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City Of São Paulo (city + of_sao_paulo)
Selected AbstractsAlcohol consumption in homicide victims in the city of São PauloADDICTION, Issue 12 2009Gabriel Andreuccetti ABSTRACT Aims To assess the association between alcohol use and victimization by homicide in individuals autopsied at the Institute of Legal Medicine in São Paulo, Brazil. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Excessive consumption of alcohol is a serious public health issue and a major factor in triggering violent situations, which suggests a strong association between alcohol ingestion and becoming a victim of homicide. Participants Data from 2042 victims of homicides in 2005 were obtained from medical examiner reports. Measurements The victim's gender, age, ethnicity and blood alcohol concentration (BAC) were collected. The method of death and homicide circumstances, as well as the date, time and place of death were also studied. Findings Alcohol was detected in blood samples of 43% of the victims, and mean BAC levels were 1.55 ± 0.86 g/l. The prevalence of positive BAC levels was higher among men (44.1%) than women (26.6%), P < 0.01. Firearms caused most of the deaths (78.6%), and alcohol consumption was greater among victims of homicide by sharp weapons (P < 0.01). A greater proportion of victims with positive BAC were killed at weekends compared to weekdays (56.4 and 38.5%, respectively; P < 0.01), and the correlation between homicide rates and the average BAC for the central area of the city was positive (rs = 0.90; P < 0.01). Conclusions These results highlight alcohol as a contributing factor for homicide victimization in the greatest urban center in South America, supporting public strategies and future research aiming to prevent homicides and violence related to alcohol consumption. [source] Bayesian analysis of dynamic factor models: an application to air pollution and mortality in São Paulo, BrazilENVIRONMETRICS, Issue 6 2008T. Sáfadi Abstract The Bayesian estimation of a dynamic factor model where the factors follow a multivariate autoregressive model is presented. We derive the posterior distributions for the parameters and the factors and use Monte Carlo methods to compute them. The model is applied to study the association between air pollution and mortality in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Statistical analysis was performed through a Bayesian analysis of a dynamic factor model. The series considered were minimal temperature, relative humidity, air pollutant of PM10 and CO, mortality circulatory disease and mortality respiratory disease. We found a strong association between air pollutant (PM10), Humidity and mortality respiratory disease for the city of São Paulo. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Prevalence and correlates of alcoholism in community-dwelling elderly living in São Paulo, BrazilINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY, Issue 10 2009Edson Shiguemi Hirata Abstract Objectives To assess the prevalence of alcoholism in elderly living in the city of São Paulo (Brazil) and investigate associated risk factors. Methods A total of 1,563 individuals aged 60 years or older, of both genders of three districts of different socioeconomic classes (high, medium and low) in the city of São Paulo (Brazil) were interviewed. The CAGE screening test for alcoholism was applied and a structured interview was used to assess associated sociodemographic and clinical factors. The tests Mini Mental State Examination, Fuld Object Memory Evaluation, The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly and Bayer-Activities of Daily Living Scale were used for cognitive and functional assessment. Results Prevalence of alcoholism was 9.1%. Multivariate regression analysis showed that alcoholism was associated with male gender, ,mulatto' ethnicity, smoking, and cognitive and functional impairment. In addition, the younger the individual and the lower the schooling level, the higher the risk for alcoholism. Conclusions The results obtained in this study show that alcoholism is highly frequent in the community-dwelling elderly living in São Paulo, and that it is associated with socio-demographic and clinical risk factors similar to those reported in the literature. This suggests that alcoholism in the elderly of a developing country shares the same basic characteristics seen in developed countries. These findings suggest that it is essential for health services and professional to be prepared to meet this demand that will significantly grow in the next years, especially in developing countries, where the rates of population aging are higher than those of developed countries. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] An educational process to strengthen primary care nursing practices in São Paulo, BrazilINTERNATIONAL NURSING REVIEW, Issue 4 2007A.M. Chiesa rn Objective:, To describe the experience of a registered nurse (RN) training process related to the Family Health Program (FHP) developed in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Background:, The FHP is a national, government strategy to restructure primary care services. It focuses on the family in order to understand its physical and social structure in regards to the health,illness process. In the FHP, the RN is a member of a team with the same number as medical doctors , an unprecedented situation. The FHP requires a discussion of the RNs' practice, by qualifying and empowering them with tools and knowledge. Methods:, The training process was based on Freire's approach founded on critical pedagogy in order to address the fundamental problem of inequalities in health. The first phase included workshops and the second one included a course. The workshops identified the following problems related to the RN's work: lack of tools to identify the population's needs; overload of work due to the accumulation of management and assistance activities; difficulties regarding teamwork; lack of tools to evaluate the impact of nursing interventions; lack of tools to improve the participation of the community. The course was organized to tackle these problems under five thematic headings. Results:, The RN's training process allowed the group to reflect deeply on its work. This experience led to the need for the construction of tools to intervene in the reality, mainly against social exclusion, rescuing and adapting of the knowledge accumulated in the healthcare practice, identifying settings which demand institutional solutions and engaging the RN in research groups in order to develop projects according to the complexity of the primary care services. Conclusion:, The application of the concept of equity in the health sector represented a reaction against the processes of social exclusion, starting from performance at a local level to become a reality in the accomplishments achieved by the Brazilian National Health System. This training process allowed us to evaluate that partnership, which has produced many concrete results in addressing both parts of the Inequalities in Health dilemma and which is a productive way of building up a new model of health. [source] Risk management of extravasation of cytostatic drugs at the Adult Chemotherapy Outpatient Clinic of a university hospitalJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 7 2005Nilce Piva Adami PhD Aims and objectives., To verify the incidence of extravasation of cytostatic drugs in patients treated on an outpatient basis at a university hospital in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, during the period from 1998 to 2002, and to assess the quality of care provided by the nursing team using a protocol adopted for the treatment of this adverse event as a parameter. Background., The movement for quality in healthcare services has been a recent event in Brazil, mainly as the result of the Brazilian Program of Hospital Accreditation instituted in 1998. Considering the emphasis on risk management, it is important to mention the monitoring of the occurrence of extravasations of cytostatic drugs in order to improve the quality of nursing care provided to cancer patients. Design and methods., An evaluative study with a descriptive, prospective and longitudinal design was conducted, based on the documentary analysis of the notification of 216 extravasations of vesicant and irritant drugs that occurred between 1998 and 2002 and the corresponding prescriptions of cold or hot compresses. Results., The mean incidence of extravasations ranged from 0·2 to 1·4% over the five years of the study. Incorrect prescription of the type of compress was observed for three patients. Undesired effects were ulcers caused by the extravasation of vinblastine and dacarbazine in two cases. Conclusions., The low incidence of both extravasation and tissue damage demonstrates the adequate quality of nursing care provided to cancer patients at the outpatient clinic studied. However, the identification of the lack of 12 records of thermal treatment and of three erroneous prescriptions requires the implementation of educational measures to prevent these types of incident. Relevance to clinical practice., The relevance of this study to clinical practice is to increase the awareness and involvement of the nursing team in the maintenance of a continuous surveillance system of the process and results of chemotherapy administration in order to increase the quality of care and the safety of the patient. [source] | ||||||||||