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Chi-squared Test (Chi-squar + test)
Kinds of Chi-squared Test Selected AbstractsAssociation of CTLA-4 gene polymorphism with oral submucous fibrosis in TaiwanJOURNAL OF ORAL PATHOLOGY & MEDICINE, Issue 4 2004Yi-Ning Shin Background:, Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is an insidious, pre-cancerous, chronic disease that may affect the entire oral cavity and sometimes extend to the pharynx. It has been reported to be associated with immune function. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4; CD (cluster of differentiation) 152) is a negative regulator of T-lymphocyte activation. Particular genotypes of the locus encoding the CTLA-4 glycoprotein have been associated with susceptibility to various autoimmune diseases. This study was designed to investigate the role of CTLA-4 polymorphism in susceptibility to OSF. Methods:, We genotyped 62 patients with OSF and 147 healthy controls for allelic determinants at the exon 1 +49 polymorphism site by restriction fragment length polymorphism. Genotype and phenotype frequencies were evaluated with Chi-squared test. Results:, The G allele at position +49 of exon 1 was significantly associated with OSF. The frequency of A/A homozygotes was higher in controls than in patients (17.0% vs. 3.2%; ,2 = 7.65, P = 0.02); the G phenotype was more frequent in patients than in controls (96.8% vs. 83.0%; ,2 = 9.31, P = 0.002). Compared with controls, the G allele genotype and phenotype frequencies were increased in patients with OSF. Conclusion:, This is the first report that the CTLA-4 +49 G allele confers an increased risk of OSF in Taiwan. [source] Missed opportunities for a diagnosis of acute otitis media in Aboriginal childrenJOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH, Issue 7 2003KB Gibney Objective: Severe otitis media and its sequelae are common in rural and remote Aboriginal children. Identification of acute otitis media (AOM) is likely to reduce the number of children who go on to develop chronic suppurative otitis media and associated complications. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnoses made by researchers with that documented in the medical records of children admitted to the paediatric isolation ward of the Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory. Methods: Children aged <8 years admitted to Royal Darwin Hospital were eligible for assessment by pneumatic otoscopy, video-otoscopy and tympanometry. A diagnosis was made for each child according to the state of their worst ear. Comparisons were made between the researcher diagnoses of ear disease and those documented in the hospital notes by medical staff. Results: Thirty-one children were enrolled during 32 admissions. Most were aged <2 years, Aboriginal, and resided in remote communities. Sixty-one video-otoscopic assessments were attempted and sufficiently good images to allow diagnosis were obtained in 105 of 122 ears. Acute otitis media was diagnosed by the research team in 20 of 32 child admissions. Of 29 children who had ear examinations documented by hospital staff, only seven had a diagnosis of AOM recorded. Overall, the research team were almost three times more likely to make this diagnosis (relative risk 2.9, 95% confidence interval 1.6, 5.2). This difference was unlikely to have occurred by chance (P = 0.0002, McNemar's Chi-squared test). Conclusions: In this small study, young Aboriginal children with clear bulging of their tympanic membrane were not diagnosed with AOM by medical staff. Further training in diagnosis, including cleaning of the ear canal, may lead to more accurate assessment and appropriate recommendations for ongoing management. [source] Clinicopathologic profile of normocomplementemic and hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis: a study from South IndiaJOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY & VENEREOLOGY, Issue 7 2008CVP Dincy Abstract Background, This study aims to study the clinical and histopathological characteristics of hypocomplementemic and normocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis (HUVS and NUV) among dermatology clinic attendees in a tertiary care hospital in South India. Patients and methods, A prospective study was conducted in the dermatology department from February 2003 to May 2004. Seventy-five patients met the inclusion criteria for UV. Sixty-eight patients in whom complement levels were available were classified into either NUV or HUVS groups. Clinical features, laboratory parameters and histological features were compared, and the significance of differences was established using Pearson's Chi-squared test. Results, There was a female preponderance among patients with HUVS. Wheals > 24 h were seen in 90% of patients, and in 54.4% of patients, the wheals were partially blanching or non-blanching. Angioedema was more prevalent in patients with NUV than HUVS (44.4% vs. 21.4%). Systemic involvement was seen in 64.3% of patients with HUVS and 44.4% of patients with NUV. Fever, ANA positivity and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were significantly associated with HUVS. In most cases of UV, a provoking factor could not be identified. Neutrophilic small vessel vasculitis was seen in 42.9% of patients with HUVS and 16.6% patients with NUV. Direct immunofluorescence test showing immunoreactants at the dermo-epidermal junction were present in 60% of patients with HUVS and 33.3% patients with NUV. Conclusion, The clinical features of Indian patients with UV were similar to those reported from the West. Fever, ANA positivity and SLE were significantly associated with HUVS. [source] Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased incidence of vascular complications after liver transplantationLIVER TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 7 2002Surakit Pungpapong Hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) and other vascular complications are significant causes of morbidity after liver transplantation. Although cigarette smoking increases the risk of vascular complications after renal transplantation, its impact after liver transplantation remains unknown. Between May 1995 and April 2001, 288 liver transplantations were performed in 263 patients. Vascular complications developed in 39 patients (13.5%) (arterial complications, 28 patients [9.7%]; venous complications, 11 patients [3.8%]). Patient demographics, comorbid illnesses, and risk factors were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-squared test, and Fisher's exact test. In patients with a history of cigarette smoking, incidence of vascular complications was higher than in those without history of cigarette smoking (17.8% v 8%, P = .02). Having quit cigarette smoking 2 years before liver transplantation reduced the incidence of vascular complications by 58.6% (24.4% v 11.8%, P = .04). The incidence of arterial complications was also higher in patients with a history of cigarette smoking compared with those without such history (13.5% v 4.8%, P = .015). Cigarette smoking cessation for 2 years also reduced the risk of arterial complications by 77.6% (21.8% v 5.9%, P =.005). However, the incidence of venous complications was not associated with cigarette smoking. Furthermore, there was no significant association between development of vascular complications and all other characteristics studied. Cigarette smoking is associated with a higher risk for developing vascular complications, especially arterial complications after liver transplantation. Cigarette smoking cessation at least 2 years before liver transplantation can significantly reduce the risk for vascular complications. Cigarette smoking cessation should be an essential requirement for liver transplantation candidates to decrease the morbidity arising from vascular complication after liver transplantation. [source] Microbiological analysis of infected root canals from symptomatic and asymptomatic teeth with periapical periodontitis and the antimicrobial susceptibility of some isolated anaerobic bacteriaMOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2003R. C. Jacinto The purpose of the present study was to investigate the correlation between the composition of the bacterial flora isolated from infected root canals of teeth with apical periodontitis with the presence of clinical signs and symptoms, and to test the antibiotic susceptibility of five anaerobic bacteria mostly commonly found in the root canals of symptomatic teeth against various substances using the E-test. Microbial samples were taken from 48 root canals, 29 symptomatic and 19 asymptomatic, using adequate techniques. A total of 218 cultivable isolates were recovered from 48 different microbial species and 19 different genera. Root canals from symptomatic teeth harbored more obligate anaerobes and a bigger number of bacterial species than the asymptomatic teeth. More than 70% of the bacterial isolates were strict anaerobes. Statistical analysis used a Pearson Chi-squared test or a one-sided Fisher's Exact test as appropriate. Suggested relationships were found between specific microorganisms, especially gram-negative anaerobes, and the presence of spontaneous or previous pain, tenderness to percussion, pain on palpation and swelling amoxicillin, amoxicillin + clavulanate and cephaclor were effective against all the strains tested. The lowest susceptibility rate was presented by Prevotella intermedia/nigrescens against Penicillin G. Our results suggested that specific bacteria are associated with endodontic symptoms of infected teeth with periapical periodontitis and the majority of the anaerobic bacterial species tested were susceptible to all antibiotics studied. [source] Preparation of parents by teaching of distraction techniques does not reduce child anxiety at anaesthetic induction.PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA, Issue 9 2002A. Watson Introduction For those children having surgery, induction of anaesthesia is one of the most stressful procedures the child experiences perioperatively. Current work has failed to show a benefit of parental presence at induction of anaesthesia for all children. The reasons for lack of effect may include the high anxiety levels of some parents and also that the role for parents at their child's induction is not delineated. The main aim of this study was to see if parental preparation by teaching of distraction techniques could reduce their child's anxiety during intravenous induction of anaesthesia. Methods After ethics committee approval 40 children aged 2,10 years old, ASA status I or II undergoing daycase surgery under general anaesthesia were enrolled into the study. To avoid possible confounding factors children with a history of previous, surgery, chronic illness or developmental delay were excluded form participation. No children were given sedative premedication. After written informed consent by the parent, each child and parent was randomly assigned to an intervention or control group. Parents in the intervention group received preparation from a play specialist working on the children's surgical ward. It involved preparation for events in the anaesthetic room and instruction on methods of distraction for their child during induction using novel toys, books or blowing bubbles appropriate to the child's age. Preoperative information collected included demographic and baseline data. The temperament of the child was measured using the EASI (Emotionality, Activity, Sociability, Impulsivity) instrument of child temperament(l). In the anaesthetic room all children were planned to have intravenous induction of anaesthesia after prior application of EMLA cream. Anxiety of the child was measured by the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (mYPAS)(2) by a blinded independent observer at three time points: entrance to the anaesthetic room, intravenous cannulation and at anaesthesia induction. Cooperation of the child was measured by the Induction Compliance Checklist (ICC) by the same observer (3). Postoperative data collected included parental satisfaction and anxiety scores measured by the Stait Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)(4) and at one week the behaviour of the child was measured Using the Posthospitalisation Behavioural Questionnaire (PHBQ)(5). Normally distributed data were analysed by a two-sample t-test, categorical data by Pearson's Chi-squared test and non-parametric data by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Results One parent withdrew after enrolment. This left 22 children in the control group and 17 in the intervention group. There were no significant differences in demographic and baseline data of the children between the two groups including ethnic origin, number of siblings, birth order of the child, recent stressful events in the child's life, previous hospital admissions and the temperament of the child. Parent demographics were also similar between groups including parent's age, sex, relationship to child and level of education. There were no significant differences in child anxiety or cooperation during induction measured by mYPAS and ICC between the control and intervention groups. More parents in the preparation group distracted their child than those without preparation but this did not reach significance. Parental anxiety immediately postinduction was similar between groups as was the level of parental satisfaction. The incidence of development of new negative postoperative behaviour of the child at one week was not significantly different between groups. Discussion This study shows that giving an active role for parents in the induction room, particularly by instructing them on distracting techniques for their child, does not reduce their child's anxiety compared to conventional parental presence. We conclude resources should not be directed at this type of parental preparation. Further work should examine the usefulness of distraction by nursing staff or play specialists during anaesthetic induction. [source] Documented tuberculin skin testing among infliximab users following a multi-modal risk communication interventions,PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY, Issue 1 2006Deborah Shatin PhD Abstract Purpose Following its licensure, tuberculosis (TB) was reported as a potential adverse effect of infliximab. Subsequently, the product circular was changed to recommend tuberculin skin testing before patients received infliximab, which was reinforced by several risk communication efforts. The aim of this study was to evaluate patterns and predictors of documented tuberculin skin testing in patients before and after manufacturer, federal, and academic risk communications. Methods Patients administered infliximab were identified from 11 health plans located throughout the United States, and claims data were examined to determine whether the patients had received a tuberculin skin test. Patients were divided into three cohorts depending on the timing of their first infliximab treatment in relation to the risk communication efforts. Results The overall tuberculin skin testing rate doubled from 15.4% in the first cohort to 30.9% in the last cohort, while the rate of pre-infliximab treatment testing increased from 0 to 27.7% (Chi-squared test for trend, p,<,0.0001 for both). Tuberculin skin testing rates were significantly higher in women, those with a diagnosis of rheumatoid or psoriatic arthritis, and those with a rheumatologist as prescriber. After multivariable analysis, only rheumatologist remained significantly associated with tuberculin skin testing. Conclusions Although the tuberculin skin testing rate was relatively low overall, tuberculin skin testing doubled over 30 months of ongoing risk communication efforts and under ascertainment likely occurred. We also found variation in the tuberculin skin testing rate associated with physician specialty. This study demonstrates a significant change in patient care following risk communication efforts. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Tests for Trend in Binary ResponseBIOMETRICAL JOURNAL, Issue 3 2003Georgia Salanti Abstract Tests for trend are important in analyzing data where the binary response in ordered categories is of interest. An example is in toxicology where the response in various dose groups is observed. For testing an association between the dose and the response the approach from Cochran and Armitage is widely used. However the result of this test is highly dependent on the scores assigned to the dose groups. Various dose assignments can lead to different outcomes. As an alternative the isotonic regression, a nonparametric method, is proposed. The outcome of this approach is independent of the quantification of the dose. Both methods (Cochran-Armitage test and isotonic regression) are compared within a simulation study to an isotonic version of the Pearson's Chi-squared test and the Wilcoxon rank sum test. [source] Role of proteinuria in defining pre-eclampsia: Clinical outcomes for women and babiesCLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 4 2010Charlene E Thornton Summary 1.,The presence of proteinuria is not essential to the diagnosis of pre-eclampsia under many diagnostic consensus statements. The aim of the present study was to assess maternal and perinatal outcomes after proteinuric pre-eclampsia compared with other non-proteinuric disease presentations. 2.,An individual patient data review (n = 670) was undertaken for 2003,2006 at a tertiary referral centre in Sydney (NSW, Australia). Women were diagnosed in accordance with the Australasian Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy Consensus Statement. Data were analysed with the Chi-squared test, t -tests and non-parametric tests. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. 3.,The proteinuric cohort had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure recordings than the non-proteinuric cohort (160/102 and 149/94 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.001), and were also administered magnesium sulphate more frequently (44 vs 22%, respectively; P < 0.001), delivered at earlier gestation (37 vs 38 weeks, respectively; P < 0.001), required operative delivery more frequently (63 vs 48%, respectively; P < 0.001) and received more antihypertensive medications during the antenatal period (72 vs 57%, respectively; P < 0.001). Acute renal failure and acute pulmonary oedema were rare. Four cases of eclampsia all occurred in non-proteinuric women. The perinatal mortality rate was lower for the offspring of women with proteinuric pre-eclampsia compared with offspring of non-proteinuric women (13/1000 and 31/1000, respectively; P = 0.006). 4.,The results of the present study indicate that the presence of proteinuria denotes a group of women who have higher antenatal blood pressure, who deliver at earlier gestation and require operative delivery more commonly, although it is not an indicator of other markers of maternal morbidity or perinatal mortality. [source] HYPERTENSION, OBESITY AND GNB3 GENE VARIANTSCLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 3 2006María E Danoviz SUMMARY 1The polymorphism C825T of the gene encoding the G-protein b3-subunit (GNB3) was found to be associated with an increased prevalence of hypertension in a number of studies. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between this polymorphism and blood pressure phenotypes in an urban, large and ethnically mixed population of Brazil. 2Individuals (n = 1 568) were randomly selected from the general population of the Vitória City metropolitan area. The GNB3 C825T polymorphism was genotyped in each individual. Baseline cardiovascular risk factors were collected for all participants. Cardiovascular risk variables and genotypes were compared using anova and the Chi-squared test for univariate comparisons and logistic regression for multiple comparisons. 3A statistically significant interaction between the 825T allele and obesity was observed for systolic blood pressure (SBP; P = 0.02). In fact, the C825T genotype was predictive of SBP only in individuals with increased body mass index (P = 0.02). In addition, in a multiple logistic regression model conducted in the obese population and adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, diabetes, triglycerides and total cholesterol, the presence of the T allele was significantly associated with a 1.5-fold (95% confidence interval 1.04,2.26) increased risk of hypertension. Lack of statistical power does not explain the absence of other positive gene,environment interactions. 4The present results suggest that an important gene ¥ environment interaction may take place between bodyweight regulation and the GNB3 gene. This finding provides further evidence for a role of the 825T allele in hypertension susceptibility and may be used for better disease stratification. [source] Rheumatology telephone helplines: Patient and health professionals' requirementsMUSCULOSKELETAL CARE, Issue 1 2006Susan J Brown MSc RGN EN(G) Abstract Objectives:,The aim of this study was to ascertain patients' and health professionals' requirements from a rheumatology helpline and how such a service should be delivered. Methods:,Self-completed questionnaires were administered to both users of rheumatology helplines, patients and health professionals (HPs), and providers of rheumatology services at five UK NHS trusts. Additional data were sought from experts in the field. Information was elicited on access to the service, preferred waiting time for response to a call, acceptability of an answerphone and choice of HP responding. Quantitative data were analysed using percentages and Chi-squared tests. Open questions were analysed as free text responses, and organized into clusters of themes. Results:,A total of 607 questionnaires were returned, 523 from users (411 patients, 112 health professionals) and 84 from providers. There were no significant differences across the five Trusts. The top six reasons for patients contacting the helpline were: advice on changes in condition, drug information, understanding symptoms, blood results, information on diagnosis, and appointment queries. All groups recommended a return call on the same day and were happy to leave an answerphone message. HP users requested additional access via e-mail and fax. Rheumatology practitioners were deemed the most appropriate personnel to staff a helpline. Conclusions:,The findings of this study have contributed a valuable insight into the essential components of a rheumatology helpline service from a user and provider perspective. These data will add to existing recommendations for the management of a rheumatology helpline service and ultimately contribute to a proposal for national guidelines. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||