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City Size (city + size)
Selected AbstractsFUNDING COMMUNITY POLICING TO REDUCE CRIME: HAVE COPS GRANTS MADE A DIFFERENCE?,CRIMINOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY, Issue 1 2002JIHONG "SOLOMON" ZHAO Research Summary: This research examines how funding from the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS), has affected violent and property crime rates in the United States from 1995 to 1999. Drawing on six years of panel data, we examine the effects of three types of awards made by COPS to 6,100 law enforcement agencies serving more than 145 million citizens. We estimate their impact on crime reduction over time in jurisdictions receiving funding and controlling for baseline levels of crime, socioeconomic characteristics, city size, and population diversity and mobility. Our analyses suggest that COPS hiring and innovative grant programs have resulted in significant reductions in local crime rates in cities with populations greater than 10,000 for both violent and nonviolent offenses. Multivariate analysis shows that in cities with populations greater than 10,000, an increase in one dollar of hiring grant funding per resident contributed to a corresponding decline of 5.26 violent crimes and 21.63 property crimes per 100,000 residents. Similarly, an increase in one dollar of innovative grant funding per resident has contributed to a decline of 12.93 violent crimes and 45.53 property crimes per 100,000 persons. In addition, the findings suggest that COPS grants have had no significant negative effect on violent and property crime rates in cities with less than 10,000 population. Policy Implications: The findings of this study imply that COPS program funding to medium- and large-size cities has been an effective force in reducing both violent and property crime. Federal government grants made directly to law enforcement agencies to hire additional officers and promote innovations may be an effective way to reduce crime on a national scale. [source] Why Do the Young and Educated in LDCs Concentrate in Large Cities?ECONOMICA, Issue 285 2005Evidence from Migration Data Do the young and educated in LDCs have a greater preference to locate in big cities? If so, this may help to explain how cities spatially concentrate the educated and young, and why the rising share of these workers in many LDCs may contribute to city growth. This paper explores migration flows into and out of Egypt's three largest cities. We study whether the higher shares of such workers in cities arise because these workers perceive relatively greater benefits from living in cities, given relative urban/rural wage rates, or because the relative demand for these workers rises with city size. [source] Locational Equilibria in Weberian AgglomerationGEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS, Issue 4 2008Dean M. Hanink A simple Weberian agglomeration is developed and then extended as an innovative fixed-charged, colocation model over a large set of locational possibilities. The model is applied to cases in which external economies (EE) arise due to colocation alone and also cases in which EE arise due to city size. Solutions to the model are interpreted in the context of contemporary equilibrium analysis, which allows Weberian agglomeration to be interpreted in a more general way than in previous analyses. Within that context, the Nash points and Pareto efficient points in the location patterns derived in the model are shown to rarely coincide. The applications consider agglomeration from two perspectives: one is the colocation behavior of producers as the agents of agglomeration and the other is the interaction between government and those agents in the interest of agglomeration policy. Extending the analysis to games, potential Pareto efficiency and Hicks optimality are considered with respect to side payments between producers and with respect to appropriate government incentives toward agglomeration. [source] Effects of club size in the provision of public goods.PAPERS IN REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2002Network, congestion effects in the case of the French municipalities Congestion; public goods; urban economics; local governments Abstract The article formalizes and measures the impact of club size on the quality of the public good provided to its members. Under a general framework we describe various functional forms that allow either network or crowding effects. Mechanisms of provision are that of a political process in which both the demand and the supply sides are considered. Estimations use the whole set of French municipalities. The supply model performs better than the demand model in the case of small municipalities, while for large cities the demand model has higher explanatory power. In so far as impact of city size on the quality of club goods is concerned, crowding does appear, but it does so in different patterns. For small towns marginal congestion first decreases then increases with population. Marginal congestion is decreasing for cities of intermediate size. For larger cities no significant effects are observed. [source] Risk Exposure in Early Life and Mortality at Older Ages: Evidence from Union Army VeteransPOPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW, Issue 2 2009Dejun Su This study examines the relation between risk exposures in early life and hazard of mortality among 11,978 Union Army veterans aged 50 and over in 1900. Veterans' risk exposures prior to enlistment,as approximated by birth season, country of birth, residential region, city size, and height at enlistment,significantly influenced their chance of survival after 1900. These effects are robust irrespective of whether socioeconomic well-being in 1900 has been taken into account; however, they are sensitive to the particular age periods selected for survival analysis. Whereas some of the effects such as being born in Ireland and coming from large cities became apparent in the first decade after 1900 and then dissipated over time, the effects of birth season, being born in Germany, residential region in the United States, and height at enlistment were more salient in the post-1910 periods. Height at enlistment shows a positive association with risk of mortality in the post-1910 periods. Compared to corresponding findings from more recent cohorts, the exceptional robustness of the effects of risk exposures prior to enlistment on old-age mortality among the veterans highlights the harshness of living conditions early in their lives. [source] Comment expliquer le déclin de Montréal comme centre de transports aériens: une question de géographie économique?THE CANADIAN GEOGRAPHER/LE GEOGRAPHE CANADIEN, Issue 1 2007CARINE DISCAZEAUX L'objectif de cet article est de comprendre l'évolution des activités aériennes à Montréal. Plaque tournante majeure dans les années 1960, Montréal voit ses activités aériennes ralentir dès le milieu des années 1970. Quelles sont les origines véritables de ce ralentissement? Ce déclin est souvent attribuéà la construction d'un second aéroport international à Montréal-Mirabel en 1975. Mais qu'en est-il exactement? Ceci nous amène à nous interroger sur les facteurs de localisation des activités aériennes de manière générale. S'agit-il d'une activité de service qui se localise selon une logique de places centrales, en fonction de la taille des villes? Faut-il plutôt chercher ailleurs, par exemple dans les conditions technologiques et réglementaires propres à l'industrie? Pour y répondre, nous proposons une analyse en deux temps. D'abord, nous nous servirons des outils de régression afin d'évaluer l'importance du poids de l'économie locale comme facteur explicatif du trafic aérien. Cette première partie est essentiellement statique. Dans un deuxième temps, nous effectuerons une analyse à caractère davantage historique des activités aériennes de Montréal depuis 1945, pour renouer à la fin avec les résultats de l'analyse de régression. This paper explores the evolution of air traffic levels in Montréal. While Montréal was a major hub-airport in the 1960's, its level of air traffic dropped in the mid-1970s. This decline is often blamed on the construction of a second International airport at Montréal-Mirabel in 1975. Is this the right explanation? We raise the question whether the spatial organization of air traffic in general can explain the decline. Does the geography of air travel correspond to central place theory, and as a function of city size? Or should we examine the technological and policy environment within the air transport industry? In considering these questions, we follow a two step analysis. First, regression techniques are used to assess the importance of the local economy as a predictor of the level of air traffic. This section is essentially static. Second, an historical analysis of aviation activity in Montréal since 1945 is presented in order to corroborate the regression results. [source] The effect of information and communication technologies on urban structureECONOMIC POLICY, Issue 54 2008Yannis M. Ioannides SUMMARY Cities This paper examines the effects of information and communication technologies (ICT) on urban structure. Improvements in ICT may lead to changes in urban structure, for example, because they reduce the costs of communicating ideas from a distance. Hence, they may weaken local agglomeration forces and thus provide incentives for economic activity to relocate to smaller urban centres. We use international data on city size distributions in different countries and on country-level characteristics to test the effect of ICT. We find robust evidence that increases in the number of telephone lines per capita encourage the spatial dispersion of population in that they lead to a more concentrated distribution of city sizes. So far the evidence on internet usage is more speculative, although it goes in the same direction. We argue that the internet is likely to have similar, or even larger, effects on urban structures once its use has spread more thoroughly through different economies. , Yannis M. Ioannides, Henry G. Overman, Esteban Rossi-Hansberg and Kurt Schmidheiny [source] OLS ESTIMATION AND THE t TEST REVISITED IN RANK-SIZE RULE REGRESSION,JOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2008Yoshihiko Nishiyama ABSTRACT The rank-size rule and Zipf's law for city sizes have been traditionally examined by means of OLS estimation and the t test. This paper studies the accurate and approximate properties of the OLS estimator and obtains the distribution of the t statistic under the assumption of Zipf's law (i.e., Pareto distribution). Indeed, we show that the t statistic explodes asymptotically even under the null, indicating that a mechanical application of the t test yields a serious type I error. To overcome this problem, critical regions of the t test are constructed to test the Zipf's law. Using these corrected critical regions, we can conclude that our results are in favor of the Zipf's law for many more countries than in the previous researches such as Rosen and Resnick (1980) or Soo (2005). By using the same database as that used in Soo (2005), we demonstrate that the Zipf law is rejected for only one of 24 countries under our test whereas it is rejected for 23 of 24 countries under the usual t test. We also propose a more efficient estimation procedure and provide empirical applications of the theory for some countries. [source] Capital cities: When do they stop growing?,PAPERS IN REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2002Kristof Dascher Capital city; public goods; urban growth Abstract This article is an attempt to explain a capital city's size. We assume away explanations such as exploitation of the capital city's hinterland. Instead, we emphasise the role of the localisation of government activity (i.e., administration or legislation) in the capital city for both the capital city economy and the hinterland economy. We assume in the model that larger regions benefit from agglomeration economies. We discuss the interaction of those agglomeration economies with an agglomeration diseconomy specific to the capital city. Under certain conditions, a stable population distribution between the capital city and its hinterland emerges where neither region captures the entire population. We also analyse the comparative statics properties of this stable equilibrium. [source] | |||||||||||||