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Cinerea
Kinds of Cinerea Terms modified by Cinerea Selected AbstractsCritical aspects of analysis of Micrococcus luteus, Neisseria cinerea, and Pseudomonas fluorescens by means of capillary electrophoresisELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 18-19 2004Verena Hoerr Abstract Within the frame of our study we investigated Microccocus luteus, Neisseria cinerea, and Pseudomonas fluorescens by means of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). They form chains and clusters on a different scale, which can be reflected in the electropherograms. A low buffer concentration of Tris-borate and Na2 EDTA containing a polymeric matrix of 0.0125% poly(ethylene) oxide (PEO) was used. Key factors were the standardization and optimization of CE conditions, buffer solution, and pretreatment of bacterial samples, which are not transferable to different bacterial strains, in general. The different compositions of the cell wall of on the one hand Gram-positive (M. luteus) and Gram-negative (N. cinerea) cocci and on the other hand Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria (P.fluorescens), are probably responsible for the different pretreatment conditions. [source] Potential Applications of Oxidoreductases for the Re-oxidation of Leuco Vat or Sulfur Dyes in Textile DyeingENGINEERING IN LIFE SCIENCES (ELECTRONIC), Issue 3 2008F. Xu Abstract Conventional textile dyeing by vat and sulfur dyes includes reduction and re-oxidation steps (with chemical reductants and oxidants), so that the insoluble dyes can be solubilized in the dyeing solution, adsorbed by the fabric, and fixed onto the dyed fabric. The treatments often involve hazardous chemicals, expensive catalysts, or conditions that are suboptimally effective, energy-intensive, caustic, or polluting. Improving these steps with enzyme technology could be of significant interest in terms of better dyeing, handling of hazardous chemicals, disposal of waste, or production economy. The idea of an enzymatic re-oxidation step for vat and sulfur dyeings was tested under simplified laboratory conditions. Selected vat and sulfur dyes, including Vat Blue,43, Vat Orange,7, Vat Green,3, Vat Orange,2, Vat Red,13, Vat Yellow,2, and Sulfur Black,1, were first chemically reduced. The reduced (leuco) dyes were then re-oxidized by aerated buffer solutions or H2O2, in the presence or absence of an oxidoreductase, selected from seven laccases from Myceliophthora thermophila, Scytalidium thermophilum, Coprinus cinereus, Trametes villosa, Rhizoctonia solani, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, Botrytis cinerea, a bilirubin oxidase from Myrothecium verrucaria, and a heme peroxidase from Coprinus cineresu. It was shown that the enzymes were able to catalyze and accelerate the re-oxidation of the reduced dyes, even when they were adsorbed on cotton fabric, by dissolved air (O2) or H2O2. Small redox-active mediators could facilitate the enzymatic re-oxidation. For Sulfur Black,1, a higher conversion of the leuco dye was achieved with laccase-catalyzed re-oxidation. The further development of this potential enzyme application is discussed. [source] Population persistence of the parasitoid fly Zaira cinerea (Fallén) (Diptera: Tachinidae) utilizing multiple host carabid beetles with different seasonality and qualityENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2010Atsushi OHWAKI Abstract Zaira cinerea (Fallén) is a parasitoid fly (Diptera: Tachinidae) that attacks adult carabid beetles. To better understand mechanisms of population persistence in this species, we examined seasonality of host beetle abundance, the frequency of parasitism, and the timing of fly eclosion. In addition, we evaluated host quality using numbers of larvae or puparia per individual beetle as a measure of quality. The fly parasitized only large carabids (,15 mm body length); the lengths of fly puparia reached 7.4,10.8 mm during development in beetle abdomens, and larger hosts are likely essential. Of the 18 large carabid species collected in this study, we chose two, Carabus maiyasanus Bates and Leptocarabus procerulus (Bates), because they were large and abundant (87% of total catch). The two carabids had different phonologies; C. maiyasanus was abundant from spring to summer, and its abundance dropped sharply in autumn, while L. procerulus was abundant in autumn and rare from spring to summer except July. Parasitism was observed in all the months from May to November except June, and adult flies eclosed more than once a year (in early summer, late summer, and mid-autumn), indicating that the species is multivoltine. Host quality of L. procerulus was higher than that of C. maiyasanus. Carabus maiyasanus was mainly used as a host from spring to summer, and L. procerulus was used in autumn. Thus, adult beetles of one or both species are available over most of spring, summer, and autumn, allowing population persistence of this fly species over time. [source] The nature of tobacco resistance against Botrytis cinerea depends on the infection structures of the pathogenENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Mohamed El Oirdi Summary To protect themselves, plants have evolved an armoury of defences in response to pathogens and other stress situations. These include the production of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and the accumulation of antimicrobial molecules such as phytoalexins. Here we report that resistance of tobacco to Botrytis cinerea is cultivar specific. Nicotiana tabacum cv. Petit Havana but not N. tabacum cv. Xanthi or cv. samsun is resistant to B. cinerea. This resistance is correlated with the accumulation of the phytoalexin scopoletin and PR proteins. We also show that this resistance depends on the type of B. cinerea stage. Nicotiana tabacum cv. Petit Havana is more resistant to spores than to mycelium of B. cinerea. This reduced resistance of N. tabacum cv. Petit Havana to the mycelium compared with spores is correlated with the suppression of PR proteins accumulation and the capacity of the mycelium, not the spores, to metabolize scopoletin. These data present an important advance in understanding the strategies used by B. cinerea to establish its disease on tobacco plants. [source] Vocal Discrimination in Mate Guarding Male Australian Sea Lions: Familiarity Breeds ContemptETHOLOGY, Issue 8 2010Marie R. G. Attard The vocal characteristics of a species can be immensely diverse, and can significantly impact animal social interactions. The social structure of a species may vary with geographical variation in call characteristics. The ability of pinnipeds (true seals, fur seals, sea lions and walrus) to distinguish between conspecifics may assist male reproductive strategies, particularly mate acquisition. We assessed the ability of mate guarding Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) males to discriminate local from foreign males' barks recorded from a geographically distant breeding colony. Bark characteristics were significantly different between colonies, with barks produced by males from the Lewis Island breeding colony higher pitched and longer in both duration and interval duration than barks produced by males on Kangaroo Island. Mate guarding males displayed inter-colony discrimination of barks, with a significantly stronger response to barks from local males than to those of males from a colony approx. 180 km away. Local males' barks were apparently considered a greater threat than barks from unfamiliar males. We propose that discrimination of acoustic characteristics may facilitate reproductive isolation in this species that may lead to an ethological,acoustic barrier between breeding colonies, and subsequent genetic isolation. [source] Interaction between Lim15/Dmc1 and the homologue of the large subunit of CAF-1 , a molecular link between recombination and chromatin assembly during meiosisFEBS JOURNAL, Issue 9 2008Satomi Ishii In eukaryotes, meiosis leads to genetically variable gametes through recombination between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin. Chromatin organization following meiotic recombination is critical to ensure the correct segregation of homologous chromosomes into gametes. However, the mechanism of chromatin organization after meiotic recombination is unknown. In this study we report that the meiosis-specific recombinase Lim15/Dmc1 interacts with the homologue of the largest subunit of chromatin assembly factor 1 (CAF-1) in the basidiomycete Coprinopsis cinerea (Coprinus cinereus). Using C. cinerea LIM15/DMC1 (CcLIM15) as the bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen, we have isolated the C. cinerea homologue of Cac1, the largest subunit of CAF-1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and named it C. cinerea Cac1-like (CcCac1L). Two-hybrid assays confirmed that CcCac1L binds CcLim15 in vivo. ,-Galactosidase assays revealed that the N-terminus of CcCac1L preferentially interacts with CcLim15. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that these proteins also interact in the crude extract of meiotic cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, during meiosis, CcCac1L interacts with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a component of the DNA synthesis machinery recently reported as an interacting partner of Lim15/Dmc1. Taken together, these results suggest a novel role of the CAF-1,PCNA complex in meiotic events. We propose that the CAF-1,PCNA complex modulates chromatin assembly following meiotic recombination. [source] Pathogenicity of seed-associated fungi to Podocarpus falcatus in vitroFOREST PATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2005A. Gure Summary Twenty-nine fungi that were isolated from seeds and female cones of Podocarpus falcatus from natural forests in Ethiopia, were assessed for their impact on seeds and seedlings of the same host. Based on the results from in vitro seed inoculation tests, we could group the fungi into five categories as: (i) isolates that were pathogenic only to seeds and had no obvious impacts on the germlings; (ii) isolates that were pathogenic only to the germlings; (iii) isolates that were pathogenic both to seeds and the emerging germlings; (iv) isolates that were more or less harmless; and (v) isolates that were germination promoters. Inoculation tests were also performed on 4,7-day-old aseptically grown seedlings. Fusarium oxysporum and Polyporus sp., were strongly pathogenic to both seeds and seedlings, while Nectria gliocladioides, Peniophora cinerea and Pestalotiopsis neglecta also demonstrated pathogenicity but to a lesser extent. Other isolates, e.g. Diaporthe spp. resulted in increased germination of P. falcatus seeds and no pathogenicity to seedlings. However, further investigations are required in order to find out how these fungi behave under nursery or field conditions. Résumé L'étude porte sur l'impact sur les graines et semis de Podocarpus falcatus de vingt-neuf champignons isolés de graines et fruits du même hôte en forêts naturelles en Ethiopie. D'après les résultats des inoculations de semences in vitro, les champignons peuvent être classés en 5 groupes: (i) les isolats pathogènes uniquement sur graines et sans effet apparent sur plantules; (ii) les isolats pathogènes uniquement sur plantules; (iii) les isolats pathogènes à la fois sur graines et sur plantules émergentes; (iv) les isolats non pathogènes; (v) les isolats favorisant la germination. Des inoculations ont également été pratiquées sur des semis de 4,7 jours produits en conditions axéniques. Fusarium oxysporum et Polyporus sp. montrent un fort pouvoir pathogène à la fois sure graines et semis, Nectria gliocladioides, Peniophora cinerea et Pestalotiopsis neglecta sont également pathogènes mais à un moindre degré. D'autres isolats, comme Diaporthe spp., induisent une augmentation de germination des graines de P. falcatus et ne sont pas pathogènes sur plantules. Des études complémentaires sont nécessaires pour déterminer le comportement de ces champignons en pépinières ou en conditions naturelles. Zusammenfassung Von Samen und weiblichen Zapfen von Podocarpus falcatus aus Naturwäldern in Äthiopien wurden 29 Pilze isoliert und auf ihre Pathogenität an Samen und Sämlinge der gleichen Art getestet. Anhand der Inokulationstests an Samen in vitro wurden die Pilze in 5 Klassen eingeteilt: (i) Pilze, die nur den Samen schädigen und keine Auswirkung auf den Keimling haben; (ii) Pilze, die nur den Keimling schädigen; (iii) Pilze, die sowohl den Samen als auch den Keimling schädigen; (iv) nicht pathogene Pilze; und (v) Pilze, welche die Keimung fördern. Zusätzlich wurden Inokulationstests an vier bis sieben Tage alten steril gekeimten Sämlingen durchgeführt. Fusarium oxysporum und Polyporus sp. waren sowohl an Samen als auch an Keimlingen stark pathogen, Nectria gliocladioides, Peniophora cinerea und Pestalotiopsis neglecta waren weniger stark pathogen. Andere Isolate, wie z.B. Diaporthe spp. waren apathogen und förderten die Keimung. Zur Abklärung des Verhaltens dieser Pilze unter Freilandbedingungen sind jedoch weitere Untersuchungen notwendig. [source] The impact of cattle ranching on large-scale vegetation patterns in a coastal savanna in TanzaniaJOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY, Issue 3 2003M. W. Tobler Summary 1The success of large-scale cattle ranching in African savanna vegetation has often been limited by problems of bush encroachment and disease (in particular trypanosomiasis spread by tsetse flies). Mkwaja Ranch, occupying an area of 462 km2 on the coast of Tanzania, is a recent example of a large ranching enterprise that failed within the savanna environment. It was closed in 2000 after 48 years of operation. In this paper we describe the main vegetation types of the area (excluding closed forest vegetation) and relate their patterns of distribution to the former use of the ranch for cattle. 2The study area comprised the former ranch and parts of the adjacent Saadani Game Reserve, which had not been grazed by cattle for many years and had never been used for large-scale ranching. Following field surveys, 15 distinct types of grassland and bush vegetation were defined and a vegetation map was created using a Landsat TM satellite image. A multispectral classification using the maximum likelihood algorithm gave good results and enabled all 15 vegetation types to be distinguished on the map. 3Two main spatial trends were detected in the vegetation. One was a large-scale decrease in the cover of bushland from the most intensively used parts of the ranch through more extensively used areas to the game reserve; this trend was attributed to differences in management history as well as to climatic and topographic factors. A second trend was a radial vegetation pattern associated with the enclosures where cattle were herded at night. High amounts of three bushland types [dominated by (i) Acacia zanzibarica, (ii) Dichrostachys cinerea, Acacia nilotica or Acacia mellifera and (iii) Terminalia spinosa] occurred in a zone between 300 and 2500 m from the paddocks, with a peak in bush density at about 900 m (mean value for 18 paddocks). In contrast, bushland dominated by Hyphaene compressa was scarce close to the paddocks and became more abundant with distance. There was also a radial trend in the grassland communities: close to the paddocks there was short grass vegetation containing many ruderals and invasive weedy species, while the tall grassland types with species such as Hyperthelia dissoluta and Cymbopogon caesius occurred further away in the areas less affected by cattle. 4Synthesis and applications. The intensive modern livestock ranching as practised on Mkwaja Ranch proved to be unsustainable both economically and ecologically. In the end, the biggest problem faced by the ranch managers was not controlling disease, as had originally been feared, but preventing the spread of bush on pasture land. The results of our study demonstrate just how severe the problem of bush encroachment was, especially in areas close to paddocks. An important lesson for management is that grazing patterns need to be taken into consideration when determining the sustainable stocking rate for an area. To reduce the risk of bush encroachment in grazing systems with focal points such as paddocks or watering points, stocking rates need to be lower than in systems with a more uniform grazing distribution. [source] Functional, genetic and chemical characterization of biosurfactants produced by plant growth-promoting Pseudomonas putida 267JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2009Marco Kruijt Abstract Aims:, Plant growth-promoting Pseudomonas putida strain 267, originally isolated from the rhizosphere of black pepper, produces biosurfactants that cause lysis of zoospores of the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici. The biosurfactants were characterized, the biosynthesis gene(s) partially identified, and their role in control of Phytophthora damping-off of cucumber evaluated. Methods and Results:, The biosurfactants were shown to lyse zoospores of Phy. capsici and inhibit growth of the fungal pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani. In vitro assays further showed that the biosurfactants of strain 267 are essential in swarming motility and biofilm formation. In spite of the zoosporicidal activity, the biosurfactants did not play a significant role in control of Phytophthora damping-off of cucumber, since both wild type strain 267 and its biosurfactant-deficient mutant were equally effective, and addition of the biosurfactants did not provide control. Genetic characterization revealed that surfactant biosynthesis in strain 267 is governed by homologues of PsoA and PsoB, two nonribosomal peptide synthetases involved in production of the cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs) putisolvin I and II. The structural relatedness of the biosurfactants of strain 267 to putisolvins I and II was supported by LC-MS and MS-MS analyses. Conclusions:, The biosurfactants produced by Ps. putida 267 were identified as putisolvin-like CLPs; they are essential in swarming motility and biofilm formation, and have zoosporicidal and antifungal activities. Strain 267 provides excellent biocontrol activity against Phytophthora damping-off of cucumber, but the lipopeptide surfactants are not involved in disease suppression. Significance and Impact of the Study:,Pseudomonas putida 267 suppresses Phy. capsici damping-off of cucumber and provides a potential supplementary strategy to control this economically important oomycete pathogen. The putisolvin-like biosurfactants exhibit zoosporicidal and antifungal activities, yet they do not contribute to biocontrol of Phy. capsici and colonization of cucumber roots by Ps. putida 267. These results suggest that Ps. putida 267 employs other, yet uncharacterized, mechanisms to suppress Phy. capsici. [source] Survival of spores of Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata after exposure to ethanol solutions at various temperaturesJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2004F. Mlikota Gabler Abstract Aims:, To quantify and model the toxicity of brief exposures of spores of Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata to heated, aqueous ethanol solutions. These fungi are common postharvest decay pathogens of fresh grapes and other produce. Sanitation of produce reduces postharvest losses caused by these and other pathogens. Methods and Results:, Spores of the fungi were exposed to solutions containing up to 30% (v/v) ethanol at 25,50°C for 30 s, then their survival was determined by germination on semisolid media. Logistical, second-order surface-response models were prepared for each fungus. Subinhibitory ethanol concentrations at ambient temperatures became inhibitory when heated at temperatures much lower than those that cause thermal destruction of the spores by water alone. At 40°C, the estimated ethanol concentrations that inhibited the germination of 50% (LD50) of the spores of B. cinerea, A. alternata, A. niger and R. stolonifer were 9·7, 13·5, 19·6 and 20·6%, respectively. Conclusions:, Ethanol and heat combinations were synergistic. Control of spores of these fungi could be accomplished with much lower temperatures and ethanol concentrations when combined compared with either used alone. Botrytis cinerea and A. alternata were less resistant to the combination than A. niger or R. stolonifer. [source] Role of lipopeptides produced by Bacillus subtilis GA1 in the reduction of grey mould disease caused by Botrytis cinerea on appleJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2004Y. Touré Abstract Aim:, Test of Bacillus subtilis strain GA1 for its potential to control grey mould disease of apple caused by Botrytis cinerea. Methods and Results:, GA1 was first tested for its ability to antagonize in vitro the growth of a wide variety of plant pathogenic fungi responsible for diseases of economical importance. The potential of strain GA1 to reduce post-harvest infection caused by B. cinerea was tested on apples by treating artificially wounded fruits with endospore suspensions. Strain GA1 was very effective at reducing disease incidence during the first 5 days following pathogen inoculation and a 80% protection level was maintained over the next 10 days. Treatment of fruits with an extract of GA1 culture supernatant also exerted a strong preventive effect on the development of grey mould. Further analysis of this extract revealed that strain GA1 produces a wide variety of antifungal lipopeptide isomers from the iturin, fengycin and surfactin families. A strong evidence for the involvement of such compounds in disease reduction arose from the recovery of fengycins from protected fruit sites colonized by bacterial cells. Conclusions:, The results presented here demonstrate that, despite unfavourable pH, B. subtilis endospores inoculated on apple pulp can readily germinate allowing significant cell populations to establish and efficient in vivo synthesis of lipopeptides which could be related to grey mould reduction. Significance and Impact of the Study:, This work enables for the first time to correlate the strong protective effect of a particular B. subtilis strain against grey mould with in situ production of fengycins in infected sites of apple fruits. [source] Diet and social conditions during sexual maturation have unpredictable influences on female life history trade-offsJOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2009E. L. B. BARRETT Abstract The trade-off between gametes and soma is central to life history evolution. Oosorption has been proposed as a mechanism by which females can redirect nutrients invested in oocytes into survival when conditions for reproduction are poor. Although positive correlations between oocyte degradation and lifespan have been documented in oviparous insects, the adaptive significance of this process in species with more complex reproductive biology has not been explored. Further, environmental condition is a multivariate state, and combinations of environmental stresses may interact in unpredictable ways. Previous work on the ovoviviparous cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea, revealed that females manipulated to mate late relative to sexual maturation experience age-related loss in fecundity because of loss of viable oocytes via apoptosis. This loss in fecundity is correlated with a reduction in female mate choice. Food deprivation while mating is delayed further increases levels of oocyte apoptosis, but the relationship between starvation-induced apoptosis and life history are unknown. To investigate this, virgin females were either fed or starved from eclosion until provided with a mate at a time known to be suboptimal for fertility. Following mating, females were fed for the duration of their lifespan. We measured lifetime reproductive performance. Contrary to predictions, under conditions of delayed mating opportunity, starved females had greater fecundity, gave birth to more high-quality offspring and had increased longevity compared with that of fed females. We suggest that understanding proximal mechanisms underlying life history trade-offs, including the function of oocyte apoptosis, and how these mechanisms respond to varied environmental conditions is critical. [source] Growth of Botrytis cinerea and Strawberry Quality in Ozone-enriched AtmospheresJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 5 2003A. Nadas ABSTRACT Botrytis cinerea cultures were stored on potato dextrose agar in air with or without 1.5 ,L/L ozone at 2 °C. Cultures stored in the presence of ozone grew slower. Strawberry fruits (Fragaria×ananassa cv. Camarosa) were stored for 3 d at 2 °C in air with or without 1.5 ,L/L ozone and then transferred to room temperature. Each group was inoculated with B. cinerea grown in air with or without ozone. Visible mycelial growth developed more rapidly on fruit previously stored in air. Ozone-enriched cold storage of naturally infected ,Camarosa' fruit reduced decay incidence, weight loss, and fruit softening, but resulted in a reversible loss of fruit aroma. [source] Purification of Angularin, A Novel Antifungal Peptide from Adzuki BeansJOURNAL OF PEPTIDE SCIENCE, Issue 3 2002Dr X. Y. Ye Abstract An antifungal peptide was isolated from the adzuki bean with a procedure involving affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel and ion exchange chromatography on CM-Sepharose. The protein designated angularin was adsorbed on both types of chromatographic media and possessed a molecular weight of 8 kDa. Angularin exhibited antifungal activity against a variety of fungal species including Mycospharella arachidiocola and Botrytis cinerea. It inhibited mycelial growth in B. cinerea with an IC50 of 14.3 µM. Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani were not inhibited. Angularin demonstrated inhibitory activity on translation in the rabbit reticulocyte lysate system (IC50 = 8.0 µM) but did not affect proliferation of splenocytes. The activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase was inhibited in the presence of angularin. Its N -terminal sequence was GEPGQKE. Copyright © 2002 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Acetic Acid, Ethanol and Steam Effects on the Growth of Botrytis cinerea in vitro and Combination of Steam and Modified Atmosphere Packaging to Control Decay in KiwifruitJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 2 2009Anastasia L. Lagopodi Abstract The effects of acetic acid fumigation, ethanol fumigation, and steam heat treatment on growth of Botrytis cinerea in vitro were investigated. The effect of steam heat treatments in combination with modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on Botrytis decay development on ,Hayward' kiwifruit was also studied. The fungus was grown in Petri dishes on potato dextrose agar. Ethanol fumigation with 100 ,l/l for 3 or 6 min, or 200 ,l/l for 6 min enhanced the growth of B. cinerea. The effect of acetic acid on growth of B. cinerea was time and dosage-dependent. Fumigation with 1 ,l/l for 6 min, 2 ,l/l for 3 min, and 4 ,l/l for 3 min promoted radial growth of the fungus when compared to the growth of the untreated control. Fumigation with 2 ,l/l for 6 min delayed the growth of the fungus for the first 6 days, while fumigation with 6 ,l/l for 3 min delayed the growth of the fungus after the sixth day. Fumigation with 4 or 6 ,l/l acetic acid for 6 min, and 8 ,l/l acetic acid for 3 or 6 min resulted in complete inhibition of fungal growth. Steam heat treatment at 45°C for 6 min, and at 48, 51, and 54°C for 3 or 6 min completely inhibited fungal growth in vitro. Furthermore, steam treatments at 47, 50, and 53°C for 3 or 6 min completely inhibited decay at the stem end of kiwifruit kept at 10°C in MAP for 12 days. However, none of the steam treatments inhibited decay in wounds on the surface of the fruit kept in MAP. [source] Identification of Botrytis spp. on Plants Grown in IranJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2008S. Mirzaei Abstract A total of 363 isolates were collected from all over Iran. They were isolated from apple, arum lily, briar rose, bride wort, broad bean, camellia, canola, carnation, cucumber, egg plant, feijoa, geranium, gerbera, gladiolus, grape, guilder rose, hibiscus, iris, kiwifruit, oleander, onion, orange, pear, pomegranate, primrose, quince, redbud, robinia, rose, rubber plant, sow thiste, spathe flower, strawberry, tomato, violet, wall flower and wheat. To identify the species, morphological characters such as conidiophore length, conidial and sclerotial dimensions were measured. According to morphological and cultural characters, eight Botrytis species were identified: B. aclada sensu lato, B. cinerea, B. fabae, B. convoluta, B. gladiolorum, B. paeoniae, B. pelargonii and B. porri. As far as we are aware, this is the first report of the last five species from Iran. These species were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using necrosis and ethylene-inducing protein (NEP2) and C729 primers. A 835 bp band was amplified in B. cinerea, B. fabae and B. pelargonii, using NEP2, but not in others. However, C729 primers amplified a 700 bp band in B. cinerea and B. pelargonii and a 600 bp in B. fabae. [source] Age-dependent Grey Mould Susceptibility and Tissue-specific Defence Gene Activation of Grapevine Berry Skins after Infection by Botrytis cinereaJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2007M. Kretschmer Abstract The correlation between the degree of maturity of grapevine berries and their susceptibility to infection by the grey mould fungus Botrytis cinerea was studied. Artificial inoculation with B. cinerea conidia of detached berries from cultivars Riesling and Pinot noir revealed an increasing susceptibility during the last weeks of berry ripening. Wound inoculation resulted in increased lesion formation when compared with inoculation of non-wounded berry skins. Lesion development after non-wounding inoculation was stimulated by the addition of nutrients. Riesling berries were more readily infected than Pinot noir berries, indicating that the Riesling berry skin is more easily colonized by the grey mould fungus. Analysis of defence gene activation in the berry skin tissue revealed increased transcript levels of phenylalanine ammonium lyase and stilbene synthase after inoculation with B. cinerea conidia, while mRNA abundance of osmotin was similar in inoculated and non-inoculated tissue. Our data indicate that properties of the grape berry skin, including its ability for infection-induced defence gene activation, are important for the outcome of grey mould infections. [source] Incidence, Aggressiveness and In Planta Interactions of Botrytis cinerea and other Filamentous Fungi Quiescent in Grape Berries and Dormant Buds in Central Washington StateJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 7 2002F. M. Dugan Abstract Recovery of quiescent filamentous fungi from non-symptomatic grape berries and dormant buds demonstrated dominance of Alternaria, Aureobasidium, Cladosporium, Ulocladium and other dematiaceous hyphomycetes. Up to 78% of berries contained fungi prior to harvest. Botrytis cinerea was recovered from 0.2 to 0.5% of surface-disinfested berries just subsequent to fruit set, and 1.6,4.8% of surface-disinfested, over-wintered dormant buds. In laboratory inoculations of mature grape berries with strains of Alternaria, Aureobasidium, Cladosporium, Ulocladium and Botrytis, only the latter was aggressive in rotting berry fruits. Inoculations with B. cinerea alone and in combination with strains of Alternaria, Aureobasidium, Cladosporium and Ulocladium recovered from grape demonstrated that prior occupation of wound sites by the latter fungi resulted in reduced lesion size compared to inoculation with B. cinerea alone. [source] Antifungal Activity of a Bowman,Birk-type Trypsin Inhibitor from Wheat KernelJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 7-8 2000G. Chilosi A trypsin inhibitor from wheat kernel (WTI) was found to have a strong antifungal activity against a number of pathogenic fungi and to inhibit fungal trypsin-like activity. WTI inhibited in vitro spore germination and hyphal growth of pathogens, with protein concentration required for 50% growth inhibition (IC50) values ranging from 111.7 to above 500 ,g/ml. As observed by electron microscopy, WTI determined morphological alterations represented by hyphal growth inhibition and branching. One of the fungal species tested, Botrytis cinerea produced a trypsin-like protease, which was inhibited by the trypsin inhibitor. WTI, as well as other seed defence proteins, appear to be an important resistance factor in wheat kernels during rest and early germination when plants are particularly exposed to attack by potential soil-borne pathogens. Zusammenfassung Ein Trypsinhemmer aus Weizenkörnern (WTI) zeigte eine starke antifungale Aktivität gegenüber verschiedenen pathogenen Pilzen und hemmte deren trypsinähnliche Aktivität. WTI hemmte in vitro die Sporenkeimung und das Hyphenwachstum der Pathogene, wobei die IC50 -Werte zwischen 111,7 und mehr als 500 ,g/ml lagen. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen zeigten, dai WTI morphologische Veränderungen bewirkte, die aus einer Hemmung des Hyphenwachstums und einer veränderten Verzweigung bestanden. Eine der untersuchten Pilzarten, Botrytis cinerea, bildete eine trypsinähnliche Protease, die durch den Trypsininhibitor gehemmt wurde. Ebenso wie andere sameneigene Abwehrproteine scheint WTI während der Keimruhe und in den frühen Stadien der Keimung, wenn die Pflanzen gegenüber möglichen bodenbürtigen Pathogenen besonders exponiert sind, ein wichtiger Resistenzfaktor in Weizenkörnern zu sein. [source] Oxidative effects in uninfected tissue in leaves of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) containing soft rots caused by Botrytis cinereaJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 6 2003Ingo Muckenschnabel Abstract Several markers of oxidative processes have been measured in leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris infected with Botrytis cinerea, with the specific objective of investigating changes induced by this necrotrophic pathogen in tissue remote from the lesion. There was a progressive decrease with time in the contents of ascorbic acid (AA) in apparently healthy tissues from infected plants and non-inoculated plants grown under identical high-humidity conditions (abiotically stressed controls), and for periods >48 h this decrease was greater in the infected plants. This decline in AA content was accompanied by an elevation in the intensity of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal from adducts of the spin trap ,-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)- N - t -butylnitrone (POBN), a destabilisation of the (monodehydro) ascorbate radical (Asc·) signal in the presence of POBN, and an increase in the ratio of Asc· to AA in samples studied in the absence of the spin trap. These results are consistent with a shift in redox status to more oxidising conditions in apparently healthy tissue of infected plants and indicate the prevalence of chemical processes that are distinctly different from those in uninfected plants. However, no differences in lipid peroxidation products or the single-peak free radical and Fe(III) (g = 4.27) EPR signals were observed between these tissues distant from the lesions and those from abiotically stressed controls. In addition, the pathogen-derived sesquiterpene toxin botrydial and a second Mn(II) EPR signal, both of which are associated with Botrytis infection, were not detected in these ,apparently healthy' tissues. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Inhibitory activity of tea polyphenol and Hanseniaspora uvarum against Botrytis cinerea infectionsLETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2010H.M. Liu Abstract Aims:, To investigate the effect of tea polyphenol (TP) and Hanseniaspora uvarum alone or in combination against Botrytis cinerea in grapes and to evaluate the possible mechanisms involved. Methods and Results:, TP alone was effective in controlling grey mould in grape at all concentrations. TP at 0·5 and 1·0% in combination with H. uvarum (1 × 106 CFU ml,1) showed a lower infection rate of grey mould. TP at 0·01% or above significantly inhibited the spore germination of B. cinerea. TP at 0·1% showed inhibition ability on mycelium growth of B. cinerea. The addition of TP did not affect the growth of H. uvarum in vitro and significantly increased the population of H. uvarum in vivo. Conclusions:, TP exhibited an inhibitory effect against B. cinerea and improved the biocontrol efficacy of H. uvarum. The inhibitory effects of spore germination and mycelial growth of B. cinerea and the increased populations of H. uvarum in vivo may be some of the important mechanisms of TP. Significance and Impact of the Study:, The results suggested that TP alone or in combination with biocontrol agents has great potential in the commercial management of postharvest diseases of fruits. [source] The potential biocontrol agent Pseudomonas antimicrobica inhibits germination of conidia and outgrowth of Botrytis cinereaLETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2001Walker Aims:,Antifungal metabolites of Pseudomonas antimicrobica have previously been shown to inhibit conidial germination of the grey mould pathogen Botrytis cinerea. In this study, metabolites of the bacterium have been tested at different stages of Botrytis germination to determine their effects on germ tube production and extension. Methods and Results:,Metabolites were added to conidia that had been pre-incubated for either 120 or 255 min. Pseudomonas antimicrobica inhibited B. cinerea conidial germination and caused a significant reduction in germ tube extension, irrespective of the stage of germination. Abnormal germination and a reduction in the frequency of lateral branching of the germ tubes in the presence of the metabolites were also reported, suggesting interference with normal hyphal development. Conclusions: The bacterium can inhibit germination of conidia and extension of germ tubes at different stages of Botrytis development. Significance and Impact of the Study:,The antagonistic activity of the bacterium has promising implications for its use as a biocontrol agent. [source] Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in the white-winged chough (Corcorax melanorhamphos)MOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES, Issue 4 2003N. Beck Abstract We have isolated and characterized seven polymorphic microsatellite loci in the white-winged chough (Corcorax melanorhamphos), a highly social, cooperatively breeding bird of Australian eucalypt woodlands. In analyses of 100 samples from 16 family groups, the number of alleles per locus ranged from four to 18, and observed heterozygosity ranged between 0.46 and 0.93. One locus appears to be sex-linked. The primers were also tested in apostlebirds (Struthidera cinerea), the only other species in the subfamily Corcoracinae. Five loci were successfully amplified and three were polymorphic. [source] Fungicide activity through activation of a fungal signalling pathwayMOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2004Kaihei Kojima Summary Fungicides generally inhibit enzymatic reactions involved in fungal cellular biosynthesis. Here we report, for the first time, an example of fungicidal effects through hyperactivation of a fungal signal transduction pathway. The OSC1 gene, encoding a MAP kinase (MAPK) related to yeast Hog1, was isolated from the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum lagenarium that causes cucumber anthracnose. The osc1 knockout mutants were sensitive to high osmotic stress and showed increased resistance to the fungicide fludioxonil, indicating that Osc1 is involved in responses to hyperosmotic stress and sensitivity to fludioxonil. The Osc1 MAPK is phosphorylated under high osmotic conditions, indicating activation of Osc1 by high osmotic stress. Importantly, fludioxonil treatment also activates phosphorylation of Osc1, suggesting that improper activation of Osc1 by fludioxonil has negative effects on fungal growth. In the presence of fludioxonil, the wild-type fungus was not able to infect the host plant because of a failure of appressorium-mediated penetration, whereas osc1 mutants successfully infected plants. Analysis using a OSC1- GFP fusion gene indicated that Osc1 is rapidly translocated to the nucleus in appressorial cells after the addition of fludioxonil, suggesting that fludioxonil impairs the function of infection structures by activation of Osc1. Furthermore, fludioxonil activates Hog1-type MAPKs in the plant pathogenic fungi Cochliobolus heterostrophus and Botrytis cinerea. These results strongly suggest that fludioxonil acts as a fungicide, in part, through activation of the MAPK cascade in fungal pathogens. [source] The tetraspanin BcPls1 is required for appressorium-mediated penetration of Botrytis cinerea into host plant leavesMOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2004M. Gourgues Summary Animal tetraspanins are membrane proteins controlling cell adhesion, morphology and motility. In fungi, the tetraspanin MgPls1 controls an appressorial function required for the penetration of Magnaporthe grisea into host plants. An orthologue of MgPLS1, BcPLS1, was identified in the necrotrophic fungal plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea. We constructed a Bcpls1::bar null mutant by targeted gene replacement. Bcpls1::bar is not pathogenic on intact plant tissues of bean, tomato or rose, but it infects wounded plant tissues. Both wild type and Bcpls1::bar differentiate appressoria on plant and artificial surfaces, a process involving an arrest of polarized growth, apex swelling and its cell wall reinforcement. Although wild-type appressoria allowed the penetration of the fungus into the host plant within 6,12 h, no successful penetration events were observed with Bcpls1::bar, suggesting that its appressoria are not functional. An eGFP transcriptional fusion showed that BcPLS1 was specifically expressed in conidia, germ tubes and appressoria during host penetration. Our results indicate that BcPLS1 is required for the penetration of B. cinerea into intact host plants. The defect in pathogenicity of Bcpls1::bar also demonstrates that functional B. cinerea appressoria are required for a successful penetration process. As Bcpls1::bar and Mgpls1,::hph penetration defects are similar, fungal tetraspanins are likely to be required for an essential appressorial function widespread among fungi. [source] The role of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signalling components and the Ste12 transcription factor in germination and pathogenicity of Botrytis cinereaMOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2010ASTRID SCHAMBER SUMMARY In all fungi studied so far, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades serve as central signalling complexes that are involved in various aspects of growth, stress response and infection. In this work, putative components of the yeast Fus3/Kss1-type MAP kinase cascade and the putative downstream transcription factor Ste12 were analysed in the grey mould fungus Botrytis cinerea. Deletion mutants of the MAP triple kinase Ste11, the MAP kinase kinase Ste7 and the MAP kinase adaptor protein Ste50 all resulted in phenotypes similar to that of the previously described BMP1 MAP kinase mutant, namely defects in germination, delayed vegetative growth, reduced size of conidia, lack of sclerotia formation and loss of pathogenicity. Mutants lacking Ste12 showed normal germination, but delayed infection as a result of low penetration efficiency. Two differently spliced ste12 transcripts were detected, and both were able to complement the ste12 mutant, except for a defect in sclerotium formation, which was only corrected by the full-sized transcript. Overexpression of the smaller ste12 transcript resulted in delayed germination and strongly reduced infection. Bc-Gas2, a homologue of Magnaporthe grisea Gas2 that is required for appressorial function, was found to be non-essential for growth and infection, but its expression was under the control of both Bmp1 and Ste12. In summary, the role and regulatory connections of the Fus3/Kss1-type MAP kinase cascade in B. cinerea revealed both common and unique properties compared with those of other plant pathogenic fungi, and provide evidence for a regulatory link between the BMP1 MAP kinase cascade and Ste12. [source] Botrytis cinerea: the cause of grey mould diseaseMOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2007BRIAN WILLIAMSON SUMMARY Introduction:,Botrytis cinerea (teleomorph: Botryotinia fuckeliana) is an airborne plant pathogen with a necrotrophic lifestyle attacking over 200 crop hosts worldwide. Although there are fungicides for its control, many classes of fungicides have failed due to its genetic plasticity. It has become an important model for molecular study of necrotrophic fungi. Taxonomy:, Kingdom: Fungi, phylum: Ascomycota, subphylum: Pezizomycotina, class: Leotiomycetes, order: Helotiales, family: Sclerotiniaceae, genus: Botryotinia. Host range and symptoms: Over 200 mainly dicotyledonous plant species, including important protein, oil, fibre and horticultural crops, are affected in temperate and subtropical regions. It can cause soft rotting of all aerial plant parts, and rotting of vegetables, fruits and flowers post-harvest to produce prolific grey conidiophores and (macro)conidia typical of the disease. Pathogenicity:,B. cinerea produces a range of cell-wall-degrading enzymes, toxins and other low-molecular-weight compounds such as oxalic acid. New evidence suggests that the pathogen triggers the host to induce programmed cell death as an attack strategy. Resistance:, There are few examples of robust genetic host resistance, but recent work has identified quantitative trait loci in tomato that offer new approaches for stable polygenic resistance in future. Useful websites:,http://www.phi-base.org/query.php, http://www.broad.mit.edu/annotation/genome/botrytis_cinerea/Home.html, http://urgi.versailles.inra.fr/projects/Botrytis/, http://cogeme.ex.ac.uk [source] Phylogenetic analysis, genomic organization, and expression analysis of multi-copper oxidases in the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria bicolorNEW PHYTOLOGIST, Issue 3 2009P. E. Courty Summary ,,In forest soils, ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic Agaricales differ in their strategies for carbon acquisition, but share common gene families encoding multi-copper oxidases (MCOs). These enzymes are involved in the oxidation of a variety of soil organic compounds. ,,The MCO gene family of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor is composed of 11 genes divided into two distinct subfamilies corresponding to laccases (lcc) sensu stricto (lcc1 to lcc9), sharing a high sequence homology with the coprophilic Coprinopsis cinerea laccase genes, and to ferroxidases (lcc10 and lcc11) that are not present in C. cinerea. The fet3 -like ferroxidase genes lcc10 and lcc11 in L. bicolor are each arranged in a mirrored tandem orientation with an ftr gene coding for an iron permease. Unlike C. cinerea, L. bicolor has no sid1/sidA gene for siderophore biosynthesis. ,,Transcript profiling using whole-genome expression arrays and quantitative reverse transcriptase,polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed that some transcripts were very abundant in ectomycorrhizas (lcc3 and lcc8), in fruiting bodies (lcc7) or in the free-living mycelium grown on agar medium (lcc9 and lcc10), suggesting a specific function of these MCOs. ,,The amino acid composition of the MCO substrate binding sites suggests that L. bicolor MCOs interact with substrates different from those of saprotrophic fungi. [source] Evolutionary history of the ancient cutinase family in five filamentous Ascomycetes reveals differential gene duplications and losses and in Magnaporthe grisea shows evidence of sub- and neo-functionalizationNEW PHYTOLOGIST, Issue 3 2008Pari Skamnioti Summary ,,The cuticle is the first barrier for fungi that parasitize plants systematically or opportunistically. Here, the evolutionary history is reported of the multimembered cutinase families of the plant pathogenic Ascomycetes Magnaporthe grisea, Fusarium graminearum and Botrytis cinerea and the saprotrophic Ascomycetes Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa. ,,Molecular taxonomy of all fungal cutinases demonstrates a clear division into two ancient subfamilies. No evidence was found for lateral gene transfer from prokaryotes. The cutinases in the five Ascomycetes show significant copy number variation, they form six clades and their extreme sequence diversity is highlighted by the lack of consensus intron. The average ratio of gene duplication to loss is 2 : 3, with the exception of M. grisea and N. crassa, which exhibit extreme family expansion and contraction, respectively. ,,Detailed transcript profiling in vivo, categorizes the M. grisea cutinases into four regulatory patterns. Symmetric or asymmetric expression profiles of phylogenetically related cutinase genes suggest subfunctionalization and neofunctionalization, respectively. ,,The cutinase family-size per fungal species is discussed in relation to genome characteristics and lifestyle. The ancestry of the cutinase gene family, together with the expression divergence of its individual members provides a first insight into the drivers for niche differentiation in fungi. [source] Transfer of the ,-tubulin gene of Botrytis cinerea with resistance to carbendazim into Fusarium graminearumPEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (FORMERLY: PESTICIDE SCIENCE), Issue 5 2010Sheng-Ming Liu Abstract BACKGROUND: Resistance to carbendazim and other benzimidazole fungicides in Botrytis cinerea (Pers. ex Fr.) and most other fungi is usually conferred by mutation(s) in a single chromosomal ,-tubulin gene, often with several allelic mutations. In Fusarium graminearum Schwade, however, carbendazim resistance is not associated with a mutation in the corresponding ,-tubulin gene. RESULTS: The ,-tubulin gene conferring carbendazim resistance in B. cinerea was cloned and connected with two homologous arms of the ,-tubulin gene of F. graminearum by using a double-joint polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This fragment was transferred into F. graminearum via homologous double crossover at the site where the ,-tubulin gene of F. graminearum is normally located (the ,-tubulin gene of F. graminearum had been deleted). The transformants were confirmed and tested for their sensitivity to carbendazim. CONCLUSION: The ,-tubulin gene conferring carbendazim resistance in B. cinerea could not express this resistance in F. graminearum, as transformants were still very sensitive to carbendazim. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||