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Childhood Problems (childhood + problem)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Psychology33%

Selected Abstracts

Roles of perinatal problems on adolescent antisocial behaviors among children born after 33 completed weeks: a prospective investigation

THE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 10 2008
Yoko Nomura
Background:, There is uncertainty about the extent to which mildly sub-optimal perinatal characteristics among individuals born near-term (>33 weeks of gestation) are associated with various subsequent childhood problems, including antisocial behavior. There is even more uncertainty about whether the pathway to antisocial behavior differs by gender. Methods:, A sample of 1689 infants, born near-term, was followed from birth for over 30 years. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), the study evaluated hypothesized mechanisms linking perinatal problems to antisocial behavior, mediated through the following variables in early and later childhood: neurological abnormalities at age 1; hearing, speech, and language problems at age 3; cognitive function at age 4; and academic performance at age 7. Childhood problems were assessed by trained research clinicians, blind to perinatal status. An ,antisocial behavior' variable was created, based on retrospective self-report of six antisocial incidences assessed in adulthood. Results:, Path coefficients showed that birthweight, head circumference, and Apgar scores were indirectly associated with antisocial behavior in the presence of one or more of the following: neurological abnormalities, abnormality in language, speech, and hearing, cognitive function, or academic performance. We found gender differences only in the associations between hearing and IQ and between language perception and IQ. Poor academic performance was associated with antisocial behavior in both boys and girls. Conclusion:, Our hypothesis, that perinatal problems may progress to antisocial behavior when mediated by various markers of early childhood problems, was confirmed. Adverse perinatal events need to be considered in identifying infants who are at risk for academic problems and antisocial behavior, even when the infant is born relatively close to term (i.e., >33 weeks). Poor academic performance, which is indirectly influenced by a variety of neurological and cognitive problems during the perinatal period, infancy, and early childhood appear to increase antisocial behavioral problems in both girls and boys. [source]

Childhood overweight problem in a selected school district in Hawaii

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2003
Dennis Chai
Anthropometric measurements were collected from 1,437 public school students in a selected school district in Hawaii every year from 1992 to 1996. Results showed that boys and girls of Hawaiian ancestry (HA) are generally taller in stature and somewhat heavier in weight than their non-Hawaiian counterparts (Non-HA). Also, there are no clear differences between the two groups in BMI, sums of skinfolds, waist and hip circumferences, and waist/hip circumference ratios. When compared to data from NHANES III (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), the median statures of HA boys and girls are very close to the median statures of NHANES III, but the body weights of HA are heavier at most ages. Also, the BMI values of HA are distinctly higher and their medians are closer to the 75th percentile of NHANES III. In addition, the values of the sums of skinfolds and the waist and hip circumferences of HA are also higher at most ages than NHANES III. These multiple anthropometric indicators suggest that there might be more overweight children and adolescents of HA. When compared to the statistics in NHANES III, there are twice as many HA and Non-HA boys and girls classified as obese. Clearly, a serious childhood problem exists among the children in this selected school district in Hawaii. More research is needed in other school districts in Hawaii. Also, it is suggested in this study that using multiple anthropometric indicators, rather than a single one, may be more accurate and appropriate in determining overweight problems in a youth population. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:164,177, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Retrospective reports of college students' childhood problems

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2005
Kimberly Renk
College students and a subsample of their mothers and fathers participated in a study examining their retrospective reports of childhood emotional and behavioral problems experienced by college students. College students and their mothers and fathers exhibited moderate correspondence in their recollection of internalizing and externalizing problems that college students experienced during their childhood. In contrast, college students tended to endorse significantly greater levels of both internalizing and externalizing problems relative to their mothers and fathers. Current psychological symptoms predicted the greater endorsement of childhood internalizing and externalizing problems by college students and the greater endorsement of college students' childhood internalizing problems by their mothers. Further, college students' current perceptions of their parents predicted their endorsement of childhood internalizing problems, and college students' current masculinity and femininity predicted their endorsement of childhood externalizing problems. Results of this study emphasized the importance of noting factors that may be related to retrospective reports. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol. [source]

Vaccination in children: the UK immunisation programme

PRESCRIBER, Issue 10 2010
David Elliman FRCP, FRCPCH
Our series Prescribing in children gives practical advice for the management of childhood problems in general practice. Here, the authors describe the UK immunisation programme for children and the potential contraindications and adverse effects. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd [source]

Recommended management of nocturnal enuresis in children

PRESCRIBER, Issue 8 2010
Anthony Cohn MRCP, FRCPC
Our series Prescribing in children gives practical advice for successful management of childhood problems in general practice. Here, the author describes the three systems approach used in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd [source]

Current management of juvenile idiopathic arthritis

PRESCRIBER, Issue 5 2009
FRCP(Glasg), FRCPCH, Paul Galea MD
Our series Prescribing in children gives practical advice for successful management of childhood problems in general practice. Here, the author describes the available treatment options for juvenile idiopathic arthritis and their place in management. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd [source]

Growth hormone: licensing and prescription in children

PRESCRIBER, Issue 5 2008
Jeremy Kirk MD FRCPCH DCH
Our series Prescribing in children gives practical advice for successful management of childhood problems in general practice. Here, the author describes the historical background of growth hormone treatment, its currently licensed indications and its prescription by shared-care protocols Copyright © 2008 Wiley Interface Ltd [source]

Prescribing unlicensed and off-label medicines in children

PRESCRIBER, Issue 17 2007
Marilyn McDougall FCPaed(SA)
Our series Prescribing in children gives practical advice for successful management of childhood problems in general practice. Here, the authors discuss the issues that arise from the use of unlicensed and off-label medicines in children. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd [source]

Recommended management of sleep problems in childhood

PRESCRIBER, Issue 6 2007
Stephen Tomlin MRPharms
Our series Prescribing in children gives practical advice for the successful management of childhood problems in general practice. Here the authors describe sleep problems encountered in children and discuss the available treatments. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd [source]

Diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection in children

PRESCRIBER, Issue 3 2007
Ben Obi FRCPCH
Our new series Prescribing in children gives practical advice for the successful management of childhood problems in general practice. Here, the authors discuss the methods of diagnosing urinary tract infection and highlight factors to consider prior to selecting antibiotic treatment. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd [source]

Extraction and Refinement Strategy for detection of autism in 18-month-olds: a guarantee of higher sensitivity and specificity in the process of mass screening

THE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 8 2009
Hideo Honda
Background:, For early detection of autism, it is difficult to maintain an efficient level of sensitivity and specificity based on observational data from a single screening. The Extraction and Refinement (E&R) Strategy utilizes a public children's health surveillance program to produce maximum efficacy in early detection of autism. In the extraction stage, all cases at risk of childhood problems, including developmental abnormality, are identified; in the refinement stage, cases without problems are excluded, leaving only cases with conclusive diagnoses. Methods:, The city of Yokohama, Japan, conducts a routine child health surveillance program for children at 18 months in which specialized public health nurses administer YACHT-18 (Young Autism and other developmental disorders CHeckup Tool), a screening instrument to identify children at risk for developmental disorders. Children who screen positive undergo further observation, and those without disorders are subsequently excluded. To study the efficacy of early detection procedures for developmental disorders, including autism, 2,814 children born in 1988, examined at 18 months of age, and not already receiving treatment for diseases or disorders were selected. Results:, In the extraction stage, 402 (14.3%) children were identified for follow-up. In the refinement stage, 19 (.7%) of these were referred to the Yokohama Rehabilitation Center and diagnosed with developmental disorders. The extraction stage produced four false negatives, bringing total diagnoses of developmental disorders to 23 (.8%) , including 5 with autistic disorder and 9 with pervasive developmental disorder , not otherwise specified (PDDNOS). Sensitivity was 60% for autistic disorder and 82.6% for developmental disorders. Specificity for developmental disorders rose to 100% with the E&R Strategy. Picture cards used in YACHT-18 provided a finer screen that excluded some false positive cases. Conclusions:, An extraction and refinement methodology utilizing child health surveillance programs achieve high efficacy for early detection of autism. [source]

Roles of perinatal problems on adolescent antisocial behaviors among children born after 33 completed weeks: a prospective investigation

THE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 10 2008
Yoko Nomura
Background:, There is uncertainty about the extent to which mildly sub-optimal perinatal characteristics among individuals born near-term (>33 weeks of gestation) are associated with various subsequent childhood problems, including antisocial behavior. There is even more uncertainty about whether the pathway to antisocial behavior differs by gender. Methods:, A sample of 1689 infants, born near-term, was followed from birth for over 30 years. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), the study evaluated hypothesized mechanisms linking perinatal problems to antisocial behavior, mediated through the following variables in early and later childhood: neurological abnormalities at age 1; hearing, speech, and language problems at age 3; cognitive function at age 4; and academic performance at age 7. Childhood problems were assessed by trained research clinicians, blind to perinatal status. An ,antisocial behavior' variable was created, based on retrospective self-report of six antisocial incidences assessed in adulthood. Results:, Path coefficients showed that birthweight, head circumference, and Apgar scores were indirectly associated with antisocial behavior in the presence of one or more of the following: neurological abnormalities, abnormality in language, speech, and hearing, cognitive function, or academic performance. We found gender differences only in the associations between hearing and IQ and between language perception and IQ. Poor academic performance was associated with antisocial behavior in both boys and girls. Conclusion:, Our hypothesis, that perinatal problems may progress to antisocial behavior when mediated by various markers of early childhood problems, was confirmed. Adverse perinatal events need to be considered in identifying infants who are at risk for academic problems and antisocial behavior, even when the infant is born relatively close to term (i.e., >33 weeks). Poor academic performance, which is indirectly influenced by a variety of neurological and cognitive problems during the perinatal period, infancy, and early childhood appear to increase antisocial behavioral problems in both girls and boys. [source]