioselective protein binding experiments are described and compared. An overview of studies on enantiomer,protein interactions, enantiomer,enantiomer interactions as well as chiral drug,drug interactions, including allosteric effects, is presented. The contribution of individual plasma proteins to the overall enantioselective binding and the animal species variability in drug,plasma protein binding stereoselectivity are reviewed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A high-performance liquid chromatography method using ultraviolet detection for the quantitation of flavopiridol from human plasmaBIOMEDICAL CHROMATOGRAPHY, Issue 6 2002Suoping Zhai Flavopiridol is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase, a key regulator of cell cycle, and is currently under clinical trials. We developed and validated an HPLC assay method for the quantitation of flavopiridol in human plasma samples. The sample preparation consisted of protein precipitation with acetonitrile. Separation was accomplished on a C18 column and a C18 precolumn insert utilizing a gradient profile consisting of ammonium acetate and methanol. Ultraviolet detection was set at 268,nm for flavopiridol and 323,nm for umbelliferone, the internal standard. The method was validated over flavopiridol concentration range of 0.025,3.0,µg/mL using 250,µL of plasma. The assay was linear over this concentration range with a coefficient of variation less than 10% for inter- and intra-assay. The retention times were around 6.2,min for umbelliferone and 9.8,min for flavopiridol. The recoveries of flavopiridol and umbelliferone were 88.6,±,1.0% and 97.1,±,3.7%, respectively. This method is suitable for quantifying flavopiridol in plasma samples and further characterizing the clinical pharmacology of this compound. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of LC15-0444, a novel dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, after multiple dosing in healthy volunteersBRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 6 2009Kyoung Soo Lim WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT , The importance of efficient drug development using biomarkers has been increasingly emphasized, from preclinical studies to clinical trials. , However, as yet few ,validated' or ,qualified' biomarkers are used in early-stage drug development in terms of clinical pharmacology and disease pathophysiology. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS , This first-time-in-human study provides evidence of the pharmacological activity of LC15-0444 in humans, by using dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity and active glucagon-like peptide-1 concentrations. , LC15-0444 possesses pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics that support a once-daily dosing regimen. AIMS LC15-0444 is a selective and competitive inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) IV with potential for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. The aim was to investigate the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles after multiple oral ascending doses of LC15-0444 in healthy male subjects. METHODS A dose block-randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study was performed in three groups with 10 subjects (eight for active drug; two for placebo) per group; each group received 200, 400 or 600 mg of LC15-0444 once daily for 10 days. Blood and urine samples were collected up to 24 h after the first dosing and up to 72 h after the last dosing. RESULTS The LC15-0444 concentration,time profiles exhibited characteristics of multicompartment disposition. No dose- or time-dependent change in PK parameters was observed. Mean elimination half-life was in a range 16.6,20.1 h in the dose groups. Mean renal clearance and fraction of unchanged drug excreted in urine was 18.6,21.9 and 0.40,0.48 l h,1, respectively. In the steady state, mean accumulation ratios by dose groups were between 1.22 and 1.31. More than 80% inhibition of DPP IV activity from baseline was sustained for >24 h in all dose groups. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence of the pharmacological activity of LC15-0444 in humans. LC15-0444 possesses PK and PD characteristics that support a once-daily dosing regimen. [source] Methods in clinical pharmacology , a tale of two worldsBRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 5 2008Adam F. Cohen European Editor, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology No abstract is available for this article. [source] Concentration-effect and dose-response relations in clinical pharmacologyBRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 3 2007British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Jeffrey K. Aronson Editor-in-Chief No abstract is available for this article. 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